Download Vulnerability of coastal fishery communities to - indo

Vulnerability of coastal fishery
communities to climate change in Kerala
state
5-11-2013, Annemarie Groot, Tanya Singh and Kirstin van Riel,
Outline
Vulnerability to climate change
Case study: Vulnerability of coastal fishery
communities to climate change in Kerala state
Exercise (tools)
Vulnerability to climate change?
Vulnerability is the degree to which a system is
susceptible to, or unable to cope with adverse effects of
climate change (including climate variability and
extremes) (IPCC, 2007)
Primary determinants: exposure, sensitivity and adaptive
capacity
Vulnerability to climate change: main
determinants (IPCC, 2007)
Exposure: exposure of a system
to stimuli that act on a particular
system (temperature increases,
changes in frequency or intensity
of precipitation..)
Sensitivity: responsiveness of a
system to climate hazards
Adaptive capacity: refers to the
ability of a system to adjust to CC.
Ability is measured in terms of
resources availability (human,
technical, biophysical and financial
capital) and institutional capacity
Vulnerability indices and indicators (examples)
Location
of houses
Change in
temperature
Infrastructure
onset of
the
demographics
exposure
monsoon
Age
sensitivity
diversification
Vulnerability
precipitation
generation
adaptive
Change
in income
capacity
no. of
intensity
income
of
precipitati
access to
access to
generating
on
information
technology
activities
early warning
Awareness
system
raising
Contextual nature of vulnerability
and difficulties of validating
indicators provide challenges to
development of vulnerability
indicators
Approaches: top down - bottom up
Top down
Bottom up
(Kerala case
study)
Case study: Vulnerability of fisheries and fishery
dependent communities to climate change
Start to build understanding about vulnerability
Context: Indo Mareclim
Research question
What determines the vulnerability of the fisheries sector, in
particular the fishing communities under consideration to
changes in the biophysical system? And how do different actors
within the fisheries sector perceive and respond to the affects
that shape their vulnerability?
Climate change is an add-on stressor
Fishery communities are affected by multiple
anthropogenic factors (climate change is just one of
these
Source: CMFRI
Overexploitation
Climate
Change
Impact on Fishing
communities
Applied methodology
Bottom up approach - participatory vulnerability
assessment
Focus on current vulnerability (future vulnerability
touched upon)
Desk study research combined with interviews with
stakeholders....
Study area ....
Stakeholders / interviewees
•
Community (n=39):
• Traditional fishermen (canoes and catamarans)
• Traditional motorised
• Trawlers
• Fish vendors
• ‘Middle man’
• Fishermen wives
•
State level (n=15):
• Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI)
• State Fisheries Department
• NGO’s
•
Students of the Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean studies (KUFOS)
university
Study area: Kerala state - Ernakulam district (Vypin
Island) and Alappey district
General information on fisheries and fishery communities
Fisheries industry in Kerala has a dominant role in its economic
development. Share of Kerala is 8.2% in India’s total fish production
Marine fishery sector in Kerala has increased over the years (no.
people)
Marine fishes dominate total landing include Indian Oils sardines,
India Mackerel, threadfin breams, ribbon fishes, tuna (pelagic fishes)
and perch, sharks, prawns
Traditional (marine and inland) and mechanized (incl. trawling
boats)(marine). Traditional fishermen mainly involved in pelagic
fisheries, trawlers involved in highly valued export fish (e.g. marine
shrimps)
Fishermen are active in the traditional (marine and inland) or
mechanized fishery sector, fisher women are mainly involved in post
harvesting activities (processing, peeling)
General information on fisheries and fishery communities
(continuation): coastal zone management, fishery regulation
Coastal Regulation Zone Notification (CRZ)
Integrated coastal zone management programme still to be
developed
Kerala fisheries development and management policy (1993)
Trawl-ban (mechanized boats), 47 days mid June - end of July,
marine fisheries)
Welfare and self help programmes to enhance social and
economic security
No state level Climate Change action plan yet
Outcomes: based on interviews – literature
Exposure to climate change
Change in monsoon pattern (SW): decrease in frequency and
intensity (years before 2013). In 2013, intense rain and air
currents
Decrease in occurrence of coastal upwelling
Increased sea surface temperature (SST) (0.2˚- 0.3˚C in past 45
years)
Increased sea level rise
Increased salinity
Increase in heavy storms, coastal flooding and such coastal erosion
ST2
Slide 15
ST2
sometimes kirstin mentions droughts, but emphasis is more on floods
Singh, Tanya, 03-11-2013
Sensitivity to climate change
High dependency on fisheries sector
Lack of job alternatives (women are an exception)
Housing location (very close to the water, thus prone to
floods and storms)
High sensitivity
Impact of CC on fish resources and fishing
community
Exposure
Impact
Decrease in frequency
and intensity of
monsoon rainfall
1) Before 2013
• Fishermen/women: negative effect on spawning
• Officials: change in monsoon can have positive and negative
effect on spawning season - production capacity
• Less opportunities to go out fishing –decrease in catch
• Decrease in income
2) 2013
Increase in sea surface
temperature
• Increase in fast growing, smaller, short lived and low value
fish
• Extended distribution of pelagic fish (India mackerel still
abundant but migrating to North, oil sardine abundant)
• Sharks and catfish are declining (both fishermen/ officials)
(not clearly linked to SST)
• Shift in spawning season (towards cooler periods)
Decrease in occurrence
of coastal upwelling (no
upwelling in 2013)
• Less pelagic fish in inshore waters
Coastal erosion
Houses , roads .. destroyed
Inland fisheries
• Eutrophication and mass fish kills
• Emerging fish diseases
Trends in fisheries resources based on interviews and
literature findings
Marine fish species
Trends based on stakeholders
perception
Source of information
Literature findings
Oil Sardine –
Sardinella longiceps
Increased
Trawler
Increased (since 2000)
Increased
CMFRI, State Fisheries Department
wives of fishermen
Increased (i.e. CMFRI, 2013)
Vivekanandan, 2011; Mohamed et
al., 2013)
Declining (Mohamed et al., 2013).
Silver moony –
Monodactylus Argenteus
Tiger prawns - Penaeus monodon
Decreased since 2000
Decreased in quantity and
quality (size)
Decreased in quality (size)
CMFRI, State Fisheries Department
Gill netters
Fisherwoman
Marine shrimp (penaeid prawns)
Threadfin bream (pink perch)
Decreased
Decreased
Mechanized/ Trawler
Mechanized/ State Fisheries Dept.
Tuna
Cat fishes - Tachysurus sp.
Decreased
Depleted since 1973
Mechanized
Mechanzed, State Fisheries Dept.
Declining
‘Vanished’
Trawler; FGD
Trawler, traditional fishing couple;
motorised
Indian Mackerel –
Rastrilliger kanagurta
Sharks / Rays / Skates Elasmobranchs
Declining
FGD; CMFRI
No change
Trawler / net mender
Decreased
Traditional, small scale fisherman
Abundant but showing a negative
growth (Sathianandan et al., 2011)
Decreasing since 1997 (Nair,2011)
Increase (i.e. CMFRI, 2013)
Decreased (Sathianandan et al.,
2011)
X
Disappeared since 1997 (Nair,
2011)
Collapsed (Mohamed et al., 2013)
Declining (Mohamed et al., 2013)
Less abundant (Sathianandan et
al., 2011)
Inland fish species
Pearl spot - Etroplus suratensis
x
Adaptive capacity
Poor access to financial resources (high interest rates)
Poor access to education
Access to networks: Women seems to have better access
to networks than men
Access to information: Tsunami warning system
is
perceived as being effective
Roads, bridges are constructed to facilitate evacuation
Governance, leadership: Coastal Regulation Zone
notification is perceived as being partially effective, trawl
ban is considered to be effective
Vulnerability
Traditional fishermen (highest: lack access to facilities,
live close to the water, difficult to get loans, no
alternative, at high risks during storms)
Mechanized fishermen/trawlers (lower; capacity to extent
fishing range towards deeper water)
Chinese-net fishermen (lower: highly vulnerable during
SW monsoon)
Women of fishermen (lower: take on alternative
employment, SHG)
Youth (lower: might have a better future, due to
education and migration)
Fish vendors (low: more financial capital, affected by
price fluctuation)
Recommendations to better dealing with CC impacts
and sustain fisheries resources (coping/adaptation)
Trawl-ban might need to be adjusted as spawning seasons and distribution
ranges of fishes are said to be changing
Support development of alternative income generating activities e.g. in
tourism (mal adaptation!)
Support adaptive fishing and post-harvest practices to sustain fish production
and quality
Increase awareness about CC among fishing communities and other
stakeholders
Develop decision support systems for fisheries (prices, ..
Stop overfishing and adopt Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and
Integrated Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management
Future outlook
Total amount of rainfall is likely to decrease
The occurrence of upwelling is likely to become even less
frequent (SW wind flow is likely to weaken)
Decrease in amount of (pelagic) fish in the
inshore waters
Traditional fisheries might become a dying tradition
But, effects of the monsoon/CC on fish production,
fishery community remain unclear. Need for research!
Exercise: introduction of tools
Climatic hazard trend analysis
Objective
To gain insight into past climatic hazards and identify trends in their nature,
intensity and impacts
To develop insight into the impact of the climatic hazards
To understand past and present coping strategies, incl. their effectiveness
To identify a first set of adaptation options
Procedure
1.Start with the earliest hazard event anyone can remember, a timeline of the
last 20-30 years is developed to identify and discuss large climatic hazard
events.
2.Discuss the impacts of the events, community reaction and coping strategies
and institutional support.
3.Assess and discuss the effectiveness of the coping/ adaptation strategies
(past, present and future)
4.Identify new adaptation strategies that are more effective
Climatic hazard trend analysis (example)
Tool ‘Livelihood Resource Vulnerability Assessment’
(Regmi et al, 2010)
Objective of the tool
To assess the intensity of impact of climatic hazards on livelihood resources
Process and procedure
Identify a number of climate induced hazards and relevant resources.
Resources can be technical capital (e.g. roads), social/human capital (e.g.
networks) or financial. Write the climate induced hazards and relevant
resources in a table.
Participants rate the impact severity of the climatic hazards on the different
resources.
Scores are decided by consensus, use rating system as described in the tool
description
Expected outputs
Insight into those livelihood assets that are heavily affected by climateinduced hazards
Table: Livelihood Resource Vulnerability Assessment
Climate
induced
hazards
Resources
Fish (marine)
Fish (back
waters)
Marketing
network
Roads
Etc.
Increased
uncertainty in
rain fall
Increased
risk of soil
erosion
3 (High impact
on the
resource)
Etc.
Etc.
etc.
Tool Vulnerability Assessment (Regmi et al, 2010)
Use of the tool
To differentiate vulnerability to climatic hazards across different sectors and social groups
To identify most vulnerable social groups within a community and most vulnerable sectors
Process and procedure
Preferably, make use of a focus group discussion.
Participants discuss the vulnerability of each social group to each climatic hazard and
consensually agree a rating as below.
Climate induced hazards are listed along one side of a grid, as shown hereafter.
Because of time constraints focus only on social groups (if you have time you could
assess different sectors as well). List different social groups (age, gender, types of
fishermen/women..) as shown in the table hereafter.
Expected output:
Insights into the most vulnerable people and groups within a community (and/or the
most vulnerable sectors), including the reasons why
Table: Vulnerability Assessment
social groups within the
community
age
differentiatio
n
gender
differentiatio
n
climate change induced hazards
etc.
increased
increased
increased
uncertainty illness
in risk
of
in rain fall
the family
erosion
youth
adults
elderly
men
women
etc.
Types of
fisherman/women
Traditional
Mechanized
etc.
Sectors
Fisheries
Agriculture
Etc.
(2)
(3)
End slide or
section heading
Tekst