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Memory Memory persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event Memory Memory as Information Processing similar to a computer write to file save to disk read from disk Encoding the processing of information into the memory system Sequence of Information Processing Memory Storage the retention of encoded information over time Retrieval process of getting information out of memory Memory Sensory Memory the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system Working Memory focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information Memory Short Term Memory activated memory that holds a few items briefly look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten Long Term Memory the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system A Simplified Memory Model Sensory input Attention to important or novel information Encoding External events Sensory memory Short-term memory Encoding Long-term memory Retrieving Encoding- Getting Information In Encoding Effortful Automatic Encoding Automatic Processing unconscious encoding of incidental information space time frequency well-learned information word meanings Encoding Effortful Processing requires attention and conscious effort Rehearsal conscious repetition of information to maintain it in consciousness to encode it for storage What Do We Encode? Semantic Encoding encoding of meaning including meaning of words Acoustic Encoding encoding of sound especially sound of words Visual Encoding encoding of picture images Encoding Encoding Imagery mental pictures a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding Mnemonics memory aids especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices Encoding Chunking organizing items into familiar, manageable units often occurs automatically use of acronyms HOMES- Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior ARITHMETIC- A Rat In Tom’s House Might Eat Tom’s Ice Cream Demo: Chunking Write down as many numbers you can remember after I have read them aloud. Bell Activity http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/stm 0.html Take out a piece of paper. We are about to take a short term memory test. Encoding Hierarchies complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories Encoding (automatic or effortful) Meaning (semantic Encoding) Imagery (visual Encoding) Chunks Organization Hierarchies StorageLong Term Memory Amnesia- the loss of memory Explicit Memory memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare hippocampus- neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage Implicit Memory retention without conscious recollection motor and cognitive skills dispositions- conditioning Storage- Long Term Memory Subsystems Types of long-term memories Explicit (declarative) With conscious recall Facts-general knowledge (“semantic memory”) Personally experienced events (“episodic memory”) Implicit (nondeclarative) Without conscious recall Skills-motor and cognitive Dispositionsclassical and operant conditioning effects StorageLong Term Memory MRI scan of hippocampus (in red) Hippocampus Retrieval- Getting Information Out Recall the ability to retrieve info learned earlier and not in conscious awareness-like fill in the blank test Recognition the ability to identify previously learned items-like on a multiple choice test Retrieval Relearning amount of time saved when relearning previously learned information Priming activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory Retrieval Cues Deja Vu- (French) already seen cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience "I've experienced this before" Mood Congruent Memory tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood memory, emotions or moods serve as retrieval cues State Dependent Memory what is learned in one state (while one is high, drunk or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state Forgetting Forgetting as encoding failure Information never enters the memory system Attention is selective we cannot attend to everything in our environment William James said that we would be as bad off if we remembered everything as we would be if we remembered nothing Forgetting as Encoding Failure Attention External events Short- Encoding Sensory term memory Encoding memory Encoding failure leads to forgetting Longterm memory Forgetting as Interference (P.O.R.N.) Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other information Proactive(forward acting) Interference disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information Retroactive (backwards acting) Interference disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information Forgetting Sensory memory - the senses momentarily register amazing detail Short term memory - a few items are both noticed and encoded Long-term storage - Some items are altered or lost Retrieval from long-term memory depending on interference, retrieval cues moods and motives, some things get retrieved, some don’t Information bits ForgettingInterference Motivated Forgetting people unknowingly revise history Repression defense mechanism that banishes anxietyarousing thoughts, feelings, and memories Positive Transfer sometimes old information facilitates our learning of new information knowledge of Latin may help us to learn French Memory Construction We filter information and fill in missing pieces Misinformation Effect incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event Source Amnesia attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (misattribution) Memory Construction Depiction of actual accident Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questioned Leading question: “About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” Memory construction Memory Construction Memories of Abuse Repressed or Constructed? Child sexual abuse does occur Some adults do actually forget such episodes False Memory Syndrome condition in which a person’s identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of traumatic experience sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists Eyewitness Testimony http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbARx iM0W_Q http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtelV9 lmzQc