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Three Hundred Essential Questions Global History and Geography CUSUMANO 1. On what continent did the first humans appear? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. Who was Mary Leakey and what did she believe? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 3. Define the following terms: Archaeologist, Artifact, and Anthropologist. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 4. State two facts about a traditional economy. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 5. Define nomad. Why were early humans nomadic? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 6. Define culture and identify specific characteristics of culture. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 7. What was the Neolithic Revolution? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 8. What were the effects of the Neolithic Revolution? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 9. Define civilization and identify specific characteristics of civilization. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 10. Identify the four early river valley civilizations. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 11. What was Mesopotamia? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 12. List two significant facts about the Sumerians. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 13. Define cuneiform and define ziggurat. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 14. What was the Code of Hammurabi? Prove the following statement: The Code of Hammurabi was harsh and had class divisions. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 15. Think Ancient Egypt and define pharaoh and hieroglyphics. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 16. Describe urban planning in the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro of the Indus River Valley Civilization (Harappan civilization). ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 17. Where did China’s earliest civilization develop? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 18. Who invaded the Indian subcontinent around 1500 B.C.E.? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 19. Where did the Persian Empire stretch at its height? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 20. State three significant facts about Athens. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 21. State three significant facts about Sparta. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 22. Describe Athenian democracy (Who voted and who could not vote). ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 23. List three accomplishments of the ancient Greek Golden Age (Include one architectural accomplishment and one philosophical accomplishment). ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 24. Who was Alexander the Great and what did he spread? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 25. Describe the Roman republic. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 26. Identify the Twelve Tables of Roman law. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 27. How did Rome change as it became an empire? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 28. What was the Pax Romana? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 29. Who was Emperor Constantine and why was he significant? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 30. State two causes of the fall of Rome. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 31. State three facts about the Mauryan king Asoka. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 32. What were the Pillars of Asoka? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 33. What happened during the Gupta Empire (Include specific accomplishments)? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 34. What was the Mandate of Heaven? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 35. State facts about the Qin dynasty of China. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 36. List the similarities of the Han dynasty of China and the Roman Empire. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 37. What was the Silk Road and provide examples of cultural diffusion on the Silk Road? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 38. List three Chinese inventions. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 39. Define animism. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 40. Explain the following terms associated with Judaism: Monotheism and the Torah. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 41. Explain the following terms associated with Hinduism: Caste System, Reincarnation, Karma, Dharma, Brahma, and Moksha. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________ 42. Explain the following terms associated with Buddhism: The Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and Nirvana. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 43. Explain the following terms associated with Confucianism: The Five Relationships, Inferiors and Superiors, Filial Piety, and the Examination System. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ 44. Explain one belief of Daoism. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 45. Explain two Christian beliefs regarding Jesus Christ. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 46. Identify and describe three significant facts about the Mayas, a pre-Columbian group that flourished in the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 47. What happened to the Eastern Roman Empire after the collapse of the western half of the Roman Empire in the 5th century? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 48. What was the Code of Justinian? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 49. What form of Christianity was practiced in the Byzantine Empire? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 50. What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire and why did it have a great location for trade? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 51. List two accomplishments of the Byzantine Empire. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 52. How did the Byzantines influence Russia (Consider cultural diffusion)? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 53. Who was Muhammad and how did he change world history? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 54. What happened to Muhammad in 622? What is the name of this event? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 55. List the Five Pillars of Faith that Muslims follow. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________ 56. What is the Qu’ran (Koran)? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 57. Why did Islam quickly spread? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 58. List two accomplishments of the Islamic Golden Age. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 59. Describe life in the early Middle Ages or Medieval period. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 60. Define feudalism and explain why feudalism existed in the European Middle Ages. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 61. Define the following terms associated with the European Medieval Period: Manor, Serf, and Lord. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 62. Why is the Middle Ages often referred to as the Age of Faith? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 63. What did the Roman Catholic Church provide during the Middle Ages? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 64. What were the Crusades? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 65. The Crusades are sometimes referred to as “Successful Failures” for the Europeans. Why? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 66. List several accomplishments from China’s Golden Age (the T’ang and Song Dynasties). ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 67. Explain to beliefs associated with the Shinto religion of Japan (Include a belief associated with the emperor). ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 68. Describe the Trans-Saharan trade. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 69. Identify the three West African Kingdoms that controlled the Trans-Saharan trade. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 70. Who was Mansa Musa and why did he take a famous pilgrimage to Mecca? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 71. What was Timbuktu and why was it significant? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 72. Identify and describe three significant facts about the Aztecs, a pre-Columbian group that flourished before the arrival of the Europeans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 73. Identify and describe three significant facts about the Incas, a pre-Columbian group that flourished before the arrival of the Europeans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 74. Who was Chinggis (Genghis) Khan and how did he change world history? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 75. State two facts about Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty of China. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 76. Who was Marco Polo and what did he do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 77. Describe the extent of the Mongol Empire (What lands did the Mongols conquer?). ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 78. Explain the following terms associated with feudalism in Japan: Shogun, Daimyo, Samurai, and Bushido. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ 79. Describe the role of the Japanese emperor during the Japanese feudal period. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 80. How did the Bubonic Plague (Black Death) enter Western Europe? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 81. What were the effects of the Bubonic Plague on Western Europe (Consider direct and indirect effects)? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 82. What was the Renaissance? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 83. Identify several artists, one philosopher, and one scientist of the Renaissance. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 84. Define secularism. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 85. Define humanism. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 86. Who was Copernicus and what was the heliocentric model of the universe? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 87. What happened in 1453 (Consider Constantinople)? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 88. What was an indulgence? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 89. Who was Martin Luther and why did he challenge the Roman Catholic Church? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 90. What were the Ninety-Five Theses? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 91. Why did some German princes protect Martin Luther? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 92. Who was John Calvin? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 93. What did Johann Gutenberg invent and how and why did his invention help spread ideas? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 94. What was the Counter-Reformation? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 95. What happened at the Council of Trent? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 96. What was the Inquisition? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 97. Who were the Jesuits? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 98. Provide one fact about each of the following explorers of the European Age of Exploration: Christopher Columbus, Vasco Da Gama, and Ferdinand Magellan. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 99. What was the Columbian Exchange and how did it change world history? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 100. Why was Hernán Cortés able to conquer the Aztecs? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 101. Why was Francisco Pizarro able to conquer the Incas? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 102. Explain the impact of European diseases on the Native American Indians, the indigenous peoples of the Americas. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 103. Describe the class hierarchy or ranking system in colonial Latin America. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 104. Define the following terms associated with the class hierarchy of Latin America: Peninsulares, Creoles, and Mestizos. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 105. How did a dying Native American Indian population impact Africans? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 106. Explain three facts about the tragic Atlantic Slave Trade. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 107. Define mercantilism. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 108. Define capitalism. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 109. What was the Commercial Revolution? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 110. Explain Divine Right Theory. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 111. Who was Thomas Hobbes and what did he believe regarding absolutism? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 112. Why was Louis XIV of France a model of an absolute ruler? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 113. Define tsar. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 114. How did Peter the Great change Russia? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 115. How did Catherine the Great change Russia? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 116. What was the Magna Carta and how did it limit the power of the king? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 117. State the most significant effects of the Puritan Revolution and the Glorious Revolution. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 118. Who was John Locke and what did he believe? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 119. Describe the scientific method. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 120. What did Sir Isaac Newton discover? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 121. How did the Scientific Revolution change world history? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 122. What was the European Enlightenment? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 123. The Enlightenment is also known as the Age of Reason. Why? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 124. Identify and explain one belief of each of the following Enlightenment philosophers: Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Adam Smith. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ 125. Identify and explain three facts about the Ottoman Empire (Include a statement on cultural diversity). ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 126. Where did the Safavids establish an empire (Include the land’s ancient name and its present name)? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 127. How did the Mughal rulers of the Indian subcontinent differ from the majority of their subjects? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 128. Who was Akbar the Great and why was he significant? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 129. What is the Taj Mahal and why was it built? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 130. What was the British East India Company and how did it change India? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 131. What dynasty ruled after the Yuan Dynasty in China? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 132. Identify the last Chinese dynasty. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 133. Identify and explain two causes of the French Revolution. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 134. Why did the Third Estate declare a National Assembly? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 135. What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 136. What was the purpose of the Committee of Public Safety and who was its leaders? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 137. What happened during the Reign of Terror? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 138. Why did Napoleon Bonaparte seize power in France? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 139. What was the Napoleonic Code? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 140. Why did the invasion of Russia lead to the downfall of Napoleon? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 141. What did the Congress of Vienna want to restore? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 142. Who was the most significant leader of the Congress of Vienna? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 143. Explain the “balance of power.” ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 144. Define nationalism and explain how the French Revolution encouraged nationalism but the Congress of Vienna discouraged nationalism. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 145. Who was Toussaint L’Ouverture and how did he change the history of his nation and the world? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 146. State two reasons why Latin Americans wanted independence? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 147. Which social class generally led Latin American independence movements? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 148. Simón Bolívar is often called the “Great Liberator”. Why? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 149. What conflicts existed in Latin America after the success of the independence movements? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 150. How did the Industrial Revolution change production? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 151. In what nation did the Industrial Revolution begin? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 152. What factors encouraged industrialization (Consider energy sources and resources)? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 153. Why did industrialization encourage urbanization? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 154. Define Laissez-faire capitalism. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 155. What was the Irish Potato Famine? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 156. Describe working conditions in factories at the start of the Industrial Revolution. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 157. What did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels write? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 158. What group in society did Karl Marx believe would lead a revolution and why did he believe this group would lead a revolution? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 159. According to Marx, who are the proletariat and who are the bourgeoisie? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 160. Compare and contrast Capitalism and Communism. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 161. Compare and contrast the Free Market and a Command or Centrally Planned Economy. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 162. What do the following individuals have in common: Count Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 163. Explain Otto Von Bismarck’s policy of “blood and iron”. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 164. When did Italy and when did Germany achieve independence? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 165. Who did Tsar Alexander II emancipate in 1861? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 166. Explain the policy of Russification in Russia. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 167. What were pogroms? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 168. State two reasons for the decline of the Ottoman Empire. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 169. Define imperialism. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 170. Define Social Darwinism. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 171. What was the Sepoy Mutiny? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 172. What was the “Scramble for Africa”? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 173. List two causes of imperialism. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 174. What was the impact of European “spheres of influence” in China? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 175. Explain the causes and effects of the Opium War in China. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 176. What happened during the Taiping Rebellion? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 177. What happened during the Boxer Rebellion? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 178. Why had the Tokugawa Shogunate isolated Japan? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 179. Who was Commodore Matthew Perry and why did he travel to Japan? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 180. State three significant facts about the Meiji Restoration. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 181. What event triggered the alliance system which led to the First World War? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 182. Identify and explain four causes of the First World War (Consider MAIN). ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ 183. Identify the members of the two opposing alliances in the First World War. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 184. Describe trench warfare. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 185. What nation withdrew from the First World War in 1917 and what nation entered the First World War in 1917? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 186. Why did this nation withdraw from fighting in the First World War in 1917? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 187. Why did the other nation enter the First World War in 1917? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 188. Explain two facts about U.S. President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 189. What was the Treaty of Versailles and why was it harsher than the Germans had expected? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 190. How did the Treaty of Versailles affect the German people? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 191. What was the League of Nations? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 192. Identify and explain two causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 193. Who were the Bolsheviks and who was Vladimir Lenin? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 194. What did the Bolsheviks promise the Russian people? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 195. What happened in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 196. What did the Bolsheviks rename Russia after they won the civil war? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 197. What was Vladimir Lenin’s New Economic Policy? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 198. Who succeeded Lenin in the Soviet Union? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 199. Why was the Soviet Union a totalitarian state under Joseph Stalin? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 200. Where were dissidents and opponents to Stalin’s regime sent? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 201. Stalin ordered the creation of collective farms. What is a collective farm? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 202. Why did many peasants oppose collectivization? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 203. State two facts about Stalin’s Five Year Plans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 204. What was the Great Depression? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 205. Define Fascism. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 206. Who was Benito Mussolini and how did he change Italy? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 207. Who was Adolf Hitler and how did he change Germany? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 208. Define anti-Semitism. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 209. What was the “Rape of Nanjing”? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 210. How did the League of Nations fail to prevent the Second World War? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 211. Define appeasement and explain how it led to the Second World War. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 212. What event marked the beginning of the Second World War (Consider a nation that was invaded)? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 213. What nation launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 214. Identify the members of the two opposing alliances in the Second World War. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 215. Define genocide and discuss the tragedy of the Holocaust. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 216. What happened in August in 1945 in Japan? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 217. What were the Nuremberg Trials and what is a “crime against humanity”? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 218. What nation occupied Japan after the Second World War and how did this nation change Japan? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 219. What was the United Nations and when was it formed? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 220. Define collective security. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 221. Why did independence movements and decolonization in Africa and Asia increase after the Second World War? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 222. Who was Mohandas Gandhi and what did he believe? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 223. Provide several facts about Gandhi’s boycott of British Cloth and the “Salt March”. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 224. Define civil disobedience. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 225. Who was Kwame Nkrumah and what nation did he lead to independence? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 226. Who was Jomo Kenyatta and what nation did he lead to independence? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 227. Who was Julius Nyerere and what nation did he lead to independence? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 228. List three significant facts about the Cold War. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 229. Explain the following terms: Soviet satellites and “Iron Curtain”. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 230. What was the Truman Doctrine? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 231. Define containment. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 232. What was the Marshall Plan and what was its purpose? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 233. Compare and contrast NATO and Warsaw Pact. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 234. Who was Mao Zedong and how did he change China? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 235. What happened to Chiang Kai-shek? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 236. What were the causes of the Korean War? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 237. What were the effects of the Korean War? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 238. State two facts about the Great Leap Forward. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 239. Why did the Great Leap Forward fail? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 240. State two facts about the Cultural Revolution. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 241. Who were the Red Guards and what did they do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 242. What happened when Hungarian leaders threatened to leave the Warsaw Pact in 1956? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 243. Who was Nikita Khrushchev? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 244. Why was the Berlin Wall built? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 245. Who was Fidel Castro and how did he change Cuba? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 246. What happened at the Bay of Pigs? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 247. State two facts about the Cuban Missile Crisis. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 248. Who was Ho Chi Minh and what did he do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 249. State two causes of the Vietnam War. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 250. State two effects of the Vietnam War. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 251. Define apartheid. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 252. Describe life in South Africa during apartheid. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 253. State three significant facts about Nelson Mandela. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 254. Define Zionism. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 255. When and why was the country of Israel created? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 256. How did the Arab nations respond to the creation of Israel? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 257. Who was Anwar el-Sadat and what did he do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 258. State two facts about the Palestinian Liberation Organization. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 259. What is OPEC? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 260. State two causes of the Iranian Revolution. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 261. Who was Ayatollah Khomeini? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 262. State two effects of the Iranian Revolution. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 263. Define “Green Revolution”. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 264. Identify two problems affecting Africa today. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 265. Identify two problems affecting Latin America today. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 266. Identify two problems affecting India today. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 267. State one cause and one effect of overpopulation. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 268. State one cause and one effect of pollution. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 269. What is nuclear proliferation? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 270. When was the nation of Bangladesh formed? Why? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 271. Who was Mikhail Gorbachev and how did he change the Soviet Union? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 272. What was Glasnost? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 273. What was Perestroika? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 274. Who was Boris Yeltsin and what did he do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 275. What happened in the nations of Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 276. What happened to the Berlin Wall in 1989? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 277. Who was Deng Xiaoping and how did he change China? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 278. What happened at Tiananmen Square? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 279. How did apartheid end? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 280. Who was F.W. De Klerk and what did he do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 281. Who was elected President in 1994 in an historic election in South Africa? Why was the election historic? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 282. State two facts about the Irish Republican Army (I.R.A.). ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 283. State one cause and one effect of the Rwandan Genocide. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 284. State one cause and one effect of genocide in the former Yugoslavia. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 285. What was “ethnic cleansing”? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 286. Who was Saddam Hussein and why did invade Kuwait? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 287. How did the United State respond to Hussein’s invasion of Iraq? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 288. Why did the United States invade Iraq again after the first Persian Gulf War? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 289. What happened to Saddam Hussein in 2006? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 290. State two facts about the Taliban. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 291. State two facts about Al-Qaeda and two Osama bin Laden. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ 292. Why did the United States invade Afghanistan? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 293. What factors led to the Japanese “economic miracle” in the 1970s? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 294. What is the European Union? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 295. What is the Euro? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 296. Define famine. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 297. Who were the Sandinistas? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 298. Define terrorism. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 299. State one cause and one effect of Global Warming. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 300. How has the Computer Revolution changed human life? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Practice!
