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Organ Systems of the Human Body Human Body Systems ● Integumentary (skin, hair, nails) ■ Waterproofs, cushions and protect the deeper tissues, excretes wasters, regulates temperature, has receptors for pain, pressure and temperature, also makes vitamin D ● Skeletal ● Muscular ● Nervous ● Endocrine ● Circulatory ● Lymphatic ● Respiratory ● Digestive ● Excretory ● Reproductive systems Name: ______________________ Skeletal System Student#: ____ These systems work together to maintain _____________. homeostasis Homeostasis- Maintaining the body’s internal environment. Cranium Bone Name Common Name 1 Cranium Skull Clavicle 2 Clavicle Collar bone Scapula 3 Sternum Breastbone 4 Rib Ribcage (24 ribs) 5 Humerus Arm (bicep area) 6 Vertebrae Backbone (33) 7 Ulna Fore arm, pinky side 8 Radius Fore arm, thumb side 9 Pelvis Hip Protects & supports the body. 206 bones in your body! There are ______ Parts: Bone- •Hard, living tissue •Center of bone contains marrow •Produces blood cells Ligaments-•Connect bones to bones •Stabilize joints Tendons- •Connect bones to muscle •Move bones Cartilage- •Covers ends of bones •Reduces friction Sternum Rib Ulna (pinky) Humerus Vertebrae Pelvis Radius (thumb) Femur Tibia Patella Fibula 10 Scapula Shoulder blade 11 Largest leg bone Femur 12 Tibia Shin bone 13 Patella Knee cap 14 Fibula Calf bone Joints: A place where 2 bones connect Moveable Joints Hinge joints: •Can only move in 1 direction elbow, knee Ball socket joints: •Can turn in a complete circle •Hip •Shoulder Fixed joints: Common for young people Compound fractureBone breaks and pierces the skin Joint that does not allow movement Gliding joint: •Allows bones to move over one another Pivot joint: •Joint that allows rotation •Head Fracture- Broken bone Green stick fracture- Immovable Joints Simple fractureClean break Bone Repair Dislocation- A bone is forcibly displaced from a joint Muscles- Are a special type of tissue that can contract 3 types of muscles: Skeletal 1. ______________ •These muscles are attached to bones. voluntary •These are ____________ Cardiac 2. ______________ heart •Are found only in the ___________. involuntary •These are ____________ Smooth 3. ______________ •Control many of our internal organs such as, stomach, arteries, uterus, etc. involuntary •These are ____________ Muscles *over 600 in the human body pull •Muscles can only _______, not _______. push pairs •This is why most muscles come in ________. Exercising The ______ size of muscles increase when you exercise. The bigger the muscle, the stronger the muscle. Tendons vs Ligaments Tendons bone muscle Tendons connect ________ to _______. Each end of a muscle is attached to the tendon bone by a _________. Ligaments Ligaments __________ connect bone to bone. Tendons Problems Tendons Strain- Tendon is torn from the bone Circulatory System Purpose: •Delivers food & O to cells 2 •Removes CO2 and waste from cells Tendinitis- Inflamed tendon Trigger finger- Tendon locked Tennis elbow (golfers elbow)- Unsheathed tendons To Lungs Lungs •Releases CO2 •Picks up O2 blood from the body •(Low in O2 - High in CO2) •Pumps blood to the lungs •Collects blood from lungs •Oxygenated blood R. Atrium •(High in O2 - Low in CO2) •Pumps blood to the body Body •Blood gives cells O & nutrients 2 •Blood takes CO2 & waste R. Ventricle From Lungs Aorta Left Side •Collects deoxygenated Pulmonary Vein Oxygenated = Pulmonary Artery Right Side To Body Deoxygenated = L. Atrium L. Ventricle Anatomy of the Human Heart Blood consists of 2 things: 1.Plasma Aorta Pulmonary Artery Blood Cells & Vessels Pulmonary Artery 2.Cells Pulmonary Vein Pulmonary Vein Left Atrium Plasma Vena Cava Left Ventricle Se pt um Right Atrium Right Ventricle Red Blood Cells (RBCs) White Blood Cells (WBCs) •Red discs •Bring O2 to cells •Contain hemoglobin •(iron that carries O2) •Body’s defense system •Increase in number if you have an infection Platelets •Help clot blood •Makes 55% of blood (liquid) •Contains dissolved nutrients Blood Vessels •You have over 60,000 miles of blood vessels in your body! •Every pound of fat adds 200 miles of capillaries •Carry blood Away from heart. Arteries Arteries vs. Veins •Carry oxygenated blood, except for pulmonary artery. •Elastic. •They branch to get smaller •Thin walled vessels (1 celled thick) Capillaries •Allow things to diffuse in & out •1 rbc fits through at a time •Brings blood to the heart Veins •Carry deoxygenated blood, except for pulmonary vein •Have Valves Capillary Network RBC Complete the table Body Cell 1. Which blood vessel has the thickest, most muscular walls? Artery 2. Which blood vessel has walls one cell thick? Capillary 3. Which blood vessel carries blood to the heart? Vein Nutrients O2 4. Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart? Waste Artery Blood flow direction Plasma Lymph Vein Artery 5. Which blood vessel is the site of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrient and waste exchange? Capillary 6. Which blood vessel carries the highest oxygen content? Artery 7. Which blood vessel carries the highest nutrient content? Artery 8. By what process do the materials enter and leave the capillary? Diffusion Heart Disease Coronary Arteries Blood Types Blood Types- Named by the types antigens of _________ found on the RBCs. Blood vessels that give the heart O2. 2 Types of Antigens 1. Antigen A Coronary Heart Disease Atherosclerosis 2. Antigen B •Thickening of the arteries •Fatty substance builds up in arteries (cholesterol) Create 4 Blood Types A A blockage in coronary arteries can result in: B AB O ● Angina (Chest pain) ● Heart attack •Blood also contains Antibodies- Antibodies A& B •Mixing of like Antigens causes _________ hemolysis or destruction of RBCs. Blood Type Antigen Antibodies A A B B B A AB AB - O - AB Blood Transfusions *Remember: Mixing of like antigens with like antibodies causes hemolysis! donor •Type O is known as the universal _________, because it has antigens no __________. All groups can receive it. recipient •Type AB is know as the universal __________. Blood type Antigens A B AB O A B A&B None Antibodies Transfusion B A A&B A, O B, O A, B, AB, O O Rh-Factor Red Blood Cells Factor Another Antigen (protein) exists on the RBCs, Rh_________. 85% •______ of people have this. oxygen 1. Carry ___________ to cells. Rh + = Antigen is present Rh - = Antigen is NOT present anemia 3. Too few RBCs causes ________________. “Rh” comes from the word Rhesus monkey. Scientists first discovered the Rh factor while studying the blood of a Rhesus monkey. bone marrow 2. Made in ___________________. hemoglobin 4. Contain a substance called ____________. iron 5. Contain the element ________________. round and flat 6. Shape is ________________. 120 days Broken down by the ___________. liver 7. Life span is ________. 2 million 8. _____________ are made/broken down every second. White Blood Cells Platelets Immunity (Defense) 9. Function: ____________________ clot (Scab) 16. Help blood _________. bone marrow 10. Made in _________________ 7 17. Formed in _______________. Last only ____ days. bone marrow Hemophilia 18.___________ is where blood does not clot normally. shape 11. Can change their __________, like an ameba. chemicals to fight infection 12. Some produce ___________ leukocytes 13. Known as ___________. leukemia 14. Cancer of white blood cells is ______________. 700 to 1! 15. WBCs are outnumbered by RBCs _______ 19. Platelets weave fiber across the cut which trap blood cells and plasma. clot which you know as a _______! scab 20. This forms a ________ Plasma Blood Vessel Review Liquid portion of the blood. Mostly made of _______. water 27. _______ 55% 28. _______ of the blood. Transport cells and nutrients 29. Function : ______________________________ yellow 30. Color is _________ Purpose: So that the body can respond to stimuli Major organs and their functions Brain- Vein Oxygenated (Except pulmonary) Deoxygenated (Except pulmonary) Capillary Draw it Type of blood carried Describe structures Direction of flow Nervous System Artery Elastic walls Away from heart Valves To heart Both 1 cell thick Site of exchange What aids the nervous system? It is assisted by the 5 senses. •Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin. Stimulus: Any information received by the nervous system. •Main control center of your body Spinal Cord- •Sends instructions from the brain to Response: A reaction to the stimulus. Stimulus examples: Bad smell, loud noise, bright light rest of the body and vice versa. Nerves- Response examples: Run away, jump, hide •Send signals to all parts of the body *This is a need of life. To survive an organism must be able to respond to a stimulus. Parts of the Brain Brain•Made up of 100 Billion neurons (nerve cells) •Interprets messages CerebrumLargest part of brain. Associated with thought, memory and action. Cerebellum- Spinal Cord brain to your •Connects the ______ nerves ______ vertebrae •Encased by your __________ (backbone) Parts of the Brain Cerebrum Cerebellum Controls regulation, coordination, balance and movement. MedullaControls involuntary actions Breathing, heart rate, blinking, etc. nerve impulses Nervous system communicates with __________________. Nerve impulse- a signal that travels down nerve cells. Nerve impulse begins as a _________ Stimulus the brain interprets it and sends out a response _________. Neurons •Nerve cells •Receives and sends messages Cell Body Dendrites Medulla Axon Nucleus Terminal Cell Body•Headquarters of the neuron, contains the nucleus Dendrites- •Picks up messages from other neurons •Turn them into electrical messages and transmits them Axon- to the axon •Carries the messages away to next cell Terminal- •End of the nerve cell Synapse- •The space between neurons Concussion: A violent blow to the head Endocrine System System of ductless glands that secrete ______________________ chemicals (hormones) into the blood. Secretions Inside Endo= ____________ Crine=____________ Hormones- • Means “To Excite” • Chemical messengers ____________________that cause things to start happening. feedback system Hormone levels are controlled by a ______________. on & off Feedback systems turn endocrine glands ___________. PBS- Brain *Analogous to a thermostat in a home. When temperature drops a furnace kicks on. When temperature rises the furnace turns off. homeostasis This maintains _________. Homeostasis- Keeping conditions constant. Pituitary Gland Pancreas- •Releases Insulin •“Master Gland” - It controls other glands •Insulin - Lowers sugar level in your blood •Size of a pea •Secretes HGH (Human Growth Hormone). Dwarfism Feedback System: Gigantism Pancreas turns “on” High blood sugar Insulin is released Insulin is stopped Low blood sugar Pancreas turns “off” Tallest man - 8’11” Adrenal Glands •Ad= Near Renal = Kidneys •Produces stress hormones (Adrenaline) •Flight or Fight response. Gonads (2 types) Testes (males) Release Testosterone Make sperm Produces secondary male sex characteristics. Ovaries (Females) Thyroid •Found in the neck •Release Estrogen •produces secondary female sex characteristics. •Determines how quickly your body uses energy. Crash Course: Endocrine System Lymphatic System A system of vessels, & nodes which circulates lymph. Lymph is initially part of the blood, but as blood flows through the body, lymph leaks out, taking hazardous substances with it and filtering these substances through the lymph nodes, which trap these substances. • Immune system • System of tubes that carries a fluid Digestive System Purpose: Converts food into simpler molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body lymph known as _________ Lymph •_______ Fluid that circulates your body picking up unwanted materials •Empties out into your bloodstream node before entering •Lymph travels to a ________ bloodstream Lymph node •Traps bacteria and viruses •Full of lymphocytes (WBCs) Esophagus • Pipe connecting mouth to stomach •Muscular tube about 25 cm long •Food is pushed down by muscles Mouth Mechanical DigestionTeeth break food down into small pieces Chemical Digestion- •Begins with saliva in our mouth •Enzymes break up nutrients Liver •Makes Bile •Bile breaks down fat •Removes poison from blood Gallbladder •Stores the bile •Releases pancreatic •passes the bile into the juices into the SI SI through a bile duct • “Peristalsis” Stomach •Muscular bag full of acid that breaks food down. •Food turns “soupy” known as chyme. Pancreas Small Intestine •25’ long tube •Absorption of nutrients into bloodstream •Most digestion occurs here •Creates Insulin Surface of the SI Villi- Esophagus •Tiny projections that contain Stomach blood vessels Large Intestine •These absorb nutrients Small Intestine Large Intestine (LI) •Removes water from the chyme Liver •Absorption of water Gallbladder •No digestion occurs here! Body Exhibit NYC Pancreas Excretory System Purpose: •To rid the body of wastes. Esophagus Liver •We get rid of CO2, urine & sweat Kidneys- •Remove toxins from blood & create urine Stomach Pancreas Small Intestine Ureter- •Carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder Bladder- •Stores urine Large Intestine Urethra- •Carries urine from the bladder to the toilet Skin • Sweat glands remove excess water & salts • Also regulates our temperature Respiratory System oxygen for RESPIRATION Purpose: •To provide the body with ______________ carbon dioxide •Removes _____________ Lungs Removes CO2 from the body Diaphragm: •Muscle that brings air in and out of your lungs. Breathing vs Respiration Breathing•A mechanical process of pumping air into and out of the lungs. •The air in the lungs is still “outside” the body. Respiration● O2 is converted into CO2 in the cell. Air you breathe in: Oxygen 21% Nitrogen 78% CO2 1% Air you breathe out: Oxygen 16% Nitrogen 78% CO2 5% Path of the Respiratory System Nose •Hairs act as a filter for small particles (dust/pollen). Trachea- •AKA windpipe •Main passageway to your lungs •Protected by rings of cartilage Bronchioles- •Trachea branches off into smaller tubes called bronchioles Alveoli•End of a bronchiole •This is where diffusion of O2 & CO2 occurs Alveoli at work- Smokers lungs- AsthmaEpiglottis- •Flap that covers your trachea when you swallow. •The reason we don’t choke on food. Reproductive System Purpose: To create new organisms Male Reproductive System Testes produce: Testosterone Sperm 1) _____________ 2) ___________ sperm Male sex cell: ______ scrotum Testes are contained in: ___________ *Scrotum is outside of the body to provide a cooler temp to make sperm *Testes need to be about 3-50 degrees cooler than the body hormone Testosterone is a ___________. Responsible for: •Facial hair •Body hair •Deeper voice •Stronger muscle tone •Aggressiveness scrotum semen Sperm and fluids = ____________ •protects the sperm •provides energy and nutrients Part Function Ureter Brings urine from kidneys to bladder Urinary Bladder Stores Urine Urethra Carries urine and semen out of the body Ureter Urinary bladder Part Function Teste Makes sperm & testosterone Scrotum Holds the testes Vas Deferens Transports sperm to urethra Seminal Vesicles Adds fluid to nourish the sperm Prostate Gland Makes fluid for the sperm Penis Delivers semen into the female Ureter Seminal Vesicle Urinary bladder Prostate gland Vas Deferens Penis Urethra Scrotum Teste Urethra Female Reproductive System Uterus Fallopian tube Part Ovary Ovary Cervix Vagina Fallopian Tube Uterus Cervix Vagina Function Holds eggs, makes estrogen Transports eggs from ovaries to uterus Where the fetus grows Passageway connecting the uterus to the vagina Birth canal Estrogen Hormone: _________ Ovaries Produced in: __________ zygote (fertilized egg) Uniting of sperm & egg: _____________________ •Ovaries contain eggs (~400 at birth) Uterus Cilia sweep zygote into: ________ •1 egg matures each month after puberty ● If the egg is fertilized It implants in the uterus wall which is enriched with blood egg Female gamete: _____ fallopian tube Released into: _____________ ● If NOT fertilized - Fertilization occurs here! Embryonic Development the egg & uterus lining disintegrate and leave the body Ovary Fallopian Tube Uterus Cervix Bladder Vagina Urethra Pubic bone Rectum Front view: male and female anatomy Fallopian tube: Vas Deferens Penis Teste Development of the Zygote Prostate & seminal vesicle Scrotum Site of fertilization Uterus: •Egg reaches the uterus after 6 days •Attaches to wall Placenta: ● Brings nutrients and O2 to the fetus ● CO2 and wastes away Umbilical Cord: Cord of blood vessels connecting fetus to placenta Fallopian tube Uterus Ovary Vagina Fetal Development Diagram Gestation Period: Developmental time in uterus ~38-42 weeks Embryo: 0 to 8 weeks Fetus: 8 weeks to birth Cell Division: Meiosis vs Mitosis Me os s Fallopian Tube Uterus Placenta Umbilical Cord Amniotic Fluid Fetus Cervix Amniotic Sac- Fluid filled sac that protects the fetus •Production of gametes (sex cells) •Chromosome # is reduced by ½ •46→ 23 Mitosis- (Mi - TOE- sis) •Division of body cells •Produces new cells for growth & repair •46 → 46 46 Meiosis Body cells Review of fertilization 46 Sperm Meiosis Gametes 23 23 Chromosomes ____ Egg = 23 Chromosomes ____ Zygote 46 Chromosomes ____ 23 46 gamete •Each sex cell (sperm & egg) is known as a __________. Mitosis meiosis •Gametes are produced by ___________. 46 46 Mitosis 46 46 46 46 Mitosis Twins Identical: •Zygote splits to form 2 identical babies •Babies have the same DNA, must be same sex Fraternal: + •Not identical •2 eggs fertilized by 2 different sperm •Do NOT have the same DNA •Can be boy- girl Conjoined (Siamese): •Identical twins •Zygote doesn’t split completely half as many chromosomes. •Therefore, they have _______