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Martini’s Visual
Anatomy and Physiology
First Edition
Martini w Ober
Chapter 20 - Respiratory System
Lecture 11
1
Lecture Overview
• Overview of respiration
• Functions of breathing
• Organs of the respiratory system
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–
–
–
–
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Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tree
Lungs
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Respiratory System
Respiration (in the respiratory system) is the process of
exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells.
It consists of the following events (in the order you should
know):
• *pulmonary ventilation
• *external respiration
• transport
• internal respiration
• cellular respiration
Functions of the respiratory system
We breathe: 1. To provide O2 for cellular respiration and
2. To rid our bodies of CO2 (waste gas)
3
Other Functions of the Respiratory System
•
•
•
•
•
•
Speech and vocalization
Provides scaffold for sense of smell
Control of pH
Help produce angiotensin II
Movement of blood and lymph
Useful in urination, defecation, and
childbirth
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Organs of the Respiratory System
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
Upper respiratory tract
– nose, nasal cavity,
sinuses, and pharynx,
(larynx – some texts)
‘ynx’ pronounced like ‘inks’
Lower respiratory
tract – larynx, trachea,
bronchial tree, lungs
Conducting portion
carries air; nose to the
terminal bronchioles
Respiratory portion
exchanges gases;
respiratory bronchioles
and alveoli
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Location of Lungs
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
Apex
Base
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Upper Respiratory Tract
Figure from: Martini,
Anatomy & Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
What types of epithelium would you expect to find? Why?
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Anatomy of the Nasal Region
Figures from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007
The nose: 1) warms, 2) cleans, and 3) humidifies air
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Please don’t do this!
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Paranasal Sinuses
Mucus membrane-lined, air-filled spaces in
maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid
bones that drain into the nasal cavity
Sinuses:
1. Reduce skull weight
2. Serve as resonating
chambers
Figure from: Martini,
Anatomy & Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
10
Mucous in Respiratory Tract
Respiratory mucosa lines the conducting passageways and is
responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying air.
Cilia move mucus and trapped particles from the nasal cavity
(>10 µm) to the pharynx, and lower respiratory tract (1-5 µm)
to pharynx
The Mucus Escalator
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Irritation of any sort greatly increases mucus production
Larynx (Voice Box)
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
C4-C5
Larynx
(Laryngeal prominence;
Adam’s Apple)
C6
anterior
Hyaline
cartilage
Elastic
cartilage
posterior
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Larynx
Inelastic
Vestibular folds
Covered by
folds of
laryngeal
epithelium
that project
into glottis
Protective
Posterior
Sound
Vocal folds (cords)
Elastic
Figure from: Martini,
Anatomy & Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
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Vocal Folds (Cords)
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
Posterior
Closed
Open
Posterior
Sound
originates in
vocal folds
(cords) but is
modified to
create
recognizable
speech by:
- Pharynx
- Mouth
- Nasal cavity
- Sinuses
Pitch of sound: diameter, length, and tension of vocal folds. Diameter
and length are fixed; tension is controlled by voluntary muscles.
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Movement of the Vocal Folds
Speech
Inhalation
Figures from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007
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Trachea & Primary Bronchi
Posterior
Note that the
trachea is
anterior to the
esophagus
(T5)
(T6)
Anterior
C-rings of cartilage: 16-20 incomplete rings
completed posteriorly by trachealis muscle
keep trachea open (patent)
Figures from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
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Try not to inhale seeds!!
The growing
tree!!
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1169861/Shocked-Russian-surgeons-open-man-thought-tumour--FIR-TREE-inside-lung.html
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Tracheotomy / Tracheostomy
Performed to allow air to bypass an obstruction within the larynx
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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The Lungs
3 lobes
2 lobes
Note that the
number of
secondary
bronchi =
number of
lung lobes
Figure from: Martini,
Anatomy & Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
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Transverse Section of Lungs
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
Note that the pleural
space is a ‘potential’
space and under a
vacuum
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The Bronchial Tree
From 1 to > 65,000
branches!!
How many levels of
branching would
that be? 
Figure from: Saladin,
Anatomy &
Physiology, McGraw
Hill, 2007
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Bronchial Tree
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Bronchial Tree
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveolar structures
Primary
Alveolar ducts
Secondary (lobar)
Alveolar sacs
Tertiary (segmental)
Alveoli
Intralobular
Trachea
Terminal
Respiratory
Know this chart
Which parts here
constitute the
conducting portion
of the respiratory
tree?
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Bronchial Tree
Carina
Bronchi
- Primary; w/ blood vessels
- Secondary (lobar); two on
left, three on right
- Tertiary (segmental);
supplies a bronchopulmonary segment; 10
on right, 8 on left
Bronchioles
- Intralobular; supply
lobules, the basic unit of lung
- Terminal; 50-80 per lobule
- Respiratory; a few air sacs
budding from theses
Bronchioles are to the
respiratory system
what arterioles are to
the circulatory system
Figure from: Martini,
Anatomy & Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
Intralobular
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Lobules of the Lung
(Intralobular)
The Lobule is the
basic unit of
structure and
function in the lung
Terminal and respiratory
bronchioles are lined with
cuboidal epithelium, few
cilia, and no goblet cells
Figure from: Martini,
Anatomy & Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
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Alveoli
Septal (Type II) cells produce
surfactant to keep the walls of the
alveoli from collapsing
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Review
• Respiration
– The entire process of gas exchange between the
atmosphere and the body
– Made up of five events
• We breathe
– To take in O2
– To eliminate CO2
• Organs of the respiratory tract
– Upper; nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx
– Lower; larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
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Review
• Functions of the nose/nasal cavity
– Warm and humidify air
– Trap particulate matter
• Sinuses
– Mucous-lined, air filled cavities; communicate
with nasal cavity
– Lighten skull and provide resonating chamber
• Pharynx
– Back of mouth (throat)
– Passage of food/air; aids in speech
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Review
• Respiration
– The entire process of gas exchange between the
atmosphere and the body
– Made up of five events
• We breathe
– To take in O2
– To eliminate CO2
• Organs of the respiratory tract
– Upper; nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx
– Lower; larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
31
Review
• Functions of the nose/nasal cavity
– Warm and humidify air
– Trap particulate matter
• Sinuses
– Mucous-lined, air filled cavities; communicate
with nasal cavity
– Lighten skull and provide resonating chamber
• Pharynx
– Back of mouth (throat)
– Passage of food/air; aids in speech
32
Review
• Larynx (voice box)
–
–
–
–
Cartilaginous structure
Passageway for air entering trachea
Keeps foreign objects out of trachea
Contains vocal cords (folds) for speech (to what
ligament does the arytenoid cartilage attach)
• Trachea
– Air passage with cartilaginous rings; trachealis
– Cartilage prevents collapse
• Bronchial Tree
– Bronchi (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary)
– Bronchioles (Intralobular, terminal, respiratory)
– Alveolar structures (ducts, sacs, alveoli)
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Review
• Bronchi
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–
–
–
Cartilage and smooth muscle
Primary; divisions of trachea; extrapulmonary
Secondary; lobar – 2 on left, 3 on right
Tertiary; segmental
• Bronchioles
–
–
–
–
Smooth muscle mainly
Intralobular; supply structural unit of lung (lobule)
Terminal; 50-80 per secondary lobule
Respiratory; have air sac budding off
• Alveolar structures
– Neither smooth muscle nor cartilage
– Ducts, sacs, alveoli
– Highly vascular; site of gas exchange (O2, CO2)
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Bronchial Tree
Bronchi
Trachea
Bronchioles
Alveolar structures
Primary
Alveolar ducts
Secondary (lobar)
Alveolar sacs
Tertiary (segmental)
Alveoli
Intralobular
Terminal
Respiratory
Which are conducting, which are respiratory?
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Review
• Lungs
– Right and left separated by heart and mediastinum
– Surrounded by pleura separated by pleural cavity
– Hilum is area where respiratory tubes and blood vessels
pass
– Left lung has two lobes (with cardiac notch)
– Right lung has three lobes
– Lobules
• Formed by connective tissue division of lobes
• Basic structural and functional units of lung
• Contain terminal bronchioles, alveolar structures, nerves, blood
vessels, and lymphatics
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