Download All About Ecology Answer the fol

Name_________________________________________________________Date_________Period_______
AllAboutEcology
Answerthefollowingquestions:
1. WhatisEcology?
2.WhatdoestheBiospherecontain?________________________________________________________________
3.Alllivingthingsdependontwomainfactorsfortheirsurvival.Name,describeandgive
examplesofeach.
A.________________________________________________________________________________________________________
B.________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4.Ecologyisthestudyoforganismsandtheirrelationshipswiththebioticaswellastheabiotic
factors:Defineeachofthefollowinglevelsandgiveanexample:
A. Organisms:_______________________________
B. Population_______________________________
C. Communities___________________________
D. Ecosystems______________________________
E. Biosphere________________________________
RefertoChapter41toanswerthefollowingquestions.
Alllivingthingsrequireenergytosurvive.Howtheygetthisenergyisreferredtoasthefeeding
relationshipsintheEcosystem
Defineandgiveexamplesofeachofthefollowing:
ProducersorAutotrophs:____________________________________________________________________________
ConsumersorHeterotrophs:_________________________________________________________________________
DecomposersorHeterotrophs:______________________________________________________________________
Herbivores:_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Omnivore:______________________________________________________________________________________________
Producersgettheirenergyfromthe_______________.
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EnergyflowsthroughtheecosysteminONEDIRECTION.Itflowsfromthesunorinorganic
compoundstotheproducers.Theconsumerstheneattheproducers.Afoodchainisa
sequenceofwhoeatswhom.Itisaseriesofstepsthatshowthetransferofenergyfromone
level(calledtrophiclevel)tothenext.Thearrowsdenotethedirectionofenergyflow.For
exampletheenergyflowsfromthealgaetothemosquitolarvaasiteatsthealgae.Thereforethe
arrowisdirectedfromthealgaetothemosquitolarvae.
1.Allfoodchainsstartwithwhichtypeoflivingthing?______________
2.Thefirstorganismineachfoodchainmustalwaysbewhattypeoforganism?___________
3.Wheredochemosyntheticbacteriagettheirenergy?
4.Herbivoresarealsocalled_______________
5.Theanimalsthatfeedontheherbivoresarealsocalled?_____________________
6.Secondaryconsumersareeatenbylarger______________________________
7.___________________consumerseatthesecondaryconsumers.
8.Giveanexampleofafoodchainconsistingofoneproducerand3consumers.
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FOODWEBS:Interconnectedfoodchains.
Whatisusedtoindicatetheflowofenergyinafoodchainorfoodweb?________________
1.
2. Whatisafoodweb?____________________________________________________________________________
3. Write2differentfoodchainsfromthediagramabove.
FoodChain1__________________________________________________________________________________________
FoodChain2__________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Werethereanyorganism/sthatwascommontobothofthefoodchains?Whichones?
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TrophicLevels:
Thetrophiclevelofanorganismisthepositionitholdsinafoodchain.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Producers-Firsttrophiclevel
Primaryconsumersareinthesecondtrophiclevel
Secondaryconsumerseatprimaryconsumers.Theyareinthethirdtrophiclevel
Tertiaryconsumersareinthefourthtrophiclevel.
Quaternaryconsumersarethefifthtrophiclevel
Foodchains"end"withtoppredators,animalsthathavelittleornonaturalenemies.
Whenanyorganismdies,itiseventuallyeatenbyscavengers/detrivores(likevultures,worms
andcrabs)andbrokendownbydecomposers(mostlybacteriaandfungi),andtheexchangeof
energycontinues.
Someorganisms'positioninthefoodchaincanvaryastheirdietdiffers.Forexample,whena
beareatsberries,thebearisfunctioningasaprimaryconsumer.Whenabeareatsaplanteatingrodent,thebearisfunctioningasasecondaryconsumer.Whenthebeareatssalmon,
thebearisfunctioningasatertiaryconsumer(thisisbecausesalmonisasecondaryconsumer,
sincesalmoneatherringthateatzooplanktonthateatphytoplankton,thatmaketheirown
energyfromsunlight).Thinkabouthowpeople'splaceinthefoodchainvaries-often
withinasinglemeal!
UsetheFoodwebfrompage3toplaceeachorganisminthecorrecttrophiclevel.Threeofthe
organismshavebeendoneforyou.
Firsttrophic Second
Thirdtrophic Fourth
Fifthtrophic
level
Trophiclevel level
Trophiclevel level
Robin
X
X
X
Bug
X
Ladybug
X
1.
The1sttrophiclevelconsistsof_______________consumerscalled_________________.
2.
Namethe2ndtrophiclevel(bothnames).__________________________________________
3.
Secondaryconsumersmaybe_______________eatingmeator_______________thateatbothplants
andanimals.
4.
Whatisthe3rdtrophiclevelcalled?____________________________
5.
Whatisthe4thtrophiclevelcalled?_______________________________
6.
Atthe5thtrophiclevelwouldbe_____________consumersthateat_____________consumers.
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EnergyFlowsthroughtheEcosystem:
Energyfromthesunisusedbyautotrophsandconvertedtoenergyinthechemicalbondsof
organiccompoundsEx.Sugars.Thisallowstheplanttogrow(increaseinmass)andreproduce
(increaseinnumbers).Heterotrophstheneattheautotrophs,usetheenergyintheorganicfood
inordertosurvive,growandreproduce.However,whenenergyischangedfromoneformto
another,muchofthatenergyislostandcannotbeusedforusefulworkinthenextlevel.
Additionallysomeenergyremainsateachlevel.Whenacaterpillareatsaleaf
• 50%oftheenergystoredintheleafpassesoutofthebodyaswasteand/orheat
• 40%isusedforthecaterpillartosurvive
• Only10%isusedtoincreasethesizeofthecaterpillar
Sowhentherobineatsthecaterpillar,itisgettingonly10%ofthecaterpillar
Thisappliestonotonlyenergybutalsobiomass(massofthelivingthing)andnumbers.
10%Rulestatesthatonly10%ofenergy,biomassandnumbersareavailableasyougoup
eachtrophiclevel.
Thisisoftenrepresentedpictoriallyinapyramid.Thethreepyramidsareessentiallysimilar.
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PyramidsofEnergy
§ Everytimeanorganismeats,itobtainsenergyfromitsfood
§ Soenergyistransferredfromthe1sttrophicleveltothe2ndtrophicleveltothe3rdtrophic
levelandsoon.
§ Someofthisenergyislostalongthewayduringanorganism’smetabolismandasheat
§ Thisenergycanbemeasuredinkilocalories(kcal)
§ Energypyramid:pictureshowinghowmuchenergyistransferredtothedifferent
trophiclevelsinafoodchain
Pyramid of Energy
10
kcal/m2/ye
ar
100 kcal/m2/year
1000 kcal/m2/year
10,000 kcal/m2/year
Placetheorganismsfromthefoodwebshownonpage3intheenergy/biomass/numbers
pyramidbelow.
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1.Inthepyramidofenergy,whichtrophiclevelcontainshighestamountofenergy?
________________,numbers__________________________,biomass_______________________________.
2.Therearemanymore______________________________________thentherearesecondaryconsumers.
3.Whatdoestheshapeoftheenergypyramidsuggest?___________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4.Anecosystemcannothavemorethan4-5trophiclevels.Why?________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5.Whenyoueatlettuceyouarea_______________________
6.Whenyoueatachickenthathaseatenabugthathaseatenthelettuce,youarea
_________________________?
7.Inthisecosystem,theenergyintheleaves(producers)iscalculatedtobe100,000kcal.How
muchofthatenergyareyougettingwhenyoueatthelettuce?______________________chicken?
______________________,
8.Howmuchenergyisthechickengettingwheniteatsthebug?__________________
SurvivalandInteractionbetweenandwithinpopulations
Habitat:Theplacewhereanorganismlivesoutitslife
Niche:allthestrategiesandadaptationsaspeciesusesinitsenvironment
o Includesallitsinteractionswiththebioticandabioticpartsoftheenvironment
o Eachtypeoforganismoccupiesitsownnichetoavoidcompetitionwithothertypesof
organisms
• Twospeciescansharethesamehabitatbutnotthesameniche
o Example:Antsandbacteriabothliveinthedirt(habitat)buthavedifferentniches.Ants
eatdeadinsectsandbacteriaeatdeadleaves,deadlogs,andanimalwaste.Soantsand
bacteriadon’tcompeteforresources.
SurvivalRelationships
• Predator-prey:predatorsareconsumersthathuntandeatotherorganismscalledprey
• Symbiosis:relationshipinwhichonespeciesliveson,in,ornearanotherspeciesandaffects
itssurvival
Thereare3typesofsymbiosis
1. Mutualism:typeofsymbiosisinwhichbothspeciesbenefit
• Antslivinginthetropicalacaciatrees-treesareprotectedwhenantsattackanimals
thattrytofeedonthetreeandantsreceivenectarandshelterfromthetree.
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2. Commensalism:typeofsymbiosisinwhichonespeciesbenefitsandtheotherspeciesis
neitherharmednorbenefited
• Spanishmossgrowsonthebranchesoftrees.Themossgetsahabitatandthetree
getsnothing.
3. Parasitism:typeofsymbiosisinwhichonespeciesbenefitsandtheotherspeciesis
harmed
• Parasite:organismthatharmsbutdoesnotkillanotherorganism
• Host:organismthatisharmedbyaparasite
• Ticksfeedondogs,people,etc.Theticksgetfood(blood)andthehostsloseblood
andcanbeinfectedwithdisease.
Foreachofthestatementsbelow,stateifTrueorFalse
_______________Ahabitatistheroleaspeciesplaysinacommunity.
_______________Habitatsmaychange.
_______________Anicheistheplacewhereanorganismlivesitslife.
_______________Ahabitatcanincludeonlyoneniche.
_______________Aspecies’nicheincludeshowthespeciesmeetsitsneedsforfoodandshelter.
_______________Thecentipedesandwormsthatliveunderacertainlogoccupythesamehabitat
buthavedifferentniches.
_______________Itisanadvantagefortwospeciestosharethesameniche.
_______________Competitionbetweentwospeciesisreducedwhenthespecieshavedifferent
niches.
BiologicalMagnification:(Lookuppage736inthetext)
Whatisbiologicalmagnification?Giveanexamplefromyoureading.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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CyclesinNature
•
•
•
Thereisonlyalimitedamountofresources(water,oxygen,nitrogen,carbon)ontheearth
Inordertokeeptheseresourcesavailabletoorganisms,theymustberecycledaftertheyare
used
Cycle:aprocessthatrecyclesaresourcesothatyouendupwithwhatyoustartedwith
1. Followaraindropthroughtwopossiblepathsthroughthewatercycle,endingaswater
vaporintheatmosphere.
Path1____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Path2____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Answerthefollowingquestions:
2. Describetheroleofproducersincarboncycleandoxygencycle_____________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Describetheroleofproducersinoxygencycle._________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Explainhowcarbonentersthelivingsystemandhowitleaves._________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5.Indicatetheroleofmicroorganismsinthecycle,andidentifythereservoirforcarbon.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Explainhowphotosynthesisandcellularrespirationisinvolvedincyclingofoxygenand
carbon._____________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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8. Whichorganismscanusenitrogendirectlyfromtheatmosphere?___________________________
9. Howdoesnitrogenreturntotheatmosphere?__________________________________________________
10. Itissaidthatbacteriaistheanchoroftheecosystem.Givetworeasonswhywecannot
survivewithoutbacteria?_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
11. Youareoneofthesixpeoplechosentoliveonaself-containedspacestation.What
organismswouldyoutakewithyou?Describethefunctionsyouwillneedeachorganismto
performsoyoucanlivethereforthenextthreeyearswhenthespaceshuttlewillcomefor
you.
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PopulationBiology:Chapter39
Populationsizeofaspeciesisdependentonanumberoffactors.Whataresomefactorsthat
affectpopulationsizeofaspecies?
1.Explainwhatishappeningtothepopulationintheexponentialgrowthgraph?
2.Howdoestheexponentialpopulationgraphdifferfromthelogisticgrowthgraph?
3.Whichofthetworepresentamorerealisticpopulationgrowthcurve?
4.Whichoftheserepresentthegrowthcurvethehumanpopulation?
5.Carryingcapacityofapopulationisthemaximumnumberofindividualstheenvironmentcan
supportatanygiventime.Whataresomereasonsthatwouldlimitthepopulationsize?
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ExplainthefluctuationsinthephaseBofthegraph.(p690-691)
Factorseffectingpopulationgrowth
a. Densitydependentfactor____________________________________________________________________
Examplesofdensitydependentfactors_____________________________________________________
b. Densityindependentfactors__________________________________________________________________
Examplesofdensityindependentfactor_____________________________________________________
c. Competition:__________________________________________________________________________________
i. Interspecificcompetition:CompetitionwithotherspeciesExwolveswithcoyotes
ii. Intraspecificcompetition:Competitionwithinthespecies.ExWolveswithwolves
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Deer:PredationorStarvation
Introduction:
In1970thedeerpopulationofanislandforestreserveabout518squarekilometersinsizewasabout
2000animals.Althoughtheislandhadexcellentvegetationforfeeding,thefoodsupplyobviouslyhad
limits.Thustheforestmanagementpersonnelfearedthatovergrazingmightleadtomassstarvation.
Sincetheareawastooremoteforhunters,thewildlifeservicedecidedtobringinnaturalpredatorsto
controlthedeerpopulation.Itwashopedthatnaturalpredationwouldkeepthedeerpopulationfrom
becomingtoolargeandalsoincreasethedeerquality(orhealth),aspredatorsofteneliminatetheweaker
membersoftheherd.In1971,tenwolveswereflownintotheisland.
Procedure:
Theresultsofthisprogramareshowninthefollowingtable.ThePopulationChangeisthenumberof
deerbornminusthenumberofdeerthatdiedduringthatyear.Filloutthelastcolumnforeachyear(the
firsthasbeencalculatedforyou).
A
B
C
D
Year
Wolf
Population
1971
10
2,000
800
1972
12
2,300
1973
16
1974
E
F
G
Starvation
Deer
Population
Change
400
100
+300
920
480
240
2,500
1,000
640
500
22
2.360
944
880
180
1975
28
2,224
996
1,120
26
1976
24
2,094
836
960
2
1977
21
1,968
788
840
0
1978
18
1,916
766
720
0
1979
19
1,952
780
760
0
1980
19
1,972
790
760
0
Deer
DeerOffspring Predation
Population
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Graphthedeerandwolfpopulations(columnBandC)onthegraphbelow.Useonecolortoshowdeer
populationsandanothercolortoshowwolfpopulations.
1. Describewhathappenedtothedeerandwolfpopulationsbetween1971and1980.
2. WhatdoyouthinkwouldhavehappenedtothedeerontheislandhadwolvesNOTbeen
introduced?
3. Mostbiologytextbooksdescribethatpredatorsandpreyexistinabalance.Somescientists
havecriticizedthis“balanceofnature”hypothesisbecauseitsuggestsarelationshipbetween
predatorsandpreythatisgoodandnecessary.Opponentsofthishypothesisproposethe
followingquestions:
•
•
•
•
Whyisdeathbypredatorsmorenaturalor"right"thendeathbystarvation?
Howdoesonedeterminewhenanecosystemisin"balance"?
Dopredatorsreallykillonlytheoldandsickprey?Whatevidenceisthereforthisstatement?
Whatisyouropinionofthebalanceofnaturehypothesis?Wouldthedeerontheislandbe
betteroff,worseoff,oraboutthesamewithoutthewolves?Defendyourposition.
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