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Table of Contents
Organization of the body and Chemistry of Life ........................................................................................... 2
Cell Structure and Function .......................................................................................................................... 4
Body Tissues and Membranes ...................................................................................................................... 4
The Skeletal System ...................................................................................................................................... 6
The Muscular system .................................................................................................................................... 8
The Integumentary System ........................................................................................................................... 9
The Digestive System .................................................................................................................................. 10
The Nervous System ................................................................................................................................... 13
The Urinary System ..................................................................................................................................... 15
The Cardiovascular System ......................................................................................................................... 17
Blood ........................................................................................................................................................... 19
The Reproductive System ........................................................................................................................... 20
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Anatomy and Physiology Review
Organization of the body and Chemistry of Life
1) What is the difference between the anatomy and physiology of a body part?
2) Metabolism consists of the catabolism and anabolism of nutrients in our body. What is the
difference?
3) Gycolysis is an ________ (aerobic/anaerobic) process meaning that oxygen ______ (is/ is not)
required. The process takes place in the __________ (cytoplasm/mitochondria) in which a net
gain of _____ ATP is produced. If oxygen is unavailable, the pyruvate will turn into ________
(acetic acid/lactic acid).
4) The process of converting biochemical energy in our body from nutrients into ATP is known as
cellular respiration. The reactants of aerobic cellular respiration are ______ and _______. The
products of cellular respiration are ______, _______ and ______.
5) What are the three imaginary planes into which the body can be sectioned? In what ways does
each of the planes divide up the body?
Anatomical terms
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
The knee is __________ (superior/inferior) to the pelvic girdle.
The lungs are _________ (medial/lateral) to the heart.
The stomach is ____________ (superficial/deep) to the abdominal muscles.
The feet are _________ (proximal/distal) to the knees.
The right ear and right foot are ___________ (contralateral/ ipsilateral)
The nose is __________ (anterior/posterior) to the spine.
12) True or False?
a) The axial skeleton consists of the shoulder and pelvic girdles.
b)The body of the sternum is divided into three parts: the xiphoid process; body; and the
manubrium and goes in order from top to bottom.
c)The bones in the wrists, palm section and fingers are known as carpals, metacarpals and
phalanges respectively.
d)The antecubital is another word for your armpit.
e)The coxal is also known as your hip bone
f)The spine is divided into 3 parts: cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae from top to bottom.
13) What are the two cavities located on the anterior side of the body? What organs do they each
consist of?
14) What classification of tissue is the meninges that lines the dorsal body cavity?
15) The _________ (parietal/visceral) serous membranes line body cavities
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16) The __________ (parietal/visceral) __________ (pleura/peritoneum) covers many organs of the
abdominopelvic cavity.
17) The __________ detects a change in the internal environment.
a)Control Centre
b) Sensor
c)Effector
18) True or False?
Negative feedback is homeostatic mechanism in which the effector reverses the change in the
internal environment.
19) Put in order of events that occur when one’s blood pressure falls:
a) Control center in brain receives information
b)the heart and blood vessels sense the change in Blood Pressure
c)the blood pressure rises
d)arterial walls constrict, heart rate increases
e)the sensory receptors are inhibited
20) What are the four categories of macromolecules and what are their building blocks (subunits)?
21) Sucrose is synthesis of the ________ and ________ monosaccharides:
a) Lactose and Glucose
b)Fructose and Glucose
c) Glucose and Glucose
d)Fructose and Maltose
22) What is the storage form of glucose in plants?
23) What are the subunits (building blocks) of lipids?
a)Amino acids
b)phospholipids
c)Cellulose
d)Glycerol and fatty acid chains
24) A steroid is a type of:
a)Fat
b)Protein
c)Nucleic acid
d)carbohydrate
25) What are the bonds between amino acids called?
26) The higher the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution, the more ___________ (acidic/basic) it
will be.
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Cell Structure and Function
27) The plasma membrane is a:
a)nucleic acid bilayer
b)phosphate trilayer
c)phospholipid bilayer
d)none of the above
28) The nucleus is responsible for:
a)storing genetic information
b)protein synthesis
c)processing, packaging vesicles
d)intracellular digestion
29) What are the two places within the cell in which ribosomes can be found?
30) Testosterone is a hormone (lipid) that is produced in the:
a)nucleus
b)cytoplasm
c)rough ER
d)smooth ER
31)
32)
33)
34)
What other cell organelle are peroxisomes similar to and what is their function?
What are the 3 byproducts of cellular respiration?
________(passive/active) transport uses cellular ATP
Simple diffusion is the movement of atoms or molecules from an area of ______ concentration
to _____ concentration
35) Osmosis is:
a)the diffusion of water across a plasma membrane where solutes cannot cross
b)the diffusion of water from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration
c)the diffusion of lipids from an area of low concentration to high concentration
d)A and C
e)A and B
36) A __________ (hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic) solution is when there is a higher concentration
of solute in the solution and lower concentration of water in the solution causing water to move
out of the cell and shrink.
Body Tissues and Membranes
37) What are the four major types of tissue?
38) Which one of these is false about epithelial tissue?
a)Their cells are avascular (lack a blood supply) and receive nutrients and oxygen from
connective tissue
b)It protects external body surfaces only
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c)the cells are tightly packed
d)It is found on the surfaces of kidney tubules
39) Match a letter from PART A with a number in PART B.
PART A
a)Stratified Epithelium
b)Columnar Epithelium
c)Simple Squamous Epithelium
d)Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
e)Stratified Columnar Epithelium
f)Pseudostratified Ciliated Epithelium
PART B
1)found in the ovaries and kidney tubules where its function is secretion
2)contains elongated cells
3)not very common and is found in the male urethra
4)Tissue is composed of 2 or more layers
5)has the effect of multiple cell layers and is used in the movement of sex cells
6)found in areas where simple diffusion occurs such as the lungs
40) What are the four major classifications of connective tissue?
41) The extracellular matrix is composed of an _________ (organic/inorganic) compound that
contains 3 types of fibres used for elasticity and strength which are known as the ___________,
___________, and __________ fibres.
42) ________ (Reticular/adipose) tissue is a type of _________ (loose/dense) connective tissue in
which the cells enlarge and store fat.
43) In dense regular connective tissue, the bundles of collagen fibres run ____________ (parallel/
different directions) such as in the _________ (dermis/ ligaments)
44) The cells of cartilage are known as __________.
45) What is the most common type of cartilage?
46) The cartilage found in the vertebrae, knee joint and the pubic symphysis is known as
______________ (hyaline/fibro/elastic) cartilage.
47) Blood is composed of three types of cells. Firstly, the _________ are the white blood cells that
are used to fight infection. Secondly, the ___________ are the cells that make up the majority of
the blood and are what cause the blood to be the colour red. Lastly, the __________ are known
as the blood clotting cells.
48) Match the letters with the statement that applies to it. More than one letter may be used for
each statement if applicable.
A) skeletal muscle
B)cardiac muscle
C)smooth Muscle
1)The muscle appears striated due to the placements of actin and myosin filaments
______
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2) This muscle has a single, centrally located nucleus
_______
3)This muscle causes the movement of body parts
_______
4)This muscle has spindle shaped cells
_______
5)The muscle is not under voluntary control
_______
6)The cells are bound to one another by intercalated disks
_______
49) Which part of a neuron receives an impulse?
50) What is the function of neuroglia?
51) Which one of the three junctions is held in place by extracellular filaments? ____________
(Adhesion/gap/ tight)
52) Sweat glands are an example of an __________ (endocrine/exocrine) gland
53) The outermost layer of the skin is known as the _________ (hypodermis/epidermis), contains
___ (number) of layers and like all epithelial tissues, ________ (lacks/contains) blood vessels.
54) The ___________ (parietal/visceral) membranes cover internal organs
55) The _____________ (meninges/synovial membrane) is composed of connective tissue and is
used as a protective covering for the brain and spinal cord
The Skeletal System
56) The spine is an example of a(n) ________ bone:
a) Short
b)Long
c)Cube
d)Irregular
57) The part of the long bone that contains red bone marrow:
a)Epiphysis
b)Diaphysis
c)Periosteum
d)None of the above
58) This connective tissue lines the medullary cavity and the spaces in the spongy bone
a)Periosteum
b)Endosteum
c)Hyaline Cartilage
d)None of the above
59) The tiny cavities in the matrix that house the osteocytes:
a)haversian canal
b)lacunae
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c)lamellae
d)all of the above
60) The _____________ break down bone and assist in depositing calcium and phosphate in the
blood.
a)Osteoprogenitor cells
b)Osteocytes
c)Osteoclasts
d)Osteoblasts
61) Arrange in the correct order of endochondrial ossification
1)compact bone forms beneath the periosteum; as it thickens, the spongy bone in the diaphysis
is broken down and the medullary cavity is formed
2)cartilage breaks down in the center of the diaphysis
3)the limbs keep increasing in length due to the epiphyseal plates
4)Osteoblasts lay down spongy bone in the primary ossification center
5)Secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses appear forming spongy bone
62) The hormones _____________ ,____________ and _____________ regulate bone growth.
__________ is used when the blood calcium levels rise. It works by __________
(inhibiting/increasing) osteoclast activity in order to decrease blood calcium levels. ___________
is used when the blood calcium levels fall. It increases blood calcium levels by ___________
(increasing/decreasing) osteoclast activity. It also activates __________ in the kidneys which
promotes calcium reabsorption from the intestines.
63) This forms the posterior portion of the skull and base of the cranium; spinal cord joins with the
brain by passing through an opening here called foramen magnum
a)Parietal bones
b)Temporal bones
c)Frontal bone
d)Occipital bone
64) The only movable bone of the skull is:
a)Mandible
b)Zygomatic bones
c)Maxillae
d)None of the above
65)
66)
67)
68)
69)
70)
71)
The __________ (atlas/axis) allows the head to move up and down
There are _____ true ribs and ____ false ribs.
The three bones that fuse together to form the sternum are:
The cavity in the which the head of the humerus fits is called the:
The __________ is the strongest bone of the body
The head of the femur fits in the ____________ of the coxal (hip) bone
The bulge on the outside of the foot near the ankle is part of the ___________ (tibia/fibula)
72) The sutures of the cranium are examples of a ____________ joint
a)Synovial
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b)Fibrous
c)Cartilaginous
d)freely moveable
The Muscular system
73) Match the muscles with the listed characteristics. There may be more than one answer for each
question
A) skeletal muscle
B) smooth muscle
C) cardiac muscle
1)contains multiple, peripherally located nuclei _____
2)contraction doesn’t require outside nervous stimulation_____
3)striated due to actin and myosin______
4)non striated______
5)cells bound to one another by intercalated disks_____
6)narrow, spindle shaped cells
74) Bundle of muscle cells is called __________ and is separated from the rest of the muscle by a
connective tissue sheath called ___________
75) The cytoplasm within a muscle cell is known as _____________
76) Contraction of skeletal muscle: Place in order of events
a) ACH binds to receptors on the sarcolemma
b)when nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal, vesicles release neurotransmitter ACH
c)results in muscle contraction
d)The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium
e)skeletal muscle is stimulated by a motor nerve
f)Ach travels through the synaptic cleft
g)calcium from the SR causes sarcomere to shorten and actin/myosin filaments to slide past one
another
h)sarcolemma generates a signal that travels down t-tubules
77) Fastest way to make ATP and is an anaerobic process: ____________
78) Which one is false about cellular respiration?
a) produces ATP for short bursts of energy
b)is an aerobic process
c)carbon dioxide and water are by products
d)can use glucose from stored glycogen
79) The process of glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate molecules. If oxygen is unavailable,
the pyruvate undergoes the process of _________ in which it is converted to __________
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80) True or false?
a) A muscle fiber can partially contract _____
b) A motor unit is a motor nerve and all the muscle fibers that it innervates _____
c)Fatigue is the inability of the muscle to contract due to discontinuous nervous stimuli_____
d)Hypertrophy is the increase in muscle size _____
e)Fast twitch fibers are designed for endurance and are light in colour _____
f)Slow twitch fibers are dark in colour because they contain myoglobin ______
g) A synergist is a muscle that assists the prime mover _____
h)The sternocleidomastoid is an antagonistic with the trapezius _____
i)The internal intercostals elevate the rib cage with inspiration (inhalation) _____
j) The anterior chest wall is formed by the deltoids ____
k)The biceps brachii cause flexion of the forearm ____
l) The largest muscle in the body is the gluteus medius _____
81) The quadriceps femoris group helps extend the leg and flex the hip. Which one of these is not
part of this group?
a) Biceps femoris
b)Rectus femoris
c)Vastus medialis
d)Vastus lateralis
The Integumentary System
82) The ___________ (epidermis/dermis) is the outermost layer of the skin. It lacks blood vessels
and is made of ___________ (simple/stratified) squamous epithelium
83) The stratum basale contains specialized cells called _____________ that produce melanin and
langerhans cells
84) The stratum __________ (lucidum/corneum) is the tough, uppermost layer of the epidermis
85) The protein ___________ makes the skin waterproof and provides extra protection
86) The ___________ (epidermis/hypodermis) is a layer of skin underneath the dermis and is
composed of _________ (dense/loose) connective tissue
87) The ___________ pili muscle is a smooth muscle attached to each hair follicle
88) The __________(apocrine/eccrine) glands open into follicles and are located in the groin,
armpits and anal regions
89) The _________ (apocrine/eccrine) glands open onto the surface of the skin and help _______
(lower/increase) body temperature
90) The ___________ (sebaceous/sudoriferous) glands secrete an oily substance that kills bacteria
and lubricates the skin surface
91) Blood vessels of the skin constricting and skeletal muscle contracting involuntarily are heat
_______ (preserve/loss) mechanisms
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The Digestive System
92) Name the 3 salivary glands and the approximate location
93) Salivary amylase breaks starch down into:
a) Glucose
b)Fructose
c)Maltose
d)None of the above
94) The laryngopharynx is a passageway for _________ (food/air/both)
95) The process of smooth muscle contractions that propel food down the esophagus into the
stomach is known as ____________
96) The layers of the digestive tract are as follows: (in order from innermost to outermost)
a)submucosa,mucosa,serosa,muscularis
b)serosa,muscularis,mucosa,submucosa
c)muscularis,serosa,submucosa,mucosa
d)mucosa,submucosa,muscularis,serosa
97) The ________ layer of the digestive tract secretes digestive enzymes, mucous and protects the
digestive tract wall. The ___________ layer consists of areolar connective tissue containing
blood and lymphatic vessels.
98) Which one of these is not a characteristic/function of the stomach?
a) It begins the digestion of lipids
b)Secretes gastric juice
c) It churns and mixes food
d)the lining has gastric pits that lead to gastric glands
99) Pepsinogen is secreted by the ________ cells. It is activated by hydrochloric acid to become
_________, a protein digesting enzyme. Hydrochloric acid is secreted by the ________ cells
which also kills bacteria.
100) The lesser momentum is the mesentery that runs between the ___________
(stomach/intenstines) and the _________ (spleen/liver).
101) The valve that joins the ileum to the large intenstine is called the
_____________(pyloric/ileocecal) valve
102) The substance that digests lipids into fatty acid droplets from the gall bladder is known as
__________. The pancreas also secretes a lipid digesting enzyme known as __________
103) Trypsin and caorboxypeptidase is secreted by the ___________ which is transported to the
small intestine to do its job of digesting ____________ (proteins/carbohydrates)
104) Which one of these is not produced in the small intestine?
a)Peptidases
b)Pancreatic amylase
c)Maltase
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d)Sucrase
105) Which one of these hormones is not produced by the duodenal wall?
a)GIP
b) Secretin
c)CCK
d)Gastrin
106) The yellow colour of the feces is due to the breakdown of __________
107) What are the specialized capillaries called that separate groups of hepatic cells?
108) A portal triad consists of __________, __________ and __________
109) What is the order of events in the hepatic portal system?
a) the hepatic vein drains the blood from the liver
b)venous blood is collected by splenic, gastric, superior and inferior mesenteric veins from the
stomach, intestines, spleen, and other organs
c)the blood is processed through the liver
d)Hepatic portal vein receives blood from all the organs of the digestive system and takes it to
the liver
e)blood enters the inferior vena cava
110) Which one of these is a function of the gall bladder?
a) Stores iron and vitamins A,D,E,K
b)detoxifies blood
c)Stores excess bile
d)regulates cholesterol
Nutrition and Metabolism
111) __________ (anabolism/catabolism) is the breakdown of larger molecules into its smaller
subunits whereas __________ (anabolism/catabolism) is the construction of complex molecules
from smaller subunits.
112) Vitamins are _________ (organic/inorganic) molecules that are carried in blood and transported
to cells.
113) Which one of these are the most preferred source of fuel for energy production?
a) Carbohydrates
b)Vitamins
c)Fats
d)Minerals
114) The first step of cellular respiration is ___________ (Electron transport chain, glycolysis) which
is an anerobic process. It occurs in the ___________ (cytoplasm/mitochondria) of a cell in which
glucose is broken down into 2 ________ molecules. The next step is ____________
(glycolysis/kreb’s cycle) in which the pyruvate is broken down in the ___________ (cell
membrane/mitochondria) producing carbon dioxide and small amounts of energy. The last step
is ___________ (Krebs cycle/ETC), an ___________ (aerobic/anaerobic) process. This step
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provides us with the largest amount of ATP and _________(water/carbon dioxide) is a
byproduct.
115) Most lipid metabolism occurs in the:
a) Stomach
b)Pancreas
c)Liver
d)Large intestine
116) Lipids are used as a source of energy when there is an inadequate supply of carbohydrates.
Lipids are first broken down into fatty acids and _________. They are further broken down into
___________ (acetic acid/pyruvic acid) which then enters the Krebs cycle in the ___________
(mitochondria/cytoplasm).
117) There are a total of _____ amino acids
a) 19
b)9
c)10
d)20
118) Proteins are first broken down into amino acids. However, before they can be used for making
energy, their _________ group must be removed.
a)Amine group
b)Carboxylic acid group
c)Remainder group
d)None of the above
119) Excess glucose can be combined to form a larger molecule and then stored in the liver. This
process is known as:
a)Glycogenolysis
b)Glycogenesis
c)Glycolysis
d)Gluconeogenesis
120) The liver can make glucose from sources such as fats and proteins. This process is known as:
a)Glycogenolysis
b)Glycogenesis
c)Glycolysis
d)Gluconeogenesis
121) Glucagon, a hormone involved with blood glucose regulation, is secreted when blood glucose
levels are _____. It stimulates the breakdown of __________ to _________.
a)high, glucose to glycogen
b)low, glucose to glycogen
c)low, glycogen to glucose
d)high, glycogen to glucose
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122) A gram of carbohydrate/protein is equal to how many kilocalories?
a)9
b)7
c)2
d)4
The Nervous System
123) This part of the neuron structure receives signals from sensory receptors or other neurons
a)Axon terminal
b)Dendrite
c)Cell body
d)axon
124) ____________ neurons (also known as afferent) take nerve impulses from sensory receptors to
the CNS whereas the ___________ neurons (also known as efferent) take nerve impulses from
the CNS to different parts of the body.
125) At resting potential, the neuron’s cell membrane is ____________ meaning that it has a ____
charge outside the cell and a _____ charge inside.
a)polarized, positive, negative
b)polarized, negative, positive
c)depolarized, positive, negative
d)repolarized, negative, positive
126) The events in order of an action potential being fired are:
a)the sodium gates close and the potassium gates open
b) signal conduction starts with a stimulus
c)potassium rushes outside the cell membrane decreasing the voltage back to resting potential
d)sodium channels in the cell membrane open and sodium rushes inside the cell causing the
voltage to increase(depolarization)
e)Sodium potassium pump recharges the cell (pushes sodium back out and potassium back in)
127) The conduction of an action potential through myelinated axons is called _________
______________.
128) The entry of what molecule causes neurotransmitters to be released from vesicles at the
presynaptic membrane ?
a) Calcium
b)Magnesium
c)Sodium
d)potassium
129) The meninges are a protective layering of tissue over the brain and _________ _______. There
are 3 layers called: ____________, _____________ and ____________
130) The space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is called the _____________ ______.
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131) Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by:
a)Epithelial cells
b)Ependymal cells
c)Parietal cells
d)Chief cells
132) The posterior white matter of the spinal cord is composed of __________
(ascending/descending) tracts carrying __________ (sensory/motor) information ______
(to/from) the brain. The anterior white matter is composed of
_____________(ascending/descending)tracts carrying ________ (sensory/motor) information
______ (to/from) the brain.
133) The four major areas of the brain are:
a)cerebrum, cerebral cortex, diencephalon, cerebellum
b)diencephalon, brain stem, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus
c)thalamus, brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon
d)cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stem
134) The cerebral hemispheres are connected by the:
a)thalamus
b)brain stem
c)corpus callosum
d)longitudinal fissure
135) The cerebral cortex is an outer layer of _______ (white/gray) matter
136) The primary motor area is located in the __________ lobe, __________ (anterior/posterior) to
the central sulcus. It places voluntary commands to __________ (skeletal/smooth/cardiac)
muscle
137) The primary auditory area is located in the _______ lobe
138) Which one of these areas processes and analyzes sensory information from skin and muscles?
a)Somatosensory association area
b)premotor area
c)visual association area
d)prefrontal area
139) A person with damage to the _________ area would have fluent but nonsense speech compared
to someone with damage to _________ area where the person would have difficulty speaking
fluently.
140) The basal nuclei are masses of _________ (white/gray) matter
141) What part of the limbic system is involved in converting short term memory to long term?
142) The _______________ in the diencephalon is involved in homeostasis (sleep, hunger, thirst,etc)
143) The ___________ is known as the sensory relay centre as it receives visual, auditory, and
somatosensory information.
144) Which one of these is not a function/characteristic of the cerebellum?
a)It is in the fourth ventricle
b)involved in learning new motor skills
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c)receives sensory input
d)involved in arousal of the cerebrum
145) Which one of the structures of the brainstem acts as a bridge for information travelling to and
from several brain structures?
a)midbrain
b)pons
c)reticular formation
d)medulla oblongata
146) This area is involved in regulating awareness, attention and also in maintaining muscle
tone/coordination
a)midbrain
b)pons
c)reticular formation
d)medulla oblongata
147) The autonomic motor system is responsible for which of the following?
a)take information from the skin and skeletal muscles (receptors) to the CNS
b)carry commands from the CNS to heart, smooth muscles and glands
c)carry commands from the CNS to skeletal muscle and skin
d)take information from internal organs to the CNS
148) In the sympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic fibers originate from the ___________ &
_________ regions. The neurotransmitter released from the postganglionic fiber is
_____________.
a) thoracic & lumbar, norepinephrine
b) sacral & brainstem, epinephrine
c)brainstem &thoracic, acetylcholine
d)lumbar & sacral, norepinephrine
The Urinary System
149) Which one of these in the kidney is a cavity where urine is collected?
a)Renal medulla
b)Renal cortex
c)Renal pelvis
d)Hilum
150) In the blood supply network of the kidneys, which of the following takes blood away from the
glomerulus?
a)efferent arteriole
b)afferent arteriole
c)renal vein
d)peritubular capillary network
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151) Which of the following contain microvilli, increasing the surface area for reabsorption?
a)Proximal convoluted tube
b)Distal convoluted tube
c)Loop of Henle
d)Collecting duct
152) How is urea formed?
a)creatine +uric acid
b)ammonia+carbon dioxide
c)uric acid+ammonia
d)ammonia+oxygen
153) Which of these would be filtered through the glomerulus (be part of the glomerular filtrate)?
a)plasma proteins
b)platelets
c)blood cells
d)salts (ions)
154) Where does tubular reabsorption occur?
a)Proximal convoluted tube
b)Distal convoluted tube
c)Loop of Henle
d)Collecting duct
155) Which of these would undergo tubular secretion?
a)Ammonia
b)hydrogen ions
c)glucose
d)creatine
e)2 of the above
f)3 of the above
156) In which part of the urinary system will the stretch receptors be stimulated as urine is
accumulating?
a)urethra
b)ureters
c)bladder
d)none of the above
157) Reabsorption of _________ leads to reabsorption of water
a)potassium
b)sodium
c)ammonia
d)glucose
158) Which of these electrolytes is not involved in nerve conduction?
a)phosphate
b)potassium
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c)calcium
d)sodium
159) The antidiuretic hormone is produced by the ___________ (posterior pituitary/hypothalamus)
and is secreted when the blood volume is __________ (low/high). It causes water to be
_____________ (secreted/reabsorbed) at the distal convoluted tube.
160) Which of these causes vasoconstriction in an attempt to increase the blood pressure?
a)angiotensin l
b)angiotensin ll
c)rennin
d)aldosterone
161) If the body pH is slightly acidic, which of these mechanisms would take place?
a) H+ions reabsorbed, bicarbonate ions reabsorbed
b)H+ions reabsorbed, bicarbonate ions excreted
c)H+ions excreted, bicarbonate ions excreted
d)H+ions excreted, bicarbonate ions reabsorbed
The Cardiovascular System
162) Where is the apex of the heart directed towards?
a) right shoulder
b)left hip
c)right hip
d)none of the above
163) The pericardial fluid is secreted by the ____________ (myocardium/epicardium). The fibrous
pericardium is attached to the outside of the _____________ (parietal pericardium/ visceral
pericardium). The endocardium is composed of ___________ (simple/stratified) __________
(cuboidal/squamous) epithelium.
164) Which one of these empties into the right atrium?
a) coronary sinus
b)pulmonary trunk
c)right and left pulmonary veins
d)aorta
165) The left ventricle pumps oxygen _________blood to __________ circulation
a)poor, systemic
b)rich, pulmonary
c)poor, pulmonary
d)rich, systemic
166) The pulmonary veins send oxygen _________ blood from _______ to ________
a)poor, lungs, heart
b)rich, lungs, heart
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c)rich, heart, lungs
d)rich, heart, body
167) The atrioventricular valves are closed when:
a) the right atrium is contracting
b)the left ventricle is contracting
c)the right ventricle is contracting
d) a and c
e)b and c
168) The right atrioventricular valve is also called the _________ valve.
169) The left semilunar valve is also called the __________ __________ valve and it is located
between the left ventricle and the __________.
170) The “lub” sound of the heartbeat is heard when:
a)the AV valves open and the atria contracts
b)the semilunar valves close when the ventricle relaxes
c)the AV valves close as the ventricles begin to contract
d)the oxygenated blood enters the left atrium
171) If the blood flow were to start at the superior and inferior vena cava, put in order the structures
that the blood would pass through
a)right and left pulmonary arteries
b)aorta
c)right atrium
d)left ventricle
e)tricuspid valve
f)right and left pulmonary veins
g)aortic semilunar valve
172) What initiates the contraction of the atria and ventricles (heartbeat)?
a)Atrioventricular node
b)sinoatrial node
c)purkinje fibers
d)atrioventricular bundle
173) The stroke volume is defined as the:
a)amount of blood (mL) ejected per beat
b)amount of blood (mL) ejected per minute
c)amount of beats per minute
d)amount of blood (mL) ejected per hour
174) The sympathetic nervous system can _____________ (increase/decrease) the heart rate via
sympathetic fibers in which _______________ (norepinephrine +epinephrine/acetycholine).
175) The “Frank Starling Law” indicates that:
a)the more blood returned to the heart, the stronger the heart will contract the next beat
b)the more blood returned to the heart, the weaker the heart will contract the next beat
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c)the heart will pump the same amount of blood every beat no matter how much is returned
d)none of the above
176) During inhalation, the thoracic pressure __________ (rises/falls). The blood flows from an area
of _________ (higher/lower) pressure to ___________ (higher/lower) pressure. This means that
the blood will flow from the ____________ (abdominal cavity/thoracic cavity) to the
_________________ (abdominal cavity/thoracic cavity).
177) The blood vessels in which gas exchange takes place are:
a)venules
b)arterioles
c)capillaries
d)veins
178) What gases/nutrients would be exchanged in this manner during systemic circulation?
a) oxygen and glucose diffuses out of capillaries, CO2 diffuse in
b)oxygen diffuses out of capillaries, amino acids and wastes diffuse in
c)CO2 diffuses out of the capillaries, oxygen and glucose diffuse in
d)none of the above
179) Place in order of vessels with highest blood pressure to lowest (hint: think of the distance from
the left ventricle)
a)veins
b)capillaries
c)vena cava
d)aorta
e)arteries
180) The diastolic blood pressure refers to when the left ventricle __________ (contracts/relaxes)
181) Peripheral resistance refers to the amount of friction that blood encounters as it moves through
vessels in the body. Increasing the diameter and increasing the length of the vessel would
__________ (increase/decrease) and ___________ (increase/decrease) the amount of
resistance respectively.
182) Norepinephrine results in the ______________ (increasing/decreasing) of the heart rate and
causes arteries to ___________ (dilate/constrict).
Blood
183) The buffy coat in blood makes up approximately how much of the total blood? (WBC, platelets)
a)20%
b)1%
c)45%
d)55%
184) What is a characteristic/function of albumin?
a)functions in blood clotting
b)produced in the kidneys
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c)is a white blood cell
d)none of the above
185) Neutrophils are a type of:
a)platelet
b)lymphocyte
c)leukocyte
d)erythrocyte
186) True or False
a)As they mature, erythroblasts lose most of their organelles
b)Low oxygen blood levels stimulate the kidneys to decrease production of erythropoetin
c)Due to the breakdown of a RBC, the heme portion of hemoglobin is broken down into its
component amino acids
187) Describe the functions of leukocytes vs. red blood cells
188) Basophils are produced by the ______________ (myeloid/lymphatic) stem cells
189) Which of these is not a function/characteristic of a neutrophil?
a) most common type of WBC
b)engulf pathogens in phagocytosis
c)prevents clotting and promotes blood flow
d)first leukocyte to respond to an infection
190) The ____ (B/T) lymphocytes produce antibodies
191) Which of these phases refer to the adhering of the platelets to the exposed collagen fibers in a
broken blood vessel?
a)Phase 1: Vascular spasm
b)Phase 2: Platelet plug formation
c)Phase 3: Coagulation
192) In the process of coagulation, the prothrombin activator converts ___________ to thrombin;
thrombin converts fibrinogen to __________, which then forms a thread network around the
platelet plug.
The Reproductive System
193) Sperm is produced in cells within the __________ ____________ inside the testicles. The
interstitial cells are also located within the testes and they produce the male sex hormones
called ______________.
194) The epididymis (located on the posterior side of the testes) consists of what kind of epithelium?
a)simple cuboidal epithelium
b)stratified squamous epithelium
c)ciliated simple columnar epithelium
d)ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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195) The vas deferens are a continuation of the:
a)epididymis
b)ureter
c)urinary bladder
d)glans penis
196) The vas deferens ascends medially along the testes, curves over the ________ _________ and
joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the __________ _______.
197) Seminal fluid has a slightly ________ (acidic/basic) pH. The seminal vesicles secrete fluid into the
ejaculatory duct such as ___________ that serves as an energy source and ____________,
chemicals that cause uterine contractions when passed to the female.
198) The ____________ (prostate/bulbourethral) glands secrete a fluid that is thin, milky and alkaline
(adjusts the PH of seminal fluid) and enhances the motility of sperm.
199) At the start of puberty, the hypothalamus increases production of _____________
____________ ____________ which stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce the
gonadotropic hormones such as ____________ (promotes spermatogenesis) and ___________
(promotes androgen production).
200) Which of these is not a characteristic/function of the ovaries?
a)produces estrogen and progesterone
b)it is held in place by tendons
c)it is the site of oogenesis
d)made up of an outer cortex and inner medulla
201) What part of the female reproductive system sweeps the egg from the surface of the ovary
during ovulation (at the funnel shaped end of the fallopian tubes)?
202) The uterus contains three sections (in order from bottom to top):
a)cervix, fundus, body
b)body,cervix,fundus
c)fundus,body,cervix
d)none of the above
203) The ___________ participates in the formation of the placenta
a)endometrium
b)cervix
c)fallopian tubes
d)fimbriae
204) Which one of these external genital areas contains a shaft of erectile tissue and is capped by a
pea shaped gland (it is homologous to the penis)?
a)labia majora
b)clitoris
c)labia minora
d)mons pubis
205) ___________ (Estrogen/progesterone) is needed for the maturation of the ovum and for
stimulating the menstrual cycle.
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206) Many follicles begin developing in the ovaries however only one continues to develop. The
increasing amounts of _____________ result in more GnRH to be released from the
____________. The release of LH results in ovulation. This phase is known as the
______________ phase (days 1-14).
207) In the luteal phase, the emptied follicle becomes the _________ __________. This increases the
estrogen and progesterone levels. With that the __________ __________ decreases. Without
fertilization, the hormone levels continue to decrease and cause the corpus luteum to
degenerate.
208) Each breast has 15-20 lobes that divide up into ___________ and open at the _______. The
lobules contain _________ that produce milk.
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