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Three Hundred Essential Questions Global History and Geography 1. On what continent did the first humans appear? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Who was Mary Leakey and what did she believe? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Define the following terms: Archaeologist, Artifact, and Anthropologist. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4. State two facts about a traditional economy. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5. Define nomad. Why were early humans nomadic? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6. Define culture and identify specific characteristics of culture. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 7. What was the Neolithic Revolution? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 8. What were the effects of the Neolithic Revolution? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 9. Define civilization and identify specific characteristics of civilization. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 10. Identify the four early river valley civilizations. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 11. What was Mesopotamia? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 12. List two significant facts about the Sumerians. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 13. Define cuneiform and define ziggurat. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 14. What was the Code of Hammurabi? Prove the following statement: The Code of Hammurabi was harsh and had class divisions. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 15. Think Ancient Egypt and define pharaoh and hieroglyphics. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 16. Describe urban planning in the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro of the Indus River Valley Civilization (Harappan civilization). ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 17. Where did China’s earliest civilization develop? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 18. Who invaded the Indian subcontinent around 1500 B.C.E.? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 19. Where did the Persian Empire stretch at its height? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 20. State three significant facts about Athens. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 21. State three significant facts about Sparta. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 22. Describe Athenian democracy (Who voted and who could not vote). ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 23. List three accomplishments of the ancient Greek Golden Age (Include one architectural accomplishment and one philosophical accomplishment). ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 24. Who was Alexander the Great and what did he spread? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 25. Describe the Roman republic. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 26. Identify the Twelve Tables of Roman law. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 27. How did Rome change as it became an empire? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 28. What was the Pax Romana? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 29. Who was Emperor Constantine and why was he significant? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 30. State two causes of the fall of Rome. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 31. State three facts about the Mauryan king Asoka. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 32. What were the Pillars of Asoka? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 33. What happened during the Gupta Empire (Include specific accomplishments)? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 34. What was the Mandate of Heaven? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 35. State facts about the Qin dynasty of China. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 36. List the similarities of the Han dynasty of China and the Roman Empire. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 37. What was the Silk Road and provide examples of cultural diffusion on the Silk Road? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 38. List three Chinese inventions. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 39. Define animism. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 40. Explain the following terms associated with Judaism: Monotheism and the Torah. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 41. Explain the following terms associated with Hinduism: Caste System, Reincarnation, Karma, Dharma, Brahma, and Moksha. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 42. Explain the following terms associated with Buddhism: The Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and Nirvana. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 43. Explain the following terms associated with Confucianism: The Five Relationships, Inferiors and Superiors, Filial Piety, and the Examination System. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 44. Explain one belief of Daoism. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 45. Explain two Christian beliefs regarding Jesus Christ. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 46. Identify and describe three significant facts about the Mayas, a pre-Columbian group that flourished in the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 47. What happened to the Eastern Roman Empire after the collapse of the western half of the Roman Empire in the 5th century? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 48. What was the Code of Justinian? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 49. What form of Christianity was practiced in the Byzantine Empire? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 50. What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire and why did it have a great location for trade? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 51. List two accomplishments of the Byzantine Empire. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 52. How did the Byzantines influence Russia (Consider cultural diffusion)? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 53. Who was Muhammad and how did he change world history? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 54. What happened to Muhammad in 622? What is the name of this event? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 55. List the Five Pillars of Faith that Muslims follow. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 56. What is the Qu’ran (Koran)? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 57. Why did Islam quickly spread? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 58. List two accomplishments of the Islamic Golden Age. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 59. Describe life in the early Middle Ages or Medieval period. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 60. Define feudalism and explain why feudalism existed in the European Middle Ages. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 61. Define the following terms associated with the European Medieval Period: Manor, Serf, and Lord. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 62. Why is the Middle Ages often referred to as the Age of Faith? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 63. What did the Roman Catholic Church provide during the Middle Ages? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 64. What were the Crusades? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 65. The Crusades are sometimes referred to as “Successful Failures” for the Europeans. Why? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 66. List several accomplishments from China’s Golden Age (the T’ang and Song Dynasties). ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 67. Explain to beliefs associated with the Shinto religion of Japan (Include a belief associated with the emperor). ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 68. Describe the Trans-Saharan trade. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 69. Identify the three West African Kingdoms that controlled the Trans-Saharan trade. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 70. Who was Mansa Musa and why did he take a famous pilgrimage to Mecca? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 71. What was Timbuktu and why was it significant? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 72. Identify and describe three significant facts about the Aztecs, a pre-Columbian group that flourished before the arrival of the Europeans. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 73. Identify and describe three significant facts about the Incas, a pre-Columbian group that flourished before the arrival of the Europeans. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 74. Who was Chinggis (Genghis) Khan and how did he change world history? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 75. State two facts about Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty of China. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 76. Who was Marco Polo and what did he do? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 77. Describe the extent of the Mongol Empire (What lands did the Mongols conquer?). ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 78. Explain the following terms associated with feudalism in Japan: Shogun, Daimyo, Samurai, and Bushido. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 79. Describe the role of the Japanese emperor during the Japanese feudal period. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 80. How did the Bubonic Plague (Black Death) enter Western Europe? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 81. What were the effects of the Bubonic Plague on Western Europe (Consider direct and indirect effects)? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 82. What was the Renaissance? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 83. Identify several artists, one philosopher, and one scientist of the Renaissance. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 84. Define secularism. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 85. Define humanism. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 86. Who was Copernicus and what was the heliocentric model of the universe? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 87. What happened in 1453 (Consider Constantinople)? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 88. What was an indulgence? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 89. Who was Martin Luther and why did he challenge the Roman Catholic Church? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 90. What were the Ninety-Five Theses? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 91. Why did some German princes protect Martin Luther? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 92. Who was John Calvin? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 93. What did Johann Gutenberg invent and how and why did his invention help spread ideas? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 94. What was the Counter-Reformation? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 95. What happened at the Council of Trent? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 96. What was the Inquisition? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 97. Who were the Jesuits? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 98. Provide one fact about each of the following explorers of the European Age of Exploration: Christopher Columbus, Vasco Da Gama, and Ferdinand Magellan. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 99. What was the Columbian Exchange and how did it change world history? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 100. Why was Hernán Cortés able to conquer the Aztecs? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 101. Why was Francisco Pizarro able to conquer the Incas? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 102. Explain the impact of European diseases on the Native American Indians, the indigenous peoples of the Americas. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 103. Describe the class hierarchy or ranking system in colonial Latin America. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 104. Define the following terms associated with the class hierarchy of Latin America: Peninsulares, Creoles, and Mestizos. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 105. How did a dying Native American Indian population impact Africans? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 106. Explain three facts about the tragic Atlantic Slave Trade. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 107. Define mercantilism. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 108. Define capitalism. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 109. What was the Commercial Revolution? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 110. Explain Divine Right Theory. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 111. Who was Thomas Hobbes and what did he believe regarding absolutism? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 112. Why was Louis XIV of France a model of an absolute ruler? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 113. Define tsar. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 114. How did Peter the Great change Russia? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 115. How did Catherine the Great change Russia? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 116. What was the Magna Carta and how did it limit the power of the king? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 117. State the most significant effects of the Puritan Revolution and the Glorious Revolution. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 118. Who was John Locke and what did he believe? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 119. Describe the scientific method. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 120. What did Sir Isaac Newton discover? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 121. How did the Scientific Revolution change world history? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 122. What was the European Enlightenment? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 123. The Enlightenment is also known as the Age of Reason. Why? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 124. Identify and explain one belief of each of the following Enlightenment philosophers: Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Adam Smith. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 125. Identify and explain three facts about the Ottoman Empire (Include a statement on cultural diversity). ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 126. Where did the Safavids establish an empire (Include the land’s ancient name and its present name)? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 127. How did the Mughal rulers of the Indian subcontinent differ from the majority of their subjects? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 128. Who was Akbar the Great and why was he significant? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 129. What is the Taj Mahal and why was it built? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 130. What was the British East India Company and how did it change India? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 131. What dynasty ruled after the Yuan Dynasty in China? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 132. Identify the last Chinese dynasty. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 133. Identify and explain two causes of the French Revolution. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 134. Why did the Third Estate declare a National Assembly? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 135. What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 136. What was the purpose of the Committee of Public Safety and who was its leaders? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 137. What happened during the Reign of Terror? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 138. Why did Napoleon Bonaparte seize power in France? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 139. What was the Napoleonic Code? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 140. Why did the invasion of Russia lead to the downfall of Napoleon? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 141. What did the Congress of Vienna want to restore? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 142. Who was the most significant leader of the Congress of Vienna? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 143. Explain the “balance of power.” ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 144. Define nationalism and explain how the French Revolution encouraged nationalism but the Congress of Vienna discouraged nationalism. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 145. Who was Toussaint L’Ouverture and how did he change the history of his nation and the world? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 146. State two reasons why Latin Americans wanted independence? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 147. Which social class generally led Latin American independence movements? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 148. Simón Bolívar is often called the “Great Liberator”. Why? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 149. What conflicts existed in Latin America after the success of the independence movements? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 150. How did the Industrial Revolution change production? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 151. In what nation did the Industrial Revolution begin? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 152. What factors encouraged industrialization (Consider energy sources and resources)? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 153. Why did industrialization encourage urbanization? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 154. Define Laissez-faire capitalism. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 155. What was the Irish Potato Famine? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 156. Describe working conditions in factories at the start of the Industrial Revolution. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 157. What did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels write? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 158. What group in society did Karl Marx believe would lead a revolution and why did he believe this group would lead a revolution? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 159. According to Marx, who are the proletariat and who are the bourgeoisie? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 160. Compare and contrast Capitalism and Communism. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 161. Compare and contrast the Free Market and a Command or Centrally Planned Economy. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 162. What do the following individuals have in common: Count Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 163. Explain Otto Von Bismarck’s policy of “blood and iron”. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 164. When did Italy and when did Germany achieve independence? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 165. Who did Tsar Alexander II emancipate in 1861? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 166. Explain the policy of Russification in Russia. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 167. What were pogroms? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 168. State two reasons for the decline of the Ottoman Empire. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 169. Define imperialism. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 170. Define Social Darwinism. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 171. What was the Sepoy Mutiny? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 172. What was the “Scramble for Africa”? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 173. List two causes of imperialism. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 174. What was the impact of European “spheres of influence” in China? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 175. Explain the causes and effects of the Opium War in China. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 176. What happened during the Taiping Rebellion? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 177. What happened during the Boxer Rebellion? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 178. Why had the Tokugawa Shogunate isolated Japan? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 179. Who was Commodore Matthew Perry and why did he travel to Japan? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 180. State three significant facts about the Meiji Restoration. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 181. What event triggered the alliance system which led to the First World War? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 182. Identify and explain four causes of the First World War (Consider MAIN). ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 183. Identify the members of the two opposing alliances in the First World War. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 184. Describe trench warfare. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 185. What nation withdrew from the First World War in 1917 and what nation entered the First World War in 1917? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 186. Why did this nation withdraw from fighting in the First World War in 1917? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 187. Why did the other nation enter the First World War in 1917? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 188. Explain two facts about U.S. President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 189. What was the Treaty of Versailles and why was it harsher than the Germans had expected? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 190. How did the Treaty of Versailles affect the German people? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 191. What was the League of Nations? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 192. Identify and explain two causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 193. Who were the Bolsheviks and who was Vladimir Lenin? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 194. What did the Bolsheviks promise the Russian people? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 195. What happened in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 196. What did the Bolsheviks rename Russia after they won the civil war? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 197. What was Vladimir Lenin’s New Economic Policy? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 198. Who succeeded Lenin in the Soviet Union? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 199. Why was the Soviet Union a totalitarian state under Joseph Stalin? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 200. Where were dissidents and opponents to Stalin’s regime sent? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 201. Stalin ordered the creation of collective farms. What is a collective farm? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 202. Why did many peasants oppose collectivization? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 203. State two facts about Stalin’s Five Year Plans. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 204. What was the Great Depression? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 205. Define Fascism. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 206. Who was Benito Mussolini and how did he change Italy? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 207. Who was Adolf Hitler and how did he change Germany? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 208. Define anti-Semitism. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 209. What was the “Rape of Nanjing”? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 210. How did the League of Nations fail to prevent the Second World War? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 211. Define appeasement and explain how it led to the Second World War. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 212. What event marked the beginning of the Second World War (Consider a nation that was invaded)? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 213. What nation launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 214. Identify the members of the two opposing alliances in the Second World War. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 215. Define genocide and discuss the tragedy of the Holocaust. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 216. What happened in August in 1945 in Japan? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 217. What were the Nuremberg Trials and what is a “crime against humanity”? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 218. What nation occupied Japan after the Second World War and how did this nation change Japan? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 219. What was the United Nations and when was it formed? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 220. Define collective security. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 221. Why did independence movements and decolonization in Africa and Asia increase after the Second World War? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 222. Who was Mohandas Gandhi and what did he believe? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 223. Provide several facts about Gandhi’s boycott of British Cloth and the “Salt March”. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 224. Define civil disobedience. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 225. Who was Kwame Nkrumah and what nation did he lead to independence? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 226. Who was Jomo Kenyatta and what nation did he lead to independence? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 227. Who was Julius Nyerere and what nation did he lead to independence? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 228. List three significant facts about the Cold War. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 229. Explain the following terms: Soviet satellites and “Iron Curtain”. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 230. What was the Truman Doctrine? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 231. Define containment. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 232. What was the Marshall Plan and what was its purpose? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 233. Compare and contrast NATO and Warsaw Pact. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 234. Who was Mao Zedong and how did he change China? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 235. What happened to Chiang Kai-shek? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 236. What were the causes of the Korean War? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 237. What were the effects of the Korean War? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 238. State two facts about the Great Leap Forward. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 239. Why did the Great Leap Forward fail? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 240. State two facts about the Cultural Revolution. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 241. Who were the Red Guards and what did they do? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 242. What happened when Hungarian leaders threatened to leave the Warsaw Pact in 1956? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 243. Who was Nikita Khrushchev? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 244. Why was the Berlin Wall built? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 245. Who was Fidel Castro and how did he change Cuba? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 246. What happened at the Bay of Pigs? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 247. State two facts about the Cuban Missile Crisis. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 248. Who was Ho Chi Minh and what did he do? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 249. State two causes of the Vietnam War. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 250. State two effects of the Vietnam War. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 251. Define apartheid. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 252. Describe life in South Africa during apartheid. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 253. State three significant facts about Nelson Mandela. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 254. Define Zionism. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 255. When and why was the country of Israel created? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 256. How did the Arab nations respond to the creation of Israel? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 257. Who was Anwar el-Sadat and what did he do? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 258. State two facts about the Palestinian Liberation Organization. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 259. What is OPEC? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 260. State two causes of the Iranian Revolution. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 261. Who was Ayatollah Khomeini? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 262. State two effects of the Iranian Revolution. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 263. Define “Green Revolution”. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 264. Identify two problems affecting Africa today. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 265. Identify two problems affecting Latin America today. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 266. Identify two problems affecting India today. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 267. State one cause and one effect of overpopulation. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 268. State one cause and one effect of pollution. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 269. What is nuclear proliferation? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 270. When was the nation of Bangladesh formed? Why? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 271. Who was Mikhail Gorbachev and how did he change the Soviet Union? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 272. What was Glasnost? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 273. What was Perestroika? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 274. Who was Boris Yeltsin and what did he do? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 275. What happened in the nations of Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 276. What happened to the Berlin Wall in 1989? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 277. Who was Deng Xiaoping and how did he change China? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 278. What happened at Tiananmen Square? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 279. How did apartheid end? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 280. Who was F.W. De Klerk and what did he do? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 281. Who was elected President in 1994 in an historic election in South Africa? Why was the election historic? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 282. State two facts about the Irish Republican Army (I.R.A.). ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 283. State one cause and one effect of the Rwandan Genocide. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 284. State one cause and one effect of genocide in the former Yugoslavia. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 285. What was “ethnic cleansing”? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 286. Who was Saddam Hussein and why did invade Kuwait? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 287. How did the United State respond to Hussein’s invasion of Iraq? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 288. Why did the United States invade Iraq again after the first Persian Gulf War? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 289. What happened to Saddam Hussein in 2006? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 290. State two facts about the Taliban. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 291. State two facts about Al-Qaeda and two Osama bin Laden. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 292. Why did the United States invade Afghanistan? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 293. What factors led to the Japanese “economic miracle” in the 1970s? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 294. What is the European Union? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 295. What is the Euro? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 296. Define famine. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 297. Who were the Sandinistas? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 298. Define terrorism. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 299. State one cause and one effect of Global Warming. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 300. How has the Computer Revolution changed human life? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Practice!
