Download Period Three

Chapters 16 & 17
Western Europe
 Prior
to the 16th century, the monarch was
not an absolute ruler during the middle ages
 Most of the monarchs ruled with the consent
of their vassals (lords)
 Although parliamentary governments had
developed during the middle ages, some of
them will have relatively little power
 Most
sovereigns felt they were ordained
by God (divine right)
 Convenient marriages
 War: religious, civil (monarchs and
nobles), trade disputes. In times of war,
societies tend to give great power to their
political leaders
 Growth of National loyalties or
“Nationalism” (some inspired by the
Protestant Reformation)
 The offering of “special privileges” to the
noble classes
 Growing
Bureaucracy – salaried officials
began to depend on the government for their
livelihood (took the place of lords)
 Permanent Mercenary Armies – armies paid
for by the monarchy replaced knights
(gunpowder made the knights/castles
obsolete). The expense fed into the hands of
monarchs who had resources to pay for these
armies
 Need to Tax – monarchs no longer lived off
their own incomes due to the Price
Revolution and the high costs of managing a
centralized state
Totalitarianism vs. Absolutism

Totalitarianism : political system where
the state recognizes no limits to its
authority and strives to regulate every
aspect of public and private life wherever
feasible

Absolutism: historiographical term used
to describe a form of monarchical power
that is unrestrained by any other
institutions, such as churches,
legislatures, or social elites


Henry III (third of the “boy kings”) looked to Henry Navarre
for help in curtailing the power of the Guise family who
had created the Catholic League to serve their own
interests
As a result, Henry of Navarre was named heir to the throne
and eventually becomes King Henry IV of France
the Edict of Nantes was signed in 1598 , giving Huguenots
limited religious freedoms
 Henry IV was the first king of the “Bourbon” monarchy which
ruled France until 1792
 Henry revitalized the economy with government monopolies on
certain trade products
 Because of his religious compromises, he will be assassinated
and replaced by his son, Louis XIII, in 1624. Once again France
will be vulnerable to ambitions of the nobles. Those ambitions
will be thwarted by Louis XIII minister, Cardinal Richelieu

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Chief advisor to the Bourbons (under Louis XIII)
Goals were more political (strong France) than religious
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“Politique” who compromised religion for power – united with
protestants against the Catholic Hapsburgs (Thirty Years War)
Defeated the Huguenots and took away military and political
privileges, while preserving religious ones
Used spies to eliminate wayward nobles
Used “intendants” to collect taxes and oversee the provinces,
however debt from war was costly
Died shortly before Louis XIII
Cardinal Mazarin, who followed him, sought to do the
same under Louis XIV
Had to deal with the “Fronde” – a series of rebellions led by
the nobles that at one point resulted in Louis XIV fleeing from
Paris
 The event remained in the mind of Louis XIV as he began to
rule on his own after the death of Mazarin

Test has a significant number of MC questions
about Intendants and the Fronde
Test has a significant number of MC questions
about Intendants and the Fronde
“L’etat, c’est moi”
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Reigned from the age of four (1643-1715)
Referred to himself as the “Sun King” or “Most Christian
King”
Advocated “divine right” – Bishop Bosseut used Old
testament examples to justify divinely appointed kings,
and that only god could judge their behavior
Patronized the arts and glorified France, its culture
emulated
Built the palace of Versailles, brought many high nobles to
court to busy them with details of ceremony, and
continued to exempt nobles from taxes
His bureaucracy were members of the bourgeoisie, not the
noble classes
Never summoned the Estates-General (governing body
similar to Parliament in England) and revoked the Edict of
Nantes, causing many people to leave (hurting the
economy)
Appointed by Louis XIV to manage royal funds
 A mercantilist, he sought to increase the French
Empire (for trade, taxes). He encouraged industries
in luxury goods and put tariffs on imports to
encourage a favorable balance of trade. He built
roads and canals to improve the movement of goods.
This spurs the merchant economy of France
 Government Financial Problems:
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France almost constantly at war (4 from 1667-1713)- the last
one came in 1701 with the appointment of Philip V (grandson
of Louis XIV) as King of Spain, alarming the rest of Europe.
Outcome of the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)
proved a disaster for the plans of France
Tariffs on imports caused foreign retaliation
Revenue was spent faster than it was made, and the tax
burden increasingly fell on the poor
 Territorial
invasions and wars costly
 Taxes to fight the wars fell increasingly on the
poor, due to the sale of noble offices, and their
exemption from taxes
 Religious wars ineffective
 France began to weaken militarily
 In spite of decline, its position as a center for
the arts and model for courtly life will continue
 Failing
economy/inflation (Price
Revolution)
 Emigration/depopulation
 Manufacturing slowed (16,000 looms v.
400 remaining in 1621, a century later)
 Many of the ablest men entered the
church
 Muslims and Jews had been deported
 1640 – Portugal reestablished
independence
 Trade drops 60% by 1650
 Charles
II – Mentally ill and impotent King
of Spain agreed to divide Spanish
possessions between the King of France
and the Holy Roman Emperor (both are
brother-in-laws to Charles)
 Upon the death of Charles (1700 – note
the date), France’s Louis XIV ignores the
agreement in favor of Charles' will which
left the crown to Louis XIV’s grandson,
Philip of Anjou – a would-be puppet of
Louis XIV (who would NOT like this
scenario?)
 The
Dutch and English reject the acquisition
of the Spanish Netherlands and colonies by
the French (why would they?)
 After provocation by Louis XIV, the Dutch,
English, Austrians and Prussians formed the
Grand Alliance, who were victorious against
the French

Terms (who really wins?)
 Phillip of Anjou (Philip V) would keep the
crown with the understanding Spain and France
would not be united
 France surrendered many of its overseas
colonies in North America, as well as the
Straits of Gibraltar and control of the African
slave trade (what this war was really about) to
England
 Austria was given the Spanish Netherlands and
Italian states, Prussia and the United
Netherlands got very little (see map p. 544)
Make sure this info is added to your notes!
Important International Consequences
 Balance of Power letting limits on how far
any one country could extend its power
(France in this case)

Marks the end of Louis XIV’s expansionist policies
 Vastly
expanded Great Britain’s empire
 Gave European powers experience in
international cooperation
 Philip
III, Philip IV and Charles II did not do much
to solve the problems of Spain
 Even before the War of Spanish Succession, Spain
engaged in excessive wars (including the
unsuccessful 30 Years’ War). The French-Spanish
Wars resulted in the Treaty of Pyrenees (1659)
in which Spain was forced to cede great amounts
of territory to France
 The
decadence of the aristocracy and it’s
unwillingness to reform further led to its
decline
 17th century Spain is reflected well in the
novel Don Quixote, in which the books
namesake lives in a make-believe world that
still held on to 16th century ideologies, such
as noble knighthood
Italy
Had a history of disunity (city-states v. a centralized,
absolute unified state)
 Treaty of Lodi created an alliance between the major
city-states of Milan, Naples and Florence that kept
foreign powers out of Italian affairs, for a short time
 Ludovico il Moro, despot of Milan, invited the French
under Charles VIII, to help them join in the hostilities
they were encouraging with Naples
 Charles not only takes Naples, but takes Florence as
well (now under the rule of Savonarola, remember
him?)
 Recognizing his mistake, il Moro joins an anti-French
alliance, expelling the French and re-establishes Medici
rule in Florence* (to the joy of the Papacy)
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*note – The Prince, by Machiavelli, was written during this time,
suggesting a strong ruthless leader was necessary for unity and the
dispelling of foreigners
Throughout
the 16th century,
however, the Italian citystates remain fragmented
and are pawns for stronger,
centralized states like Spain
and France
 Example:
Treaty of Utrecht –
previous slide
England and the Netherlands
 During
her lifetime, she exposed England
to the possibility of war simply because
she chose to remain single since Mary
Stuart (Catholic) was her legal heir
 While under house arrest, Mary was
treated as Queen of Scotland and legal
heir to England
 Only after Mary plotted with Phillip of
Spain did Elizabeth distance herself from
her
 She signed the Treaty of Berwick and
named James (Mary’s protestant son) the
King of Scotland, subsequently executing
Mary
James I
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James I (first of the “Stuarts”) claims “divine right”. He
supports the Church of England, and many Puritans and
Pilgrims move to the New World
Also claiming divine right, Charles I succeeds his father and
appoints “Arminian” William of Laud Archbishop of
Canterbury, further upsetting the Puritans because of his
refusal to say Catholics weren’t Christian and his
opposition to predestination
Parliament refuses to give Charles “Tonnage and
Poundage” for the life of his reign (recall the Magna
Carta). Charles then cashed in his wife's dowry and forced
loans from nobles to start a war with Spain. When the
war fails, he forces wealthy nobles to give him loans to pay
for it. Those who won’t give him money are thrown in jail
Tonnage and Poundage is a tax upon every cask of wine and
a tax on every pound weight of merchandise exported or
imported – major source of money for the king! (Since
Edward II)
 When
Charles requests money for war again,
Parliament presents the “Petition of Right”
Charles signs the agreement, gets his money
and dissolves Parliament, ushering in the
“Personal Rule of Charles”, never calling on
Parliament for the next 11 years. Charles
raised money by:
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The collection of ship money from coastal and
inland shipping
Within three years, he had a balanced budget
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When Charles insists that Calvinist Scotland adopt the Book
of Common Prayer, rebellion occurs. Charles calls on
Parliament to request money told hold down the rebellion,
and they refuse. Scotland invaded England and refused to
leave, forcing England to pay 850 pounds a day until a
settlement was reached
Charles again calls on Parliament, the “Long Parliament”
who abolished the kings “prerogative courts”, and
executed Laud
When rebellion erupted in England, Parliament attempts to
have the king recognize the “Grand Remonstrance” which
would have severely limited his power
Charles attempts to arrest members of parliament
instigating Civil War (English Revolution)
The Roundheads, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell
and his “New Model Army”, defeated Charles and ruled as
a dictator (persecuted Catholics, Irish). Charles I was
executed
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English not fond of “taxation without
representation” – sound familiar
Found Charles to be a despot
Wanted to limit Royal Power
Petition of Right 1628
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 King
1. No taxes without consent/act of Parliament
2. No one imprisoned without due process
is compelled to summon parliament
every 3 years
 Archbishop Laud is impeached (and
beheaded)
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After Oliver Cromwell’s death, Parliament invited the
exiled Charles II to rule (Stuart Restoration)
Charles II acknowledged the rights of the people
(especially religious), passed the Habeas Corpus Act
James II (brother) took over – openly Catholic, he claimed
divine right, demanded the repeal of the Test Act, and
issued the Declaration of indulgence. He was immediately
challenged. James imprisoned seven bishops who refused
to announce these changes
 James
fathered a male heir in 1688, who unlike his
older sister Mary, would be raised Catholic. William
of Orange, Mary’s husband, invaded England. With
the support of unified protestant factions, the stage
was set for the “Glorious Revolution”
 William and Mary took the throne, and immediately
signed the English Bill of Rights in 1689. They also
signed the Act of Toleration, the Mutiny Act, the Act
of Settlement, and the Act of Union
 ON
A SEPARATE SHEET OF PAPER, define the
vocabulary terms
 Next, draw a SPEC chart. After reading,
place major ideas from the reading in the
appropriate part of the SPEC chart.
S
P
E
C
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7 northern provinces called themselves the United Provinces of
the Netherlands after the revolt against Spain (officially
recognized by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648). The House of
Orange held the title of stadholder. In times of peace, burghers
held political power
William III of Orange attempted to consolidate power, but was
not successful. A republican form of government was once again
formed, following his death
17th century considered a golden age for the Dutch due to wealth
and power gained from sea trade
Socially, there was a high standard of living and fairly equal
distribution of wealth. They were tolerant in religious matters
Amsterdam became the center of commerce. This was aided by
the development of the Bank of Amsterdam and the Dutch East
India Company
Four 17th century trade wars Anglo-Dutch Wars (ended with the
Glorious Revolution), and wars with France to ensure a balance
of power in Europe will lead to decline (1672 – “Year of
Disaster”).
Golden Age Painters
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzjHwF_2iH
U&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&
safe=active
 Dutch
Republic portion generates predictable
questions
 At LEAST ONE designed to see if you
recognize Amsterdam as a popular
commercial area in the 17th Century
 Also, factors of Dutch Artwork
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Was protestant nation w/o absolute ruler-they
were different from Rome and Madrid’s baroque
art full of Catholic Church and ruling monarchs
Merchants patronized
Individual and everyday life
Dutch Golden Age for painters in 1600’s
 Frederick
the Great
 Gustavus Adolphus
 William of Orange
 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
 Painting
of daily life
 Lack of Religious or Catholic Themes
 All of the above
 None of the above
 Paris
 Amsterdam
 Ribe
(original capital of Denmark)
 London
 Philip
I of Spain converts them to Catholicism
and they join the Holy Roman Empire
 Religious Tolerance
 commerce from shipping and the Dutch East
India Company increases economic power
 High standard of living and equal distribution
of wealth
Eastern Europe
Not really an empire, very feudal and not in
Rome
 1356 – the “Golden Bull” ( a papal declaration)
established the practice of allowing 7 German
princes to elect the Emperor (they often chose a
weak one)
 Some parts became Protestant
 Lost parts of Hungary to the Ottomans
 Was devastated by the Thirty Years’ War
 The empire was replaced by independent states
in the region (over 300 by 1500)
 By the 18th century, Austria and Prussia were
gaining power

 1519
– Charles V was elected emperor and
tried to consolidate the area under Catholic
rule
 The Lutheran reformation gave princes and
cities a religious reason for rejecting his
authority
 Peace of Augsburg signed by Charles V led to
the Thirty Years War
 German
princes could choose to be Lutheran
or Catholic
 Frederick III, ruler of the Palatinate,
converted to Calvinism
 As an “elector”, this posed a problem. Also,
several other princes followed his lead
 The Catholic counter-reformation added to
the growing religious tension, as in some
areas Protestantism are increasingly being
wiped out
 Leaves
Holy Roman Empire divided into 300
independent states
 Elects an emperor who had no imperial army,
revenues or central authority
 France emerges as a power house due to the
decline of Holy Roman Empire’s power.
 Prussia
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Hohenzollerns rule
territory known as
BrandenburgPrussia
Unification of northern Germans states started
under the Hohenzollern dynasty (1415)
1640 - Foundation for the Prussian state was
laid by Frederick William – the “Great Elector”
– as a result of the 30 Years War
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Powerful, well-funded army through taxation
Established the General War Commissariat to levy
taxes
Took government control from Junkers, but gave them
positions in the government , absolute power over
their peasants (now serfs) and exempted them from
taxes
Mercantile policies, including high tariffs
Built roads and canals
Prussia at its peak
Modern Day
Germany, Poland,
Lithuania,
Denmark,
Belgium, Czech
Republic and
Switzerland
Why was he so powerful again?
 Known as the Great Elector, FW began
strengthening Hohenzollern power
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Built well-equipped army
Army helps him become a major player in
European Politics
 Demanded
loyalty of Junkers, German
Landowners; in exchange, Junckers received
power over serfs
 Frederick
William I ( 1713-1740 “Soldier
King”) completed the dominance of the King
over the Junkers, creating a rigid militaristic
state known as the “Sparta of the North”.
 Army doubles to over 80,000 men
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13th largest population of Europe
3rd or 4th largest army
 Officer
class becomes Prussia’s most
prestigious class.
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Austria
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Made up of traditional Hapsburg hereditary lands
Ferdinand III had consolidated power in the Germanspeaking Habsburg provinces
Leopold I defeated the Ottoman siege at Vienna in 1683
halting Muslim expansion into Europe
Treaty of Karlowitz gave Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia
and Slovenia to Austria, creating a large, powerful
Austrian Empire
The War of Spanish Succession gave Austria the Spanish
Netherlands and Spanish holdings in Italy

Austria
 Three distinct regions: hereditary provinces of the
Habsburgs, Bohemia and Hungary
 Too many nationalities and religions (Hungary was
defiantly Protestant, Bohemia and the “hereditary
lands” were Catholic following the 30 Years’ War)
 These territories had their own estates-general,
with the Austrian emperor as a symbolic figurehead. Landed aristocracy provided military officers
and government bureaucrats, and little else
 The “Pragmatic Sanction” proclaimed by Charles VI
stated that the Habsburg lands would always be
under the control of a single ruler (could be female)
 AP
Test you to understand its purpose and
recognize Frederick the Great (of Prussia)
violates it later.
 Emperor Charles VI (Habsburg) (reigns 17111740)
 Dies thinking he guaranteed peace and
integrity of his realm.
 Determined to ensure his daughter, Maria
Theresa’s succession, drew up a
document=Pragmatic Sanction
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Territories of Habsburg Empire remain unified
under her
Maria Theresa would inherit all Habsburg lands
and the throne
 Center
of Orthodox Christianity (“Third
Rome” after Rome itself and
Constantinople)
 Russia overthrew the Mongols under Ivan
the Terrible (“Czar”) who united and
expanded Russia through the use of
“Cossacks’. Ivan crushed the Boyars
(landed aristocracy)
 “Time of Troubles” – period of civil war
after the death of Ivan, came to an end
with the appointment of Michael Romanov
as czar by the feudal lords
 Tsar
(czar) – divinely ordained autocratic
ruler
 Landed aristocrats (boyars)
 Merchants – heavily regulated by the czar
 Peasants – increasingly became bound to the
land as serfs
• Early Russia
– Russia and development vs. rest
of Europe (Mongols)
– Mongol Control and Rise of
Moscow
• Princes of Moscow and the
Mongols
• Duchy of Moscow
• Ivan I
• Ivan III- Novgorod and
Independence
–
–
–
–
–
Mongol Khan
Dispute among the Khanates
The Khanate Golden Horde
Isolationism of Russia
Orthodox Church and freedom from
the Mongols
– Russian Czar/Tsar
• Prince of Moscow/Duchy of Moscow
• Czar and Boyars
– Service Nobility
– Military service
• Ivan the Terrible
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–
–
–
–
–
Autocratic Ruler
Orthodox Church
Boyars
Cossacks
Middle Class
Oprichnina/Oprichnikie
• Time of Troubles
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–
–
–
Ivan heir and death of his son
Invasion of Swedish and Polish armies
Cossacks in eastern regions
Nobility and control
• Michael Romanov
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–
–
–
Reestablishment of autocracy
Czarist control over people
Enserfment of peasants
Nobility and power
– Reforms in Russia and Peter the Great
• Russian westernization- Ivan III, Ivan IV
and Peter the Great
– Catherine the Great and enlightened despotism
• Peter and Army
– Prussian and other western advisors
• Great Northern War
– St. Petersburg
– Army and size
• Russian Bureaucracy
• Russian Peasant life
– People and assignments
• Territorial Expansion
– St. Petersburg and Baltic Sea
– Peter and War in the South- Ottoman lands and
Crimea
• Peter and western Ideas
• Absolutism and Baroque Architecture
– Palaces and Power
• Show places for the authority of the king
• Architecture played an important role in
politics because it enhanced the image of a
ruler and awed the people
• The Royal Palace was a favorite
architectural expression of
absolutist power
• Baroque was a dramatic and
emotional style
– Cities and Urban Planning
• Cities were built along orderly lines
• Large imposing public buildings
• New avenues brought speed to cities
• Long straight streets
– The growth of St. Petersburg
• Example of the tie among
architecture, politics, and urban
development
• Peter the Great built the new
western city in the baroque style
• Show place for Russia and the Czar
• In the 18th century one of the
worlds largest cities
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–
–
–
Straight avenues
Houses were built in uniform line
Parks, Canals, and streetlights
Each social groups was to live in a
specific section
– Western section was Peters favorite
• Peasants bore the heavy burdens to
construct the city
 Elected
in 1613 (Romanov Dynasty ruled until
1917)
 Continued to consolidate lands at the
expense of the serfs (now like slaves – recall
the rise in demand for food) and spread
eastward (Cossacks again)
 1682-1725
– westernized Russia
 Women forced to dress like Western
European women, men shaved beards
 Built St. Petersburg (window to the west) in
which engineers, artists, scientists et al were
invited to westernize Russia
 Serfs turned slaves built St. Petersburg

Denmark
 Very Feudal –monarchs elected and shared
power with the nobility
 Nobility exercised a lot of power over peasants
 Losses in the 30 Years War and war with
Sweden led to a bloodless revolution, in which
the power of the nobility was curtailed and an
absolutist constitution was instituted in 1665
 Christian V from 1670-1699 crafted a
centralized administration with the nobility as
part of the upper bureaucracy
 Sweden
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1611 - Gustavus Adolphus created a stable
monarchy by granting the nobility positions in
the bureaucracy and creating a formidable
army
Eventually Charles XI will assume the throne
and began to create a strong absolute
monarchy
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Resumed control of crown lands and their revenues
Improved the army and navy
Weakened the power of the Riksdag and the church
By 1693, he created a state that dominated Northern
Europe
By 1718, however, Charles XII had gone to war with
Poland, Denmark and Russia, leading to Sweden’s
decline
1569 – formal merger between Poland-Lithuania,
although a marriage began the process in 1386
which began the Jagiello dynasty (largest
Christian kingdom)
 Assemblies of nobles elected the kings and
limited their power
 Nobles kept peasantry in a state of serfdom
 1572 – Jagiello dynasty came to an end and an
outsider was chosen as king – Swede Sigismund
III. The nobility continued to strengthen, and
left Poland no more than a confederation of
semi-independent estates
 It became a battleground foreign powers who
found it easy to invade but difficult to manage

 Based
in Anatolia after the fall of the Seljuk
Turks by the Mongols
 Took over and renamed Constantinople
(Istanbul) in 1453
 Within 100 years dominated the regions
surrounding the Western Mediterranean
(stopped short at Vienna)
 Predominantly
Muslim, although religious
toleration practiced
 Enslaved Christian boys (Janissaries) for the
military (devshirme)
 Over time, persecution grew
 Built
up the empire and the arts
 Took parts of Hungary, taking advantage of a
weak Europe during the protestant
reformation
 Stopped at Vienna, or the history of Europe
would be vastly different
 Ottomans stayed in power until 1922 –
greatly expanding Islam and kept Eastern
Europe on it’s toes
 Mughal
Empire established in 1526 by
Babur and dominated for 300 years
 Babur’s harsh tactics replaced by Akbar
who was more religiously tolerant
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Abolished jizya
Allowed Hindus in the government and military
Eliminated sati
Married a Hindu
Golden age of art and architecture for the next
100 years
 Taj
Mahal built (at the expense of those
who paid taxes)
 Religious toleration ended
 Jizya reinstated
 Hindu temples destroyed
 Hindus persecuted and begin to unite
 Europeans arrive in the 17th century
penetrating the periphery (coastal
regions) of India
 Ignored
the European presence, which
continued to penetrate into the interior
of the subcontinent
 Mughals had to fight Hindu uprisings,
which left them vulnerable to European
encroachment
 Continued wars to expand were costly,
never became “maritime”, allowing for
European countries to control maritime
trade
 Defeated
the Mongols (Yuan Dynasty) in 1368
 Created a strong central government,
reinstated Confucianism and civil service
exams
 Sponsored grand voyages under Zheng He,
but discontinued (ALMOST “maritime”)
 Conquered by the Qing in 1644 (Manchus)
 Manchu
rulers – governed until 1912
 Maintained and ethnic elite
 Used civil service to employ Chinese
 Supported Confucianism, the arts and
expanded the empire
 Had established trade with Europe,
however in 1724, Christians banned, 1757
trade with Europe was limited to Canton
 Trade was still substantial – silver
increased creating a new merchant class
 During
this era, European countries cannot
penetrate into China and control the region
as they had done in India, Southeast Asia and
the Americas
 As Europe becomes more industrialized in
the next era, that will change and China will
not be able to hold off their intrusions any
longer
 Ruled
until 1868 – instituted a rigid social
class model caste in nature (warrior,
farmer, artisan, merchant)
 AKA – Edo Period - capital moved to Edo
(Tokyo)
 National Seclusion Policy –isolated Japan
(those going in and out – only the Dutch –
1 ship a year - and Chinese could enter
Nagasaki)
 Result – culture thrived (haiku and
Kabuki), however Japan lags in
technology
 Similar
to China, strong governments in
Japan keep the Europeans at bay during this
era
 However, Japan will isolate and industrialize
in the next era, allowing them to compete
with Europe militarily and economically,
avoiding a takeover by European powers