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Organ Systems of the Human Body
Human Body Systems
● Integumentary (skin, hair, nails)
■ Waterproofs, cushions and protect the deeper tissues, excretes
wasters, regulates temperature, has receptors for pain, pressure
and temperature, also makes vitamin D
● Skeletal
● Muscular
● Nervous
● Endocrine
● Circulatory
● Lymphatic
● Respiratory
● Digestive
● Excretory
● Reproductive systems
Name: ______________________
Skeletal System
Student#: ____
These systems work together to maintain _____________.
homeostasis
Homeostasis- Maintaining the body’s internal environment.
Cranium
Bone Name
Common Name
1
Cranium
Skull
Clavicle
2
Clavicle
Collar bone
Scapula
3
Sternum
Breastbone
4
Rib
Ribcage (24 ribs)
5
Humerus
Arm (bicep area)
6
Vertebrae
Backbone (33)
7
Ulna
Fore arm, pinky side
8
Radius
Fore arm, thumb side
9
Pelvis
Hip
Protects & supports the body.
206 bones in your body!
There are ______
Parts:
Bone- •Hard, living tissue
•Center of bone contains marrow
•Produces blood cells
Ligaments-•Connect bones to bones
•Stabilize joints
Tendons- •Connect bones to muscle
•Move bones
Cartilage- •Covers ends of bones
•Reduces friction
Sternum
Rib
Ulna
(pinky)
Humerus
Vertebrae
Pelvis
Radius
(thumb)
Femur
Tibia
Patella
Fibula
10 Scapula
Shoulder blade
11
Largest leg bone
Femur
12 Tibia
Shin bone
13 Patella
Knee cap
14 Fibula
Calf bone
Joints: A place where 2 bones connect
Moveable Joints
Hinge joints:
•Can only move in
1 direction
elbow, knee
Ball socket joints:
•Can turn in a complete circle
•Hip
•Shoulder
Fixed joints:
Common for young people
Compound fractureBone breaks and pierces the skin
Joint that does not allow movement
Gliding joint:
•Allows bones to
move over one
another
Pivot joint:
•Joint that allows rotation
•Head
Fracture- Broken bone
Green stick fracture-
Immovable Joints
Simple fractureClean break
Bone Repair
Dislocation- A bone is forcibly displaced from a joint
Muscles- Are a special type of tissue that can contract
3 types of muscles:
Skeletal
1. ______________
•These muscles are attached to bones.
voluntary
•These are ____________
Cardiac
2. ______________
heart
•Are found only in the ___________.
involuntary
•These are ____________
Smooth
3. ______________
•Control many of our internal organs such as,
stomach, arteries, uterus, etc.
involuntary
•These are ____________
Muscles
*over 600 in the human
body
pull
•Muscles can only _______,
not _______.
push
pairs
•This is why most muscles come in ________.
Exercising
The ______
size
of muscles increase when you
exercise.
The bigger the muscle, the stronger the
muscle.
Tendons vs Ligaments
Tendons
bone
muscle
Tendons connect ________
to _______.
Each end of a muscle is attached to the
tendon
bone by a _________.
Ligaments
Ligaments
__________ connect bone to bone.
Tendons Problems
Tendons
Strain- Tendon is torn from the bone
Circulatory System
Purpose: •Delivers food & O to cells
2
•Removes CO2 and waste from cells
Tendinitis- Inflamed tendon
Trigger finger- Tendon locked
Tennis elbow (golfers elbow)- Unsheathed tendons
To Lungs
Lungs •Releases CO2
•Picks up O2
blood from the body
•(Low in O2 - High in CO2)
•Pumps blood to the lungs
•Collects blood from lungs
•Oxygenated blood
R. Atrium
•(High in O2 - Low in CO2)
•Pumps blood to the body
Body •Blood gives cells O & nutrients
2
•Blood takes CO2 & waste
R. Ventricle
From Lungs
Aorta
Left Side
•Collects deoxygenated
Pulmonary Vein
Oxygenated =
Pulmonary Artery
Right Side
To Body
Deoxygenated =
L. Atrium
L.
Ventricle
Anatomy of the Human Heart
Blood consists of 2 things:
1.Plasma
Aorta
Pulmonary Artery
Blood Cells & Vessels
Pulmonary Artery
2.Cells
Pulmonary Vein
Pulmonary Vein
Left Atrium
Plasma
Vena Cava
Left Ventricle
Se
pt
um
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Red Blood Cells
(RBCs)
White Blood Cells
(WBCs)
•Red discs
•Bring O2 to cells
•Contain hemoglobin
•(iron that carries O2)
•Body’s defense system
•Increase in number if you
have an infection
Platelets
•Help clot blood
•Makes 55% of blood (liquid)
•Contains dissolved nutrients
Blood Vessels
•You have over 60,000 miles of blood vessels in your body!
•Every pound of fat adds 200 miles of capillaries
•Carry blood Away from heart.
Arteries
Arteries vs. Veins
•Carry oxygenated blood, except for pulmonary artery.
•Elastic.
•They branch to get smaller
•Thin walled vessels (1 celled thick)
Capillaries
•Allow things to diffuse in & out
•1 rbc fits through at a time
•Brings blood to the heart
Veins
•Carry deoxygenated blood, except for pulmonary vein
•Have Valves
Capillary Network
RBC
Complete the table
Body Cell
1. Which blood vessel has the thickest, most muscular walls?
Artery
2. Which blood vessel has walls one cell thick?
Capillary
3. Which blood vessel carries blood to the heart?
Vein
Nutrients
O2
4. Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
Waste
Artery
Blood flow
direction
Plasma
Lymph
Vein
Artery
5. Which blood vessel is the site of oxygen, carbon dioxide,
nutrient and waste exchange?
Capillary
6. Which blood vessel carries the highest oxygen content?
Artery
7. Which blood vessel carries the highest nutrient content?
Artery
8. By what process do the materials enter and leave the
capillary?
Diffusion
Heart Disease
Coronary Arteries
Blood Types
Blood Types- Named by the types
antigens
of _________
found on the RBCs.
Blood vessels that give the heart O2.
2 Types of Antigens
1. Antigen A
Coronary Heart Disease
Atherosclerosis
2. Antigen B
•Thickening of the arteries
•Fatty substance builds up in arteries
(cholesterol)
Create 4 Blood Types
A
A blockage in coronary arteries can result in:
B
AB
O
● Angina (Chest pain)
● Heart attack
•Blood also contains Antibodies- Antibodies A& B
•Mixing of like Antigens causes _________
hemolysis or destruction
of RBCs.
Blood Type
Antigen
Antibodies
A
A
B
B
B
A
AB
AB
-
O
-
AB
Blood Transfusions
*Remember: Mixing of like antigens with like antibodies causes hemolysis!
donor
•Type O is known as the universal _________,
because it has
antigens
no __________.
All groups can receive it.
recipient
•Type AB is know as the universal __________.
Blood type
Antigens
A
B
AB
O
A
B
A&B
None
Antibodies Transfusion
B
A
A&B
A, O
B, O
A, B, AB, O
O
Rh-Factor
Red Blood Cells
Factor
Another Antigen (protein) exists on the RBCs, Rh_________.
85%
•______ of people have this.
oxygen
1. Carry ___________
to cells.
Rh + = Antigen is present
Rh - = Antigen is NOT present
anemia
3. Too few RBCs causes ________________.
“Rh” comes from the word Rhesus
monkey. Scientists first discovered
the Rh factor while studying the
blood of a Rhesus monkey.
bone marrow
2. Made in ___________________.
hemoglobin
4. Contain a substance called ____________.
iron
5. Contain the element ________________.
round and flat
6. Shape is ________________.
120 days Broken down by the ___________.
liver
7. Life span is ________.
2 million
8. _____________
are made/broken down every second.
White Blood Cells
Platelets
Immunity (Defense)
9. Function: ____________________
clot (Scab)
16. Help blood _________.
bone marrow
10. Made in _________________
7
17. Formed in _______________.
Last only ____
days.
bone marrow
Hemophilia
18.___________ is where blood does not clot normally.
shape
11. Can change their __________,
like an ameba.
chemicals to fight infection
12. Some produce ___________
leukocytes
13. Known as ___________.
leukemia
14. Cancer of white blood cells is ______________.
700 to 1!
15. WBCs are outnumbered by RBCs _______
19. Platelets weave fiber across the cut which trap blood
cells and plasma.
clot which you know as a _______!
scab
20. This forms a ________
Plasma
Blood Vessel Review
Liquid portion of the blood. Mostly made of _______.
water
27. _______
55%
28. _______
of the blood.
Transport cells and nutrients
29. Function : ______________________________
yellow
30. Color is _________
Purpose: So that the body can respond to stimuli
Major organs and their functions
Brain-
Vein
Oxygenated
(Except
pulmonary)
Deoxygenated
(Except
pulmonary)
Capillary
Draw it
Type of blood
carried
Describe
structures
Direction of
flow
Nervous System
Artery
Elastic walls
Away from
heart
Valves
To heart
Both
1 cell thick
Site of
exchange
What aids the nervous system?
It is assisted by the 5 senses.
•Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin.
Stimulus:
Any information received by the nervous system.
•Main control center of your body
Spinal Cord-
•Sends instructions from the brain to
Response:
A reaction to the stimulus.
Stimulus examples:
Bad smell, loud noise, bright light
rest of the body and vice versa.
Nerves-
Response examples:
Run away, jump, hide
•Send signals to all parts of the body
*This is a need of life. To survive an organism must be able to respond to a stimulus.
Parts of the Brain
Brain•Made up of 100 Billion neurons
(nerve cells)
•Interprets messages
CerebrumLargest part of brain.
Associated with thought, memory and action.
Cerebellum-
Spinal Cord
brain to your
•Connects the ______
nerves
______
vertebrae
•Encased by your __________
(backbone)
Parts of the Brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Controls regulation,
coordination, balance and
movement.
MedullaControls involuntary actions
Breathing, heart rate,
blinking, etc.
nerve impulses
Nervous system communicates with __________________.
Nerve impulse- a signal that travels down nerve cells.
Nerve impulse begins as a _________
Stimulus the brain interprets it and sends out a
response
_________.
Neurons
•Nerve cells
•Receives and sends messages
Cell Body
Dendrites
Medulla
Axon
Nucleus
Terminal
Cell Body•Headquarters of the
neuron, contains the
nucleus
Dendrites- •Picks up messages from other neurons
•Turn them into electrical messages and transmits them
Axon-
to the axon
•Carries the messages away to next cell
Terminal- •End of the nerve cell
Synapse- •The space between neurons
Concussion:
A violent blow to the head
Endocrine System
System of ductless glands that secrete ______________________
chemicals (hormones) into the blood.
Secretions
Inside
Endo= ____________
Crine=____________
Hormones- • Means “To Excite”
• Chemical
messengers
____________________that
cause things to
start happening.
feedback system
Hormone levels are controlled by a ______________.
on & off
Feedback systems turn endocrine glands ___________.
PBS- Brain
*Analogous to a thermostat in a home. When temperature drops a furnace
kicks on. When temperature rises the furnace turns off.
homeostasis
This maintains _________.
Homeostasis-
Keeping conditions constant.
Pituitary Gland
Pancreas-
•Releases Insulin
•“Master Gland” - It controls other glands
•Insulin - Lowers sugar level in your blood
•Size of a pea
•Secretes HGH (Human Growth Hormone).
Dwarfism
Feedback System:
Gigantism
Pancreas turns “on”
High blood sugar
Insulin is released
Insulin is stopped
Low blood sugar
Pancreas turns “off”
Tallest man - 8’11”
Adrenal Glands
•Ad= Near Renal = Kidneys
•Produces stress hormones (Adrenaline)
•Flight or Fight response.
Gonads (2 types)
Testes (males)
Release Testosterone
Make sperm
Produces secondary male sex
characteristics.
Ovaries (Females)
Thyroid
•Found in the neck
•Release Estrogen
•produces secondary female
sex characteristics.
•Determines how quickly your body uses energy.
Crash Course: Endocrine System
Lymphatic System
A system of vessels, & nodes which circulates lymph. Lymph is
initially part of the blood, but as blood flows through the body,
lymph leaks out, taking hazardous substances with it and filtering
these substances through the lymph nodes, which trap these
substances.
• Immune system
• System of tubes that carries a fluid
Digestive System
Purpose:
Converts food into simpler
molecules that can be absorbed into
the bloodstream and used by the
body
lymph
known as _________
Lymph
•_______
Fluid that circulates your body picking up
unwanted materials
•Empties out into your bloodstream
node before entering
•Lymph travels to a ________
bloodstream
Lymph node
•Traps bacteria and viruses
•Full of lymphocytes (WBCs)
Esophagus
• Pipe connecting mouth to stomach
•Muscular tube about 25 cm long
•Food is pushed down by muscles
Mouth
Mechanical DigestionTeeth break food down into small pieces
Chemical Digestion-
•Begins with saliva in our mouth
•Enzymes break up nutrients
Liver
•Makes Bile
•Bile breaks down fat
•Removes poison from
blood
Gallbladder
•Stores the bile
•Releases pancreatic
•passes the bile into the juices into the SI
SI through a bile duct
• “Peristalsis”
Stomach
•Muscular bag full of acid that breaks food down.
•Food turns “soupy” known as chyme.
Pancreas
Small Intestine
•25’ long tube
•Absorption of nutrients into
bloodstream
•Most digestion occurs here
•Creates Insulin
Surface of the SI
Villi-
Esophagus
•Tiny projections that contain
Stomach
blood vessels
Large Intestine
•These absorb nutrients
Small Intestine
Large Intestine (LI)
•Removes water from the chyme
Liver
•Absorption of water
Gallbladder
•No digestion occurs here!
Body Exhibit NYC
Pancreas
Excretory System
Purpose: •To rid the body of wastes.
Esophagus
Liver
•We get rid of CO2, urine & sweat
Kidneys- •Remove toxins from
blood & create urine
Stomach
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Ureter- •Carries urine from the kidneys
to the bladder
Bladder- •Stores urine
Large Intestine
Urethra- •Carries urine from the bladder to the toilet
Skin
• Sweat glands remove excess water & salts
• Also regulates our temperature
Respiratory System
oxygen for RESPIRATION
Purpose: •To provide the body with ______________
carbon dioxide
•Removes _____________
Lungs
Removes CO2 from the body
Diaphragm:
•Muscle that brings air in
and out of your lungs.
Breathing vs Respiration
Breathing•A mechanical process of pumping air into and out of the lungs.
•The air in the lungs is still “outside” the body.
Respiration● O2 is converted into CO2 in the cell.
Air you breathe in:
Oxygen 21%
Nitrogen 78%
CO2
1%
Air you breathe out:
Oxygen 16%
Nitrogen 78%
CO2
5%
Path of the Respiratory System
Nose •Hairs act as a filter for small
particles (dust/pollen).
Trachea- •AKA windpipe
•Main passageway to your lungs
•Protected by rings of cartilage
Bronchioles- •Trachea branches off into
smaller tubes called
bronchioles
Alveoli•End of a bronchiole
•This is where diffusion of O2 & CO2 occurs
Alveoli at work-
Smokers lungs-
AsthmaEpiglottis- •Flap that covers your trachea when you swallow.
•The reason we don’t choke on food.
Reproductive System
Purpose: To create new organisms
Male Reproductive System
Testes produce:
Testosterone
Sperm
1) _____________
2) ___________
sperm
Male sex cell: ______
scrotum
Testes are contained in: ___________
*Scrotum is outside of the body to provide
a cooler temp to make sperm
*Testes need to be about 3-50
degrees cooler than the body
hormone
Testosterone is a ___________.
Responsible for:
•Facial hair
•Body hair
•Deeper voice
•Stronger muscle tone
•Aggressiveness
scrotum
semen
Sperm and fluids = ____________
•protects the sperm
•provides energy and nutrients
Part
Function
Ureter
Brings urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary Bladder
Stores Urine
Urethra
Carries urine and semen out of the body
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Part
Function
Teste
Makes sperm & testosterone
Scrotum
Holds the testes
Vas Deferens
Transports sperm to urethra
Seminal Vesicles
Adds fluid to nourish the sperm
Prostate Gland
Makes fluid for the sperm
Penis
Delivers semen into the female
Ureter
Seminal
Vesicle
Urinary bladder
Prostate gland
Vas Deferens
Penis
Urethra
Scrotum
Teste
Urethra
Female Reproductive System
Uterus
Fallopian
tube
Part
Ovary
Ovary
Cervix
Vagina
Fallopian Tube
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Function
Holds eggs, makes
estrogen
Transports eggs from
ovaries to uterus
Where the fetus grows
Passageway
connecting the uterus
to the vagina
Birth canal
Estrogen
Hormone: _________
Ovaries
Produced in: __________
zygote (fertilized egg)
Uniting of sperm & egg: _____________________
•Ovaries contain eggs (~400 at birth)
Uterus
Cilia sweep zygote into: ________
•1 egg matures each month after puberty
● If the egg is fertilized It implants in the uterus wall which is enriched with blood
egg
Female gamete: _____
fallopian tube
Released into: _____________
● If NOT fertilized -
Fertilization occurs here!
Embryonic Development
the egg & uterus lining disintegrate and leave the body
Ovary
Fallopian Tube
Uterus
Cervix
Bladder
Vagina
Urethra
Pubic bone
Rectum
Front view: male and female anatomy
Fallopian tube:
Vas Deferens
Penis
Teste
Development of the Zygote
Prostate &
seminal
vesicle
Scrotum
Site of fertilization
Uterus: •Egg reaches the uterus after 6 days
•Attaches to wall
Placenta: ●
Brings nutrients and O2 to the fetus
● CO2 and wastes away
Umbilical Cord: Cord of blood vessels connecting fetus to
placenta
Fallopian tube
Uterus
Ovary
Vagina
Fetal Development Diagram
Gestation Period:
Developmental time in uterus ~38-42 weeks
Embryo: 0 to 8 weeks
Fetus: 8 weeks to birth
Cell Division: Meiosis vs Mitosis
Me os s
Fallopian Tube
Uterus
Placenta
Umbilical Cord
Amniotic Fluid
Fetus
Cervix
Amniotic Sac- Fluid filled sac that protects the fetus
•Production of gametes (sex cells)
•Chromosome # is reduced by ½
•46→ 23
Mitosis- (Mi - TOE- sis)
•Division of body cells
•Produces new cells for growth & repair
•46 → 46
46
Meiosis
Body cells
Review of fertilization
46
Sperm
Meiosis
Gametes
23
23 Chromosomes
____
Egg
=
23 Chromosomes
____
Zygote
46 Chromosomes
____
23
46
gamete
•Each sex cell (sperm & egg) is known as a __________.
Mitosis
meiosis
•Gametes are produced by ___________.
46 46
Mitosis
46
46
46
46
Mitosis
Twins
Identical: •Zygote splits to form 2 identical babies
•Babies have the same DNA, must be same sex
Fraternal:
+
•Not identical
•2 eggs fertilized by 2 different sperm
•Do NOT have the same DNA
•Can be boy- girl
Conjoined (Siamese):
•Identical twins
•Zygote doesn’t split completely
half as many chromosomes.
•Therefore, they have _______