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Anatomy & Physiology SIXTH EDITION Chapter 23, part 1 The Respiratory System PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Frederic H. Martini Fundamentals of SECTION 23-1 The Respiratory System: An Introduction Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives • Describe the primary functions of the respiratory system • Identify the organs of the respiratory system and describe their functions • Define and compare the processes of external and internal respiration Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives • Summarize the physical principles governing the movement of air into the lungs and the diffusion of gases into the blood • Explain the important structural features of the respiratory membrane • Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are picked up, transported and released in the blood Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions of the respiratory system • Gas exchange between air and circulating blood • Moving air from the exchange surface of the lungs • Protection of respiratory surfaces • Production of sound • Provision for olfactory sensations Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organization of the respiratory system • Upper respiratory system • Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx • Lower respiratory system • Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.1 The Components of the Respiratory System Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.1 The Respiratory tract • Conducting passageways carrying air to and from the alveoli • Upper respiratory passages filter and humidify incoming air • Lower passageways include delicate conduction passages and alveolar exchange surfaces Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Mucosa • Respiratory epithelium and underlying connective tissue • Respiratory membrane, supported by lamina propria, changes along tract • Lines conducting portion of respiratory tract • Protected from contamination by respiratory defense system Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.2 The Respiratory Epithelium of the Nasal Cavity and Conducting System Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.2 SECTION 23-2 The Upper Respiratory System Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The nose and nasal cavity consists of: • External nares • Nasal cavity • Vestibule • Superior, middle and inferior meatuses • Hard and soft palates • Internal nares • Nasal mucosa Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.3 The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Pharynx Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.3a, b Figure 23.3 The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Pharynx Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.3c Nose /nasal passages -functions 4 main specialized functions1)incoming air is warmed, moistened, and filtered 2) olfactory - stimuli are received in nasal epithelia 3) modify speech - large, hollow resonating chambers 4) Love - the vomer-nasal apparatus Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The pharynx • Shared by the digestive and respiratory systems • Divided into three sections: • Nasopharynx – superior portion • Oropharynx – continuous with the oral cavity • Laryngopharynx – between the hyoid bone and the esophagus Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 23-3 The Larynx Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The larynx • Air passes through the glottis on the way to the lungs • Larynx protects the glottis • Cartilages of the larynx • Three large cartilages • Thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis • Paired cartilages • Arytenoids, corniculate, and cuneiform Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Folds of the larynx • Inelastic vestibular folds • Delicate vocal folds Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.4 The Anatomy of the Larynx Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.4 Sound production • Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds producing sound waves • Pitch depends on conditions of vocal folds • Diameter • Length • Tension Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.5 The Glottis Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.5a, b The laryngeal musculature • Muscles of the neck and pharynx position and stabilize the larynx • When swallowing,these muscles • Elevate the larynx • Bend the epiglottis over the glottis • Intrinsic muscles control tension on the vocal folds and open the glottis Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 23-4 The Trachea and Primary Bronchi Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The trachea • Extends from the sixth cervical vertebra to the fifth thoracic vertebra • A tough, flexible tube running from the larynx to the bronchi • Held open by C-shaped tracheal cartilages in submucosa • Mucosa is similar to the nasopharynx Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.6 The Anatomy of the Trachea Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.6a, b Figure 23.6 The Anatomy of the Trachea Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.6c The primary bronchi • Trachea branches in the mediastinum into right and left bronchi • Bronchi enter the lungs at the hilus • Root = the connective tissue mass including: • Bronchus • Pulmonary vessels • Nerves Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings