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SECOND REVISED M03_EBY6927_02_SE_C03.QXD 12/17/07 11:32 AM Page 35 Chapter 3 Figure 3-3. ■ Horney’s theory states that to promote healthy development parents must treat a child with care, respect, gentleness, and generosity. Source: The Image Works. (Figure 3-3 ■). Karen Horney’s theory is at work when nurses teach parents that children “learn what they live” and that to raise a healthy adaptive child, parents must treat the child with care, respect, gentleness, and generosity. 35 ERIK ERIKSON Erik Erikson was born in Germany in 1902. His formal education ended there in high school (Carson, 2000). He studied psychoanalysis, worked in a day-care center founded by Anna Freud (Sigmund’s daughter), and later worked in the United States with Henry Murray, who was interested in personality development throughout life. Erikson created his own personality theory based on psychosocial development. In it he described how identity develops in a series of eight stages that are built on each other (Erikson, 1963, 1980). Figure 3-4 ■ shows Erikson’s developmental stages. Each of Erikson’s stages represents a conflict or core problem that the individual strives to overcome at a critical period of development. A person must successfully resolve each conflict in order to master the next one (Wong, Hockenberry-Eaton, Wilson, Winkelstein, & Schwartz, 2001). The activities required for mastery of each of the eight stages in Erikson’s psychosocial development theory are called developmental tasks. Late Adulthood 60 years and over Integrity vs. Despair Middle Adulthood 40s, 50s Generativity vs. Stagnation Young Adulthood 20s, 30s Intimacy vs. Isolation Adolescence 12–19 years Identity vs. Role confusion Middle Childhood 6–11 years Industry vs. Inferiority Early Childhood 3–5 years Initiative vs. Guilt Infancy 1–2 years Infancy 0–1 year Personality Theory Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt Trust vs. Mistrust Figure 3-4. ■ Erikson’s developmental stages. Source: Human Development 4/E by Rice F. Philips, © 2001. Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.