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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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Homework for Chapter 33 & 34 - Alterations of the Reproductive Systems
Instructions:
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Use your lecture notes and textbook to find the answers to these questions.
When finished, enter your answers on the electronic version of the homework posted on
Canvas.
You may do this up to three times until you are happy with your grade.
1. Sexual maturation occurring before age 6 in girls or age 9 in boys is a condition known as:
A) delayed puberty.
B) congenital hypopituitarism.
C) precocious puberty.
D) Klinefelter syndrome.
2. Excessive uterine contractions and endometrial shedding resulting in painful menstruation is a result of:
A) excessive prostaglandin levels.
B) excessive estrogen levels.
C) prostaglandin-blocking medications.
D) estrogen-blocking medications.
3. Failure to menstruate and develop secondary sex characteristics by age 14 is a condition called:
A) dysmenorrhea.
B) dysfunctional menarche.
C) primary amenorrhea.
D) secondary amenorrhea.
4. Causes of secondary amenorrhea other than pregnancy and menopause include which of the following?
A) Pituitary tumors
B) Thyroid disorders
C) Extreme weight loss
D) All of the above
5. Irregular menstrual cycles, heavy bleeding, and passage of large clots are symptoms of:
A) dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
B) polycystic ovarian syndrome.
C) primary dysmenorrhea.
D) premenstrual syndrome.
6. Polycystic ovarian syndrome usually causes:
A) dysmenorrhea.
B) infertility.
C) heavy periods.
D) ovarian cancer.
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7. The major endocrine abnormality associated with the development of polycystic ovarian syndrome is:
A) depressed estradiol levels.
B) hyperinsulinemia.
C) hypocortisolism.
D) low androgen production.
8. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is the cyclic recurrence of what type of changes?
A) Behavioral
B) Physical
C) Psychological
D) All of the above
9. In premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder refers to which of the following
symptoms?
A) Uterine cramping
B) Fatigue
C) Depression
D) Fluid retention
10. Pelvic inflammatory disease is caused by:
A) elevated estrogen.
B) sexually transmitted infections.
C) ectopic pregnancy.
D) cervical tumors.
11. Symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) abdominal pain.
B) dyspareunia.
C) dyschezia.
D) dyspnea.
12. Vaginitis caused by infection is often related to:
A) antibiotic use.
B) hypothyroidism.
C) autoimmune disease.
D) irregular menstrual cycles.
13. Which of the following sexually transmitted infections are associated with cervicitis and can result in
pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, and the presence of purulent cervical discharge?
A) Chlamydia
B) Trichomoniasis
C) Gonorrhea
D) All of the above
14. The protrusion of the uterus into the vaginal canal and possibly outside of the vagina is a condition
known as uterine:
A) rectocele.
B) relaxation.
C) prolapse.
D) vulvitis.
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15. Dermoid cysts are tumors that contain elements of skin, hair, glands, muscle, cartilage, and bone that
can eventually develop into:
A) ovarian cancer.
B) uterine fibroids.
C) benign breast tumors.
D) follicular cysts.
16. Pain in the abdomen or pelvis occurring with dysmenorrhea, dyschezia, dyspareunia, vaginal
bleeding, infertility, adhesions, and scarring anywhere in the abdomen and pelvis is generally caused
by a condition called:
A) endometriosis.
B) leiomyomas.
C) endometrial polyps.
D) adenomyosis.
17. Uterine fibroids are more technically referred to as:
A) benign ovarian cysts.
B) leiomyomas.
C) endometrial polyps.
D) myometrial carcinomas.
18. In a person with endometriosis, where can endometrial implants be found?
A) Abdominal cavity
B) Ovaries
C) Uterine tubes
D) All of the above
19. The Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) is used for routine screening of which gynecological cancer?
A) Ovarian
B) Endometrial
C) Cervical
D) Vaginal
20. The most important risk factor related to the development of cervical cancer is:
A) infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV).
B) exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES).
C) cigarette smoking.
D) overuse of antibiotics.
21. Risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer include:
A) obesity, early menarche, and infertility.
B) oral contraceptive use, low-fat diet, and smoking.
C) having multiple children, age 40 years or younger, and chronic vaginitis.
D) black race, lower socioeconomic status, and late menarche.
22. Which of the following statements about ovarian cancer is FALSE?
A) In the early stages, ovarian cancer is usually asymptomatic.
B) Women 45 years and younger are at the greatest risk of developing ovarian cancer.
C) Ovarian cancer results in ascites caused by seeding of cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity.
D) Ovarian cancer accounts for the most deaths of all cancers of the female reproductive tract.
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23. Urethritis is a common disorder of the male urethra and is most commonly caused by:
A) mechanical trauma.
B) urethral scarring.
C) sexually transmitted infection.
D) poor hygiene.
24. Penile cancer is associated with which of the following risk factors?
A) Human papilloma virus infection
B) Smoking
C) Black race
D) All of the above
25. An abnormal dilation of a vein within the scrotum or spermatic cord is known as a (an):
A) angiocele.
B) spermatocele.
C) varicocele.
D) hydrocele.
26. The condition in which one or both testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum in early
childhood development is called:
A) cryptorchidism.
B) testicular torsion.
C) orchitis.
D) Peyronie disease.
27. Which of the following disorders of the male reproductive system is a surgical emergency?
A) Testicular torsion
B) Cryptorchidism
C) Orchitis
D) Peyronie disease
28. The risk of testicular cancer is greater for men who have a history of:
A) priapism.
B) cryptorchidism.
C) phimosis.
D) varicocele.
29. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) results in:
A) infertility.
B) urethral obstruction.
C) prolapsed bladder.
D) testicular cancer.
30. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is used to screen for which prostate problem?
A) Bacterial prostatitis
B) Nonbacterial prostatitis
C) Prostatodynia
D) Prostatic cancer
31. To prevent prostate cancer, men should be encouraged to consume a diet low in:
A) salt.
B) fiber.
C) fat.
D) calcium.
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32. The pathophysiology of prostate cancer involves all of the following factors EXCEPT:
A) increased insulin-like growth factor.
B) increased dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
C) increased estradiol production.
D) genetic predisposition.
33. Symptoms of prostate cancer are similar to:
A) urinary tract infection.
B) epididymitis.
C) benign prostatic hyperplasia.
D) prostatitis.
34. Which of the following is the most important risk factor in the development of prostate cancer?
A) Older age
B) Vasectomy
C) Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
D) Family history
35. Galactorrhea is a disorder of the:
A) prostate.
B) ovary.
C) breast.
D) cervix.
36. Which of the following statements concerning benign breast disease is TRUE?
A) All benign breast lesions are solid tumors.
B) Benign breast lumps can be differentiated from malignant tumor by palpation alone.
C) Some benign fibrocysts are associated with the development of breast cancer.
D) Risk factors for benign breast disease include exposure to carcinogens.
37. Which of the following hormonal abnormalities is associated with the development of breast cancer?
A) Elevated cortisol
B) Decreased insulin
C) Decreased progesterone
D) Elevated estrogen
38. One factor that offers a protective effect against the development of breast cancer is:
A) regular exercise.
B) birth control pills.
C) not having children.
D) moderate alcohol use.
39. Which of the following symptoms suggests that a woman should be carefully evaluated for breast cancer?
A) Dimpling of the skin on the breast
B) Enlarged axillary lymph nodes
C) Abnormal discharge from the nipple
D) All of the above
40. Overdevelopment of breast tissue in males is a condition known as:
A) ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).
B) fibrocystic disease.
C) mammography.
D) gynecomastia.
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Critical Thinking Questions:
41. A 9-year-old boy of normal weight exhibits enlargement of the breast tissue. One possible cause of
this is:
A) premature functioning of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis.
B) low levels of thyroid hormone.
C) hyperplasia of the adrenal cells that secrete gonadocorticoids.
D) early onset diabetes mellitus (type 1 diabetes).
42. A 24-year-old woman who is sexually active experiences abdominal pain, as well as pain during
intercourse and when defecating. The symptoms are worst around the time of her period and less
severe other times of the month. Her temperature is normal and cultures come back negative for
pathogens. She is most likely experiencing:
A) pelvic inflammatory disease
B) endometriosis
C) vaginitis
D) polycystic ovary disease
43. A 37-year-old female visits her gynecologist after missing three consecutive periods. She has been
experiencing headache, fatigue, and a milky discharge from her breasts. She is not nursing and a
pregnancy test was negative. Her symptoms could be caused by:
A) a pituitary tumor that oversecretes prolactin.
B) an adrenal tumor that oversecretes gonadocorticoids.
C) inadequate secretion of gonadotropins from the pituitary.
D) hypersecretion of prostaglandins by the uterine wall.
44. Which of the following is NOT correct about benign prostatic hyperplasia (BHP)?
A) It is common in men over the age of 45.
B) It frequently causes obstruction of the urethra.
C) It usually causes less elevation of prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels than prostatic carcinoma.
D) It is usually is worst around the periphery (outer portion) of the prostate.
45. Which of the following cancers primarily occurs in younger individuals?
A) endometrial
B) breast
C) prostate
D) testicular