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WEST
The Government Restricts Native Americans
Railroads Influence Government Policy
• 1834, government designates Great Plains as one huge reservation
• 1850s, treaties define specific boundaries for each tribe
Settlers Move Westward to Farm
Railroads Open the West (Transcontinental Railroad)
• 1850–1871, huge land grants to railroads for laying track in West
• 1860s, Central Pacific goes east, Union Pacific west, meet in Utah
• By 1880s, 5 transcontinental railroads completed
• Railroads sell land to farmers, attract many European immigrants
Government Support for Settlement
• 1862 Homestead Act offers 160 acres free to any head of household
- 1862–1900, up to 600,000 families settle
Farmers and the Populist Movement
Farmers unite to address their economic problems, giving rise to the Populist
movement.
Farmers and the Populist Movement
Farmers Unite to Address Common Problems
Economic Distress
• Farmers buy more land to grow more crops to pay off debts
• After Civil War, government takes greenbacks out of circulation
• Farmers/Debtors have to pay loans in dollars worth more than those borrowed
• Prices of crops fall dramatically
• 1870s, farmers/debtors push government to put more money in circulation
Problems with the Railroads
• Lack of competition lets railroads overcharge to transport grain
The Farmers’ Alliances
• 1867, Oliver Kelley starts Patrons of Husbandry or Grange
• Purpose is educational, social; by 1870s, Grange fighting railroads
• Farmers’ Alliances—groups of farmers and sympathizers
- lectures on interest rates, government control of railroads, banks
- gain over 4 million members
The Rise and Fall of Populism
The Populist Party Platform
• Populism—movement of the people; Populist Party wants reforms
• Economic: increase money supply (“coinage of silver”), graduated income tax, federal loans
• Political: Senate elected by popular vote; secret ballot; 8-hour day
• 1892, Populist candidates elected at different levels of government
- Democratic Party eventually adopts platform
• Bimetallism—system using both silver and gold to back currency
• Gold standard—backing currency with gold only
• Paper money considered worthless if cannot be exchanged for metal
• Silverites: bimetalism would create more money, stimulate economy
Bryan and the “Cross of Gold”
• 1896, Republicans commit to gold, select William McKinley
• Democrats favor bimetallism, choose William Jennings Bryan
• Populists endorse Bryan, choose own VP to maintain party identity
The End of Populism
• McKinley gets East, industrial Midwest; Bryan South, farm Midwest
• McKinley elected president; Populism collapses; leaves legacy:
- the powerless can organize, have political impact
- agenda of reforms enacted in 20th century
INDUSTRY
A New Industrial Age
Natural resources and new ideas create a boom for industry and railroads.
Government addresses corruption in business, and laborers organize for better
working conditions.
The Expansion of Industry
At the end of the 19th century, natural resources, creative ideas, and growing
markets fuel an industrial boom.
New Uses for Steel
• Steel used in railroads, barbed wire, farm machines
• Changes construction: Brooklyn Bridge; steel-framed skyscrapers
Patent: the exclusive right granted by a government to an inventor to manufacture, use, or sell an invention for
a certain number of years.
Inventions Promote Change
An Age of Inventions
• Numerous new inventions change the landscape, life, work
The Power of Electricity
• 1876, Thomas Alva Edison establishes first research laboratory
- 1880, patents incandescent light bulb
- creates system for electrical production, distribution
• Electricity changes business; by 1890, runs numerous machines
• Becomes available in homes; encourages invention of appliances
• Allows manufacturers to locate plants anyplace; industry grows
Inventions Change Lifestyles
• 1876, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Watson introduce telephone
• Office work changes; by 1910, women are 40% of clerical workers
• Inventions impact factory work, lead to industrialization
- clothing factories hire many women
• Industrialization makes jobs easier; improves standard of living
- by 1890, average workweek 10 hours shorter
- as consumers, workers regain power in market
• Some laborers think mechanization reduces value of human worker
A National Network
• 1859, railroads extend west of Missouri River
• 1869, first transcontinental railroad completed, spans the nation
Railroad Time
• 1884, international conference sets world zones, uses railroad time
Opportunities and Opportunists
New Towns and Markets
• Railroads require great supply of materials, parts
• Iron, coal, steel, lumber, glass industries grow to meet demand
• Railroads link isolated towns, promote trade, interdependence
• Nationwide network of suppliers, markets develops
Pullman
• 1880, George M. Pullman builds railcar factory on Illinois prairie
• Pullman provides for workers: housing, doctors, shops, sports field
• Company tightly controls residents to ensure stable work force
Big Business and Labor
The expansion of industry results in the growth of big business and prompts
laborers to form unions to better their lives.
• Andrew Carnegie one of first moguls to make own fortune through his ownership of US Steel
Growth and Consolidation
• Businesses try to control industry with mergers—buy out competitors
• Buy all others to form monopolies—control production, wages, prices
• Holding companies buy all the stock of other companies
• John D. Rockefeller founds Standard Oil Company, forms trust
Labor Unions Emerge
Long Hours and Danger
• Northern wages generally higher than Southern
• Exploitation, unsafe conditions unite workers across regions
• Most workers have 12 hour days, 6 day workweeks
- perform repetitive, mind-dulling tasks
- no vacation, sick leave, injury compensation
• To survive, families need all member to work, including children
• Sweatshops, tenement workshops often only jobs for women, children
- require few skills; pay lowest wages
Early Labor Organizing
• Noble Order of the Knights of Labor open to women, blacks, unskilled
• Knights support 8-hour day, equal pay, arbitration
Craft unions include skilled workers from one or more trades
• Samuel Gompers helps found American Federation of Labor (AFL)
• AFL uses collective bargaining for better wages, hours, conditions
• AFL strikes successfully, wins higher pay, shorter workweek
Industrial Unionism
• Industrial unions include skilled, unskilled workers in an industry
• Eugene V. Debs forms American Railway Union; uses strikes
Strikes Turn Violent
The Great Strike of 1877
• Baltimore & Ohio Railroad strike spreads to other lines
• Governors say impeding interstate commerce; federal troops intervene
The Haymarket Affair
• 3,000 gather at Chicago’s Haymarket Square, protest police brutality
• Violence ensues; 8 charged with inciting riot, convicted
• Public opinion turns against labor movement
The Homestead Strike
• 1892, Carnegie Steel workers strike over pay cuts
• Win battle against Pinkertons; National Guard reopens plant
• Steelworkers do not remobilize for 45 years
The Pullman Company Strike
• Pullman lays off 3,000, cuts wages but not rents; workers strike
• Pullman refuses arbitration; violence ensues; federal troops sent
• Debs jailed, most workers fired, many blacklisted
IMPERIAL AGE
America Claims an Empire
Global competition prompts the United States to expand its influence and
territory, engage in conflicts around the globe, and build the Panama Canal.
Imperialism and America
Beginning in 1867 and continuing through the century, global competition causes
the United States to expand.
• Imperialism—policy of extending control over weaker nations
• In 1800s, Europeans divide up most of Africa, compete for China
• Japan joins race for China; U.S. decides to expand overseas
Desire for Military Strength
• Admiral Alfred T. Mahan urges U.S. to build up navy to compete
• U.S. builds modern battleships, becomes third largest naval power
Thirst for New Markets
• U.S. farms, factories produce more than Americans can consume
• U.S. needs raw materials, new markets for goods
• Foreign trade: solution to overproduction, unemployment, depression
Belief in Cultural Superiority
• Some combine Social Darwinism, belief in superiority of Anglo-Saxons
• Argue U.S. has duty to Christianize, civilize “inferior peoples”
Early Expansion
• William Seward—Secretary of State under Lincoln, Johnson
• 1867, arranges purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million
- has trouble convincing House to fund purchase
- Alaska called “Seward’s Folly”
• Alaska rich in timber, minerals, oil
The United States Takes Hawaii
The Cry for Annexation
• Since 1790s, U.S. merchants stop in Hawaii on way to China, India
• 1820s, Yankee missionaries found schools, churches on islands
• Mid-1800s, American-owned sugar plantations 75% of islands’ wealth
• 1887, U.S. pressures Hawaii to allow naval base at Pearl Harbor
- becomes refueling station
• 1890 McKinley Tariff eliminates duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar
• Planters call for U.S. to annex islands so will not have to pay duty
The End of a Monarchy
• 1887, businessmen force King Kalakaua to limit vote to landowners
• Queen Liliuokalani tries to remove landowning requirement
• With help of marines, business groups overthrow queen
• Set up government headed by Sanford B. Dole
• President Cleveland cannot make Dole surrender power to queen
- recognizes Republic of Hawaii
• Under President McKinley, Congress proclaims Hawaii U.S. territory
The Spanish-American War
In 1898, the United States goes to war to help Cuba win its independence from
Spain.
The Spanish-American War
Cubans Rebel Against Spain
American Interest in Cuba
• U.S. long interested in Cuba; wants to buy Cuba from Spain
• During 1868–1878 war for independence, American sympathies with Cuba
• 1886 U.S. investment in sugar cane
• José Martí—poet, journalist—launches second revolution in 1895
• Guerrilla campaign destroys American-owned sugar mills, plantations
• U. S. public opinion split:
- business wants to support Spain
- others favor Cuban cause
War Fever Escalates
Headline Wars
• Yellow journalism—sensational writing used to lure, enrage readers Joseph Pulitzer New York World and
William Randolph Hearst New York Journal
The de Lôme Letter
• Headlines increase American sympathy for independent Cuba
• McKinley wants to avoid war, tries diplomacy to resolve crisis
• Private letter by Spanish minister Enrique Dupuy de Lôme published
- calls McKinley weak, swayed by public
• Spain apologizes, de Lôme resigns; American public angry
The U.S.S. Maine Explodes
• U.S.S. Maine sent to pick up U.S. citizens, protect U.S. property
• Ship blows up in Havana harbor; newspapers blame Spain
War with Spain Erupts
The U.S. Declares War
• Spain agrees to most U.S. demands, public opinion still favors war
• U.S. declares war April 1898
The War in the Philippines
• First battle with Spain occurs in Spanish colony of the Philippines
• Commodore George Dewey destroys Spanish fleet in Manila harbor
• Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, support Dewey
• August 1898, Spanish troops in Manila surrender to U.S.
The War in the Caribbean
• U.S. blockades Cuba; Spanish fleet in Santiago de Cuba harbor
• Unlike navy, U.S. army has small professional force, many volunteers
- volunteers ill-prepared, ill-supplied
Rough Riders
• Rough Riders—Leonard Wood, Theodore Roosevelt lead volunteer cavalry
• Roosevelt declared hero of attack on strategic San Juan Hill
• Spanish fleet tries to escape blockade, is destroyed in naval battle
• U.S. troops invade Puerto Rico soon after
Treaty of Paris
• Spain, U.S. sign armistice August 1898; meet in Paris to make treaty
• Spain frees Cuba; hands Guam, Puerto Rico to U.S.; sells Philippines
Debate over the Treaty
• Treaty of Paris touches off great debate over imperialism
• McKinley tries to justify annexation of Philippines on moral grounds
Acquiring New Lands
In the early 1900s, the United States engages in conflicts in Puerto Rico, Cuba,
and the Philippines
Acquiring New Lands
Ruling Puerto Rico
Military Rule
• During Spanish-American War, General Nelson A. Miles occupies island. Puerto Rico under military control
• 1900, Foraker Act sets up civil government
-president appoints governor, upper house
• 1917, Puerto Ricans made U.S. citizens; elect both houses
Cuba and the United States
American Soldiers
• U.S. recognizes Cuban independence from Spain
• Teller Amendment says U.S. has no intention of taking over Cuba
• After war U.S. occupies Cuba; has same officials in office as Spain
Platt Amendment
• U.S. makes Cuba add Platt Amendment to its 1901 constitution
• Platt Amendment does not allow Cuba to go into debt; also stipulates
- no treaties that let foreign power control land
- U.S. has right to intervene
- U.S. can buy, lease land for navy
• Protectorate—country whose affairs partly controlled by stronger one
Filipinos Rebel
Philippine-American War
• Filipinos outraged at Treaty of Paris call for annexation
• 1899 Filipinos fight for independence against U.S.
•- white U.S. soldiers see Filipinos as inferior
- black troops troubled at spreading prejudice
• 20,000 Filipinos die in fight for independence
Aftermath of the War
• U.S. president appoints governor who appoints upper house
- people elect lower house
• July 4, 1946, Philippines become independent
America as a World Power
The Russo-Japanese War, the Panama Canal, and the Mexican Revolution add
to America’s military and economic power.
Teddy Roosevelt and the World
Panama Canal
• U.S. wants canal to cut travel time of commercial, military ships
• U.S. buys French company’s route through Panama
• Negotiates with Colombia to build Panama Canal; talks break down
• French company agent helps organize Panamanian rebellion
- U.S. gives military aid
• U.S., Panama sign treaty; U.S. pays $10 million for Canal Zone
The Roosevelt Corollary – “Walk softly and carry a big stick”
• Roosevelt fears European intervention if Latin America defaults
• Reminds Europeans of Monroe Doctrine, demands they stay out
• Roosevelt Corollary—U. S. to use force to protect economic interests
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
• Early 1900s, U.S. exercises police power on several occasions
• Dollar diplomacy—U.S. guarantees foreign loans by U.S. business
Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy
The Mexican Revolution
• Missionary diplomacy—U.S. has moral responsibility to help the world and bring democracy.
Results of the Imperial Age:
United States becomes a global power with influence over foreign nations and colonies.