Download ESO201A: Thermodynamics

ESO201A: Thermodynamics
Instructor: Sameer Khandekar
First Semester: 2015 – 2016
Course File
Lecture #1:
Introduction to Thermodynamics, Importance, Definitions – Continuum, System:
closed, open and isolated, Boundary: real and imaginary, Control mass and
control volume, Properties of a system, State of a system, Equilibrium:
Mechanical, Thermal, Chemical, Phase equilibrium, Quasi-equilibrium process,
Continuum Thermodynamics, Simple-compressible and complex systems, The State
Postulate
Lecture #2
Overview of 2-stroke, 4-stroke and Wankel engine (To highlight unsteady and
non-uniform processes), Intensive and Extensive properties, Concept of
temperature from Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Linear dependence of temperature
on pressure for constant volume gas thermometers, temperature as a manifestation
of kinetic energy, absolute thermodynamic scale of temperature - Kelvin scale,
Other scales, Overview of temperature, measuring devices:-liquid crystal sheet,
RTD, infrared thermography, thermocouples, mercury thermometers, Pressure
measurement - absolute and gauge pressure, piezoelectric transducer, manometer,
Pascal’s law, hydrostatic law, Barometer.
Lecture #3
Classification of Energy-mechanical, electrical, chemical, thermal, nuclear,
magnetic etc., Microscopic and Macroscopic forms, Internal energy, Macroscopic
- kinetic, gravitational potential, Flow work, Mechanical forms of energy,
Microscopic - translational, rotational and vibrational energies of atoms and
molecules, electronic translational, rotational and spin, Chemical bond energy,
Nuclear energy, Interactions in Open and Closed Systems, Latent and specific
heat, manifestation of heat energy into either temperature or in other
microscopic forms of energy.
Lecture #4
Heat and Work interactions, Different processes-Adiabatic, isothermal,
isobaric, isochoric, Sign convention for heat and work, Similarities between
heat and work, Point and Path functions, Mechanical form of work-displacement
work, shaft work, surface tension work, spring work, stretching work, nonmechanical forms of work-electrical work, magnetic work, generalized expression
for work done.
Lecture #5
Overview of Energy conversion systems – Examples (on PPT) jet engine, marine
engine, roots blower, engine turbocharger, Pelton wheel etc., Introduction to
First law of thermodynamics, Concept of Total energy and its change, Work done
in an adiabatic process, Work done and energy change in a cyclic process,
Thermodynamic efficiency of a sub-system and total efficiency of a system,
Highlighting the connection between Energy and Environment.
Lecture #6
Definition of pure substance, phases: solids liquid and gases, principal phase
and sub-phases, Demonstration of mechanical boiling, Introduction to phase
diagrams, T-v diagram, Saturation pressure and saturation temperature, Sensible
heating, Latent heat of vaporization, Compressed or sub-cooled liquid, Saturated
liquid, Saturated and superheated vapor, Critical temperature, pressure and
volume, Maintaining isothermal conditions for a system.
Lecture #7
(On PPT) Phase diagrams and tables, PV, TV and PT diagrams, P-V-T surfaces (for
substances which expand and contract on freezing, respectively), Reading phase
diagrams, latent heat of fusion and evaporation, triple point, concept of
regelation, allotropic forms of solid phases, Boyles law, Charles law for gas
phases, Introduction to Property Tables, Enthalpy as a combination property.
Lecture #8
Introduction to supercritical fluids, Phase diagram of CO2, H2O, Properties of
wet mixture, dryness fraction or quality, locating a mixture on 2-phase diagram,
Formulation of mixture properties, iso-quality lines on 2-phase diagrams,
quality as a thermodynamic property inside the 2-phase dome, reading property
data from superheated vapor, 2-phase region and compressed liquid table,
characteristics of superheated vapor and compressed liquids, 2 example problems
Lecture #9
Ideal Gas law and its validity, reasons of deviation from ideal gas behavior,
van der Waals correction for pressure and volume, Estimation of constants ‘a’
and ‘b’ using critical point data, Beattie-Bridgeman equation, Benedict – WebbRuben Equation, Virial equation, (On PPT) - solution of van der Waals equation
of state, Comparison of percentage errors for different equations of state, Use
of Ideal gas equation with compressibility chart.
Lecture #10
Limitations of van der Waals equation, Introduction to metastable states,
reduced pressure and temperature, generalized compressibility chart, Principle
of corresponding states, 3 example problems on the use of charts and tables
Lecture #11
First law applied to a closed system, Moving boundary work, boundary work done
in different quasi-equilibrium processes -isobaric, isochoric, isothermal and
polytropic processes, example problem involving shaft work, friction work and
spring work, (On PPT) Pistons in different IC engine configurations.
Lecture #12
Introduction to heat capacity, Expression for heat addition at constant pressure
and constant volume, Calculation of ‘u’, ‘h’, ‘Cp’, ‘Cv’ for an ideal gas,
Relation between Cp and Cv for an ideal gas, heat capacity for solids and
liquids.
Lecture #13
Specific Heat Ratio for mono-atomic, di-atomic and polyatomic gases, adiabatic
process for an ideal gas for a simple compressible system, Comparison of
compression work done in adiabatic and isothermal processes, Slope of adiabatic
and isothermal processes on P_V diagram, Constant internal energy process, (On
PPT) Different types of compressors-air cooled, water cooled, 2-stage etc., one
example problem.
Lecture #14
First law applied to an open system, comparison of control mass and control
volume approach, conservation of mass principle applied to an open system,
steady and unsteady system, Incompressible system, Concept of flow work.
Lecture #15
Derivation of energy equation for control volume, Examples of typical
engineering systems, Turbines, Compressors, Heat Exchangers, Pipe flow, pumps.
Lecture #16
Completion of discussion on steady flow processes, Mixing, Isenthalpic process,
Joule-Thompson effect (only introduce), Discussion of Quiz #1, two example
problems of Chapter 4.
Lecture #17
Unsteady Control Volume Processes, Charging and discharging of gas cylinders,
need for second law of thermodynamics, discussion on quality of energy, thermal
efficiency and level of perfection of thermodynamic systems, concept of thermal
source and sink, block diagram of a typical thermal power plant to illustrate
second law.
Lecture #18
Need of heat rejection in a cyclic process, Clausius and Kelvin-Planck,
statements of second law of thermodynamics, Efficiency analysis of a thermal
power plant and a refrigeration cycle, coefficient of performance for
refrigerator and heat pump cycle, equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius
statements.
Lecture #19
Reversible and irreversible processes, internal, external and totally
reversible processes and their examples, internally reversible iso-thermal
process, heat transfer processes, The Carnot’s heat engine cycle.
Lecture #20
Carnot cycle implications, The Carnot principles, Thermodynamic temperature
scale, Thermal efficiency of a reversible engine as a function of high and low
temperature reservoirs and its functional form, Kelvin scale of temperature or
absolute temperature scale, proof of Q_add/Q_rej = T_H/T_L
Lecture #21
Clausius inequality its validity, Proof and implications, the increase of
entropy principle.
Lecture #22
Entropy change of a control mass during an irreversible process, entropy
generation for reversible and irreversible processes, Entropy change for an
isolated system, Discussion on equilibrium states w.r.t. increase of entropy
principle
MID TERM COMPLETE
Lecture #23
Property diagrams involving entropy, TdS relations, T-S diagram, H-S diagram,
Representation of Carnot’s cycle on T-S, P-V diagram. Entropy change for solid
and liquid phases, Entropy change for an Ideal Gas, Isentropic processes for an
Ideal Gas.
Lecture #24
Entropy change in rate form, entropy balance for control mass and control
volume, generalized equation for entropy change in a CV, entropy change and
steady flow energy equation for reversible adiabatic process and reversible
isothermal process, entropy change for an adiabatic nozzle, Bernoulli's equation
derivation.
Lecture #25
Isentropic efficiency of steady flow systems - gas turbine, steam turbine,
nozzle, detailed analysis of a compressor, comparison of reversible adiabatic
and reversible isothermal processes to get an ideal benchmarking process for a
compressor, isentropic efficiency of a compressor, use of intercooler in
intermediate stages of compression to achieve nearly isothermal process.
Lecture #26
Condition for minimum work associated with compression with intercooling,
reversible adiabatic and reversible isothermal efficiencies of compressor,
Introduction to the concept of exergy or work potential, definitions, dead
state, forms of exergy, exergy of kinetic and potential energy.
Lecture #27
Exergy, reversible work, useful work, irreversibility (destruction of
exergy), second law efficiency, Exergy calculation for a closed system
(control mass), example problem, difference between first law and second law
efficiency.
Lecture #28
Exergy due to flowing mass, ways of increasing exergy of a system (heat, work
and mass), exergy balance for a closed system, decrease of exergy principle,
exergy of an isolated system for a completely reversible and irreversible
system, exergy balance for a closed system.
Lecture #29
Exergy balance equations in rate form (Similarities/differences of the
functional form with energy conservation and entropy balance equation),
Exergy analysis for a control volume and for a steady flow system, exergy
destruction expression for an isentropic turbine, adiabatic nozzle and
compressor, example problem - calculation of rate of entropy generation and
rate of exergy destruction associated with heat transfer, system and extended
system, second law efficiency (exergy based) of turbines and compressors.
Lecture #30
Thermodynamic analysis of combustion, Conventional and non-conventional
fuels, complete and incomplete combustion, stoichiometric analysis,
air/fuel ratio, relative air/fuel ratio, equivalence ratio, constant
volume and constant pressure combustion, heat of reaction at constant
volume and constant pressure.
Lecture #31
Concept of higher and lower heating/calorific value, reference state for
energy calculations, internal energy/enthalpy vs. temperature graph for
reactants and products, Adiabatic flame temperature of fuel, concept of
formation reaction, heat of formation, standard heat of formation, the net
enthalpy of a substance relative to a standard state.
Lecture #32
Introduction to thermodynamic power cycles, classification, gas power cycles,
heat addition and rejection at constant temperature and pressure,
characteristics of fuel (gasoline and diesel), operation of a typical four
stroke engine, Limitations of Carnot cycle for real-time engineering systems,
Lecture #33
Analysis of Otto and diesel cycles and derivation of thermal efficiencies,
compression ratio and cut-off ratio, concept of relative efficiency, analysis
of dual cycle (as homework), Real cycles and some brief differences, Solved
problem.
Lecture #34
Vapor Power cycles, Carnot cycle and its limitations, Modified Carnot cycle
or Rankine cycle, Detailed analysis of components of Rankine cycle, heat
input, work output and thermal efficiency of a Rankine cycle, ways to improve
thermal efficiency and network output from a Rankine cycle and their
limitations-by increasing boiler pressure or lowering of condenser
pressure, Reheating or turbine staging, super critical boilers.
Lecture #35
Actual Rankine cycle, isentropic pump and turbine efficiencies, pressure
drops in a typical power plant, ways to improve thermal efficiency, reheat
and regeneration processes as a means of improving thermal efficiency of a
plant, detailed analysis of regeneration, numerical problem on steam power
plant with reheat.
Lecture #36
Discussion on second law of thermodynamics and entropy, Refrigerator and
heat pump, the reversed Carnot cycle as refrigeration cycle and its
limitations, the reversed Rankine cycle and its limitations, the ideal
and actual vapor compression refrigeration cycles, discussion on
refrigerants to be used in the refrigeration cycles - ammonia, sulfur
di-oxide, Freon 12, R134a, criteria for selecting refrigerants and their
limitations.
Lecture #37
(Course reaction Survey completed in first 10 minutes)
Introduction to Brayton Cycle, Pressure ration, Analysis and thermal
efficiency, Gas refrigeration cycle, Reversed Brayton cycle and its COP,
example problem on reversed Brayton cycle, Discussion on working fluids and
tonnage rating of refrigerators.
Lecture #38
Thermodynamic Potentials - Internal energy, Enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy,
Gibbs free energy, expressions for U, H, F, G in terms of measurable
quantities, derivation of Maxwell equations using properties of partial
derivatives and point functions, extraction of primary definition of
temperature, pressure and volume from thermodynamic potentials, derivation of
Clapeyron and Clausius-Clapeyron equations, slope of P-T diagram.
Lecture #39
Generalized relation for change of internal energy, enthalpy and entropy,
recovering the ideal gas change relations from the generalized relations,
Isothermal compressibility and Volumetric expansivity, Difference between Cp
and Cv, Discussion on use of Maxewell equations for generating property
tables.