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Medical Terminology
A Living Language
SIXTH EDITION
CHAPTER
3
Integumentary System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Integumentary System at a
Glance
• Functions of Integumentary System




Two-way protective barrier
Temperature regulation
Houses sensory receptors
Secretes important fluids
continued on next slide
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Integumentary System at a
Glance
• Organs of Integumentary System





Skin
Hair
Nails
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Integumentary System Illustrated
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Integumentary Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
albin/o – white
cry/o – cold
cutane/o – skin
derm/o – skin
dermat/o – skin
diaphor/o – profuse sweating
continued on next slide
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Integumentary Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
electr/o – electricity
erythr/o – red
hidr/o – sweat
ichthy/o – scaly, dry
kerat/o – hard, horny
leuk/o – white
lip/o – fat
melan/o – black
continued on next slide
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Integumentary Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
myc/o – fungus
necr/o – death
onych/o – nail
pedicul/o – lice
phot/o – light
py/o – pus
rhytid/o – wrinkle
scler/o – hard
continued on next slide
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Integumentary Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
seb/o – oil
system/o – system
trich/o – hair
ungu/o – nail
vesic/o – bladder
xer/o – dry
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Integumentary System Suffixes
• –derma
skin condition
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Integumentary System Prefixes
• allo–
• xeno–
other, different from usual
foreign
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Anatomy and Physiology of the
Integumentary System
• Skin
• Accessory organs




Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Hair
Nails
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Anatomy and Physiology of the
Integumentary System
• Largest organ in body
• Weighs more than 20 pounds (in adult)
• Skin also called:
 Integument
 Cutaneous membrane
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Functions
•
•
•
•
Protection
House nerve receptors
Secrete fluids
Regulate temperature
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
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Protection
• Primary function
• Forms 2-way barrier
 Keeps out pathogens and harmful
substances
 Prevents critical body fluids from
escaping
• Protects underlying tissues
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
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Sensory Receptors
• Located within middle layer of skin
• Detect:




Temperature
Pain
Touch
Pressure
• Nerve endings convey messages to
brain and spinal cord
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
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Fluids Produced
• Sweat glands:
 Assist body in maintaining internal
temperature
 Create cooling effect when sweat
evaporates
• Sebaceous glands:
 Oil glands
 Produce sebum
 Lubricates the skin surface
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Temperature Regulation
• To cool skin:
• To conserve heat:
 Sweat evaporation
 Dilate superficial
blood vessels to
release heat
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
 Constrict superficial
blood vessels to
keep warm blood
away from surface
 Continuous fat layer
acts as insulation
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The Skin
• Three layers
 Epidermis – thin, outer membrane
layer
 Dermis – middle, fibrous connective
tissue layer
 Subcutaneous layer – innermost layer
of fatty tissue
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 3.1
Skin structure, including the three layers of the skin and the accessory organs: sweat
glands, sebaceous glands, and hair.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Epidermis
• Composed of stratified squamous
epithelium
 Flat scale-like cells
 Arranged in overlapping layers called
strata
continued on next slide
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
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Epidermis
• Has no blood supply or connective
tissue
 Depends on deeper layers of skin for
nourishment
• Basal layer
 The deepest layer
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
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Basal Layer of Epidermis
• Cells continuously grow and push old
cells toward surface
• During this process
 Cells shrink, die, and fill with hard
protein called keratin
• Keratinized cells allow skin to act as
barrier to infection
continued on next slide
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Basal Layer of Epidermis
• Melanocytes




Special cells of basal layer
Produce black pigment melanin
Gives skin color
Protects against ultraviolet rays of sun
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 3.2
Photomicrograph showing the three layers of the skin.
(Jubal Harshaw/Shutterstock)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Dermis
• Also called corium
• Located between epidermis and
subcutaneous layer
• Name means "true skin"
• Is living tissue with very good blood
supply
continued on next slide
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Dermis
• Composed of:
 Connective tissue and collagen fibers
 Strong fibrous proteins give dermis
flexible strength
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Dermis
• Houses:








Hair follicles
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Blood vessels
Lymph vessels
Sensory receptors
Nerve fibers
Muscle fibers
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Subcutaneous Layer
•
•
•
•
•
Also called hypodermis
Third and deepest layer
Composed of fat cells called lipocytes
Protects the deeper tissues of body
Acts as insulation for heat and cold
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Accessory Organs
• Located within dermis
• Include:




Hair
Nails
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Hair
•
•
•
•
Hair follicle
Hair root
Hair shaft
Arrector pili muscle
continued on next slide
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
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Hair
• Grows longer from the root
 Deep cells of hair root force older cells
to move upward
 This forms hair shaft
 Grows towards surface within hair
follicle
• Melanin gives hair its color
continued on next slide
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Hair
• Arrector pili
 Slip of smooth muscle
 Causes hairs to "stand up"
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 3.3
Structure of a hair and its associated sebaceous gland.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Nails
• Nail body
 Flat plate of keratin
• Nail bed
 Connects nail body to underlying tissue
• Lunula
 Half-moon white area at base of nail
continued on next slide
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Nails
• Grow longer from nail root
• Cuticle
 Soft tissue that covers nail root
• Free edge
 Exposed edge
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 3.4
External and internal structures of nails.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Sebaceous Glands
• Open into hair
follicles
• Secrete the oil
sebum
 Lubricates hair and
skin
 Prevents drying and
cracking
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Figure 3.3
Structure of a hair and its associated sebaceous gland.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Sweat Glands
• Also called
sudoriferous
glands
• Coiled gland in
dermis
• Sweat travels to
surface in sweat
duct
• Sweat pore –
surface opening
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Figure 3.1
Skin structure, including the three layers of the skin and the accessory organs: sweat
glands, sebaceous glands, and hair.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Sweat Glands
• 2 million throughout body
• Sweat or perspiration
 Cools body as evaporates
 Contains small amount of waste product
 Normal colorless and odorless
• Apocrine glands
 Found in pubic and underarm areas
 Thicker sweat that can produce an odor
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Additional Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
albin/o – white
angi/o – vessel
bas/o – the base
bi/o – life
carcin/o – cancer
cauter/o – to burn
chem/o – chemical
cis/o – to cut
continued on next slide
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Additional Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
cortic/o – outer layer
cry/o – cold
cutane/o – skin
cyt/o – cell
derm/o – skin
dermat/o – skin
electr/o – electricity
erythr/o – red
continued on next slide
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Additional Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
esthesi/o – feeling
hem/o – blood
hidr/o – sweat
ichthy/o – scaly, dry
kerat/o – hard, horny
leuk/o – white
lip/o – fat
melan/o – black
continued on next slide
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Additional Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
myc/o – fungus
necr/o – death
onych/o – nail
pedicul/o – lice
phot/o – light
py/o – pus
rhytid/o – wrinkle
sarc/o – flesh
continued on next slide
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Additional Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
scler/o – hard
seb/o – oil
septic/o – infection
system/o – system
trich/o – hair
ungu/o – nail
vesic/o – sac
xer/o – dry
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
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by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-al
-derma
-ectomy
-emia
-ia
-iasis
-ic
-ism
pertaining to
skin condition
surgical removal
blood condition
state, condition
abnormal condition
pertaining to
state of
continued on next slide
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
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Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-itis
-logy
-malacia
-oma
-opsy
-osis
-ous
-phagia
inflammation
study of
softening
mass
view of
abnormal condition
pertaining to
eating
continued on next slide
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Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
-plasty
-rrhea
-tic
-tome
-ule
surgical repair
discharge
pertaining to
instrument to cut
small
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Additional Prefixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
alloanantiautodeepihyper-
other
without
against
self
without
upon
excessive
continued on next slide
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Additional Prefixes
•
•
•
•
•
hypointraparasubxeno-
under
within
beside
under
foreign
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
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Anatomical Terms
cutaneous
Pertaining to the skin
dermal
Pertaining to the skin
epidermal
Pertaining to upon the skin
hypodermic
Pertaining to under the skin
intradermal
Pertaining to within the skin
subcutaneous
Pertaining to under the skin
ungual
Pertaining to the nail
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
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Building Anatomical Terms
• Epidermal
 epi- + derm/o + -al
 Pertaining to above the skin
• Hypodermic
 hypo- + derm/o + -ic
 Pertaining to under the skin
continued on next slide
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
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Building Anatomical Terms
• Intradermal
 intra- + derm/o + -al
 Pertaining to within the skin
• Subcutaneous
 sub- + cutane/o + -ous
 Pertaining to under the skin
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Medical Specialties
Dermatology
(DERM,
derm)
Branch of medicine involving diagnosis
and treatment of conditions and
diseases of the integumentary system.
Physician is a dermatologist.
Plastic
surgery
Surgical specialty involved in repair,
reconstruction, or improvement of
body structures such as the skin that
are damaged, missing, or misshapen.
Physician is a plastic surgeon.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Signs and Symptoms
abrasion
friction scraping away skin surface
anhidrosis
condition of producing no sweat
comedo
hardened sebum in hair follicle;
blackhead
contusion
injury caused by a blow; causes
swelling, pain, and bruising
cyst
fluid-filled sac under skin
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Figure 3.5
Cyst.
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Signs and Symptoms
depigmentation
loss of normal skin color
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
ecchymosis
blood collecting under skin following
blunt trauma; a bruise
erythema
red flushing of skin
erythroderma
having reddened or flushed skin
eschar
thick layer of dead tissue develops
over a deep burn area
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Figure 3.6
Male lying supine with large ecchymosis on lateral rib cage and shoulder.
(Michal Heron, Pearson Education)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Signs and Symptoms
fissure
crack-like lesion on skin
hirsutism
excessive hair growth
hyperemia
redness of skin due to increased
blood flow
hyperhidrosis
excessive sweating
hyperpigmentation
abnormal amount of pigmentation
ichthyoderma
scaly and dry skin
lesion
general term for injury or
abnormality
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Figure 3.7
Fissure.
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Signs and Symptoms
leukoderma
white skin from lack of skin pigment
lipoma
fatty mass
macule
flat, discolored spot on skin
necrosis
condition of cell or tissue death
nevus
pigmented skin blemish, birthmark, or
mole; usually benign
nodule
firm, solid mass larger than 0.5 cm
onychomalacia
softening of nails
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Figure 3.8
Macule.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Figure 3.9
Nodule.
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Signs and Symptoms
pallor
abnormal paleness of skin
papule
small, solid raised spot smaller
than 0.5 cm
petechiae
spots from minute hemorrhages
under skin
photosensitivity
skin reacts abnormally to light
pruritus
severe itching
purpura
skin hemorrhage due to fragile
blood vessels
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Figure 3.10
Papule.
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Figure 3.11
Petechiae, pinpoint skin hemorrhages.
(Dr. P. Marazzi/Science Source)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Figure 3.12
Purpura, hemorrhaging into the skin due to fragile blood vessels.
(Scimat/Science Source)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Signs and Symptoms
purulent
infection producing pus; dead bacteria,
white blood cells, and tissue debris
pustule
raised spot on skin containing pus
pyoderma
having pus on or within the skin
scleroderma
hardened skin
seborrhea
oily discharge
suppurative
containing or producing pus
ulcer
open sore in skin
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Figure 3.13
Pustule.
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Figure 3.14
Ulcer.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Signs and Symptoms
urticaria
hives; eruption of wheals with severe
itching
vesicle
small, fluid-filled, raised spot; blister
wheal
small, round, swollen area; typical of
allergic skin reaction
xeroderma
abnormally dry skin
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Figure 3.15
Vesicle.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Figure 3.16
Wheal.
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Building Signs and Symptoms
Terms
• Lipoma
 lip/o + -oma
 Fatty mass or tumor
• Cyanosis
 cyan/o + -osis
 Abnormal condition of being blue
continued on next slide
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Building Signs and Symptoms
Terms
• Erythroderma
 erythr/o + -derma
 Red skin condition
• Oncchomalacia
 onych/o + -malacia
 Softening of the nail
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Skin
abscess
collection of pus in skin
acne
inflammation of sebaceous glands and hair
follicles with papules and pustules
acne rosacea
chronic form of adult acne with redness
and tiny pimples, primarily on nose
acne vulgaris
common form of teenage acne with
comedo, papules, and pustules
albinism
genetic condition; unable to make
melanin; white hair and skin, and red eyes
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Skin
basal cell
carcinoma
cancerous tumor in basal cell layer;
common cancer; rarely metastasizes
burn
skin damage caused by fire, electricity,
ultraviolet light, or caustic chemicals;
percentage of skin burned is estimated
by Rule of Nines
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Figure 3.17
Basal cell carcinoma. A frequent type of skin cancer that rarely metastasizes.
(Center for Disease Control)
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Figure 3.18
Comparison of the level of skin damage as a result of the three different degrees of
burns. (bojan fatur/Getty Images; ©English/Custom Medical Stock Photo; Dr.M.A.
Ansary/Science Source)
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Figure 3.19
Rule of Nines. A method for determining percentage of body burned. Each differently
colored section represents a percentage of the body surface. All sections
added together will equal 100%.
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First Degree Burn
First degree
burn
skin reddened and painful; no blisters;
damage to epidermis
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Second Degree Burn
Second
degree burn
skin reddened and painful with blisters;
damage to epidermis and dermis
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Third Degree Burn
Third degree
burn
skin charred; epidermis and dermis
burned away; subcutaneous layer
exposed
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Pathology of the Skin
cellulitis
diffuse acute infection of connective
tissue of skin
cicatrix
normal scar
decubitus
ulcer (decub)
open sore caused by pressure over bony
prominences; caused by loss of blood
flow to skin
dermatitis
inflammation of the skin
dermatosis
presence of a skin condition
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Pathology of the Skin
dry
gangrene
late stages of gangrene; affected area
becomes dried, blackened, and shriveled
eczema
superficial dermatitis; redness, vesicles,
itching, and crusting
gangrene
tissue necrosis due to loss of blood flow
ichthyosis
skin becomes dry, scaly, & keratinized
impetigo
highly infectious bacterial infection with
pustules that rupture and crust over
Kaposi's
sarcoma
skin cancer seen in AIDS patients;
brownish-purple lesions
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Figure 3.20
Impetigo, a highly contagious bacterial infection. (Biophoto Associates)
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Pathology of the Skin
keloid
thick hypertrophic scar
keratosis
condition of excessive growth and
thickening of epidermis layer
laceration
torn or jagged wound
malignant
dangerous form of cancer; begins in
melanoma (MM) melanocytes; quickly metastasizes
pediculosis
lice infestation
psoriasis
chronic inflammatory condition with
papules forming "silvery scale"
patches
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Figure 3.21
Keloid.
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Figure 3.22
Malignant melanoma. This photograph demonstrates the highly characteristic color of
this tumor. (National Cancer Institute)
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Figure 3.23
Psoriasis. This photograph demonstrates the characteristic white skin patches of this
condition.
(phasinphoto/Shutterstock)
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Pathology of the Skin
rubella
contagious viral infection; German
measles
scabies
mite infestation
sebaceous cyst
sebum filled sac forms around
sebaceous gland
squamous cell
carcinoma (SCC)
cancer of epidermis layer; may
invade deeper tissue and metastasize
strawberry
hemangioma
congenital collection of dilated blood
vessels; birthmark
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Figure 3.24
Squamous cell carcinoma.
(National Cancer Institute)
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Figure 3.25
Strawberry hemangioma, a birthmark caused by a collection of blood vessels in the skin.
(SPL/Science Source)
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Pathology of the Skin
systemic lupus chronic disease of connective tissue;
erythematosus injures skin, joints, & kidneys; produces
(SLE)
red, scaly butterfly rash across face
tinea
fungal infection; itching & scaling lesions
tinea capitis
fungal infection on scalp; ringworm
tinea pedis
fungal infection of foot; athlete's foot
varicella
contagious viral infection; chickenpox
verruca
warts; benign growth caused by virus
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Figure 3.26
Varicella or chickenpox, a viral skin infection. In this photograph, the rash is beginning to
form scabs. (Beneda Miroslav/Shutterstock)
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Pathology of the Skin
vitiligo
disappearance of pigment from skin in
patches; causes milk-white lesions
wet gangrene
area of gangrene with secondary
bacterial infection and pus
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Pathology of the Hair
alopecia
absence or loss of hair; baldness
carbuncle
furuncle involving several hair follicles
furuncle
bacterial infection of hair follicle;
redness, pain, and swelling; a boil
trichomycosis
fungal infection of hair
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Pathology of the Nails
onychia
infected nail bed
onychomycosis
fungal infection of nail
onychophagia
nail biting
paronychia
infection of skin fold around nail
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Figure 3.27
Paronychia.
(Scott Camazine/Getty Images)
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Building Pathology Terms
• Dermatitis
 dermat/o + -itis
 Inflammation of the skin
• Trichomycosis
 trich/o + myc/o + -osis
 Abnormal condition of nail fungus
continued on next slide
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Building Pathology Terms
• Hemangioma
 hem/o + angi/o + -oma
 Blood vessel tumor
• Melanoma
 melan/o + -oma
 Black tumor
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Clinical Laboratory Tests
culture and
sensitivity
(C&S)
grows bacteria removed from infected
area to identify infecting bacteria; then
determines sensitivity to various
antibiotics
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Biopsy Procedures
biopsy
(BX, bx)
removal of piece of tissue to examine
under a microscope; aids in diagnosis
exfoliative
cytology
scraping cells from tissue to examine
under microscope
frozen
section
(FS)
thin piece of tissue is cut from frozen
specimen for rapid examination under
microscope
fungal
scrapings
scrapings from lesion is cultured and then
examined under microscope
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Building Diagnostic Terms
• Biopsy
 bi/o + -opsy
 View of life
• Cytology
 cyt/o + -logy
 Study of cells
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Skin Grafting
allograft
skin graft from one person to
another; also called homograft
autograft
skin graft from a person's own
body
dermatome
instrument for cutting skin or for
producing thin transplants of skin
dermatoplasty
skin grafting
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Figure 3.28
A freshly applied autograft. Note that the donor skin has been perforated so that it can
be stretched to cover a larger exposed area. (Bob Ingelhart/Getty Images)
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Skin Grafting
skin graft (SG)
transfer of skin from normal area
to cover another site
xenograft
skin graft from an animal of
another species; usually a pig;
also called heterograft
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Surgical Procedures
cauterization
destruction of tissue by using
chemicals, electricity, heat, or
freezing
cryosurgery
use of extreme cold to freeze and
destroy tissue
curettage
removal of superficial skin lesion
with a scraper (curette)
debridement
removal of foreign material & dead
or damaged tissue from wound
continued on next slide
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Surgical Procedures
electrocautery
using an electric current to destroy
tissue
incision and
drainage (I&D)
making an incision to drain
material such as pus
onychectomy
surgical removal of a nail
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Plastic Surgery
chemabrasion
abrasions using chemicals;
chemical peel
dermabrasion
abrasion using wire brushes or
sandpaper; removes scars, tattoos
laser therapy
removal of lesions using a laser
beam
liposuction
removal of fat beneath skin by
means of suction
rhytidectomy
surgical removal of excess skin to
eliminate wrinkles; face lift
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Building Surgical Terms
• Dermatoplasty
 dermat/o + -plasty
 Surgical repair of the skin
• Onychectomy
 onych/o + -ectomy
 Surgical removal of a nail
• Rhytidectomy
 rhytid/o + -ectomy
 Surgical removal of wrinkles
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Integumentary Pharmacology
anesthetic
deaden pain
Xylocaine,
Novocain
antibiotic
kill bacteria
Neosporin
antifungal
kill fungi
Monistat, Lotrimin
antiparasitic
kill mites or lice
Kwell, Nix
continued on next slide
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Integumentary Pharmacology
antipruritic
antiseptic
reduce severe
itching
Benadryl,
Caladryl
kill bacteria
isopropyl alcohol,
hydrogen
peroxide
Valtrex, Famvir,
Zovirax
anti-viral
corticosteroid
cream
powerful antiinflammatory
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Cortaid; Kenalog
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Integumentary Abbreviations
BCC
basal cell carcinoma
BX, bx
biopsy
C&S
culture and sensitivity
decub
decubitus ulcer
Derm, derm
dermatology
FS
frozen section
continued on next slide
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Integumentary Abbreviations
I&D
incision and drainage
ID
intradermal
MM
malignant melanoma
SCC
squamous cell carcinoma
SG
skin graft
continued on next slide
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Integumentary Abbreviations
SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus
STSG
split thickness skin graft
Subc, Subq
subcutaneous
UV
ultraviolet
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Combining Forms Match Up
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
albin/o
cyan/o
erythr/o
melan/o
phot/o
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
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red
blue
white
black
light
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