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CONTENTS
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgements
CHAPTER 1
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Genetics and Society
Genetics: The Study of Biological Information
The Biological Information Fundamental to Life Is Encoded in
the DNA Molecule 000
Biological Function Emerges from Protein Molecules
000
Complex Systems Arise from DNA-Protein and Protein-Protein
Interactions 000
All Living Things Are Closely Related
Developing Guidelines for Genetic Screening
000
CHAPTER 3
Extensions to Mendel: Complexities in Relating
Genotype to Phenotype 000
Extensions to Mendel for Single-Gene Inheritance
Dominance Is Not Always Complete
000
000
000
A Gene May Have More Than Two Alleles
The Modular Construction of Genomes Has Allowed the
Relatively Rapid Evolution of Complexity 000
000
One Gene May Contribute to Several Visible Characteristics
Genetic Techniques Permit the Dissection of Complexity
Our Focus in on Human Genetics
000
000
000
000
How Human Genetics Is Leading Us Toward Predictive and Preventive
Medicine 000
The New Scope of Human Genetics and the New Potential of
Predictive and Preventive Medicine Intensify the Need to
Confront Many Social Issues 000
000
A Comprehensive Example: Sickle-Cell Anemia Illustrates Many
Extensions to Mendel’s Analysis of Single-Gene Inheritance
Extensions to Mendel for Multifactorial Inheritance
Two Genes Can Interact to Determine One Trait
000
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000
Breeding Studies Help Decide How a Trait Is Inherited
000
The same genotype does not always produce the same
phenotype 000
Even Continuous Variation Can Be Explained by Extensions to
Mendelian Analysis 000
P
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The Mouse’s Coat Color: A Comprehensive Example of Multiple Alleles
and Multifactorial Traits 000
I
Basic Principles:
How Traits Are Transmitted
000
Genetics and Society
000
Disease Prevention Versus the Right to Privacy
CHAPTER 4
The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
CHAPTER 2
Mendel’s Breakthrough: Patterns, Particles, and
Principles of Heredity 000
Background: The Historical Puzzle of Inheritance
A New Experimental Approach
Evidence That Genes Reside in the Nucleus
000
Artificial Selection Was the First Applied Genetic Practice
The Puzzle of Passing on Desirable Traits
Chromosomes Contain the Genetic Material
000
Mitosis Ensures That Every Cell in an Organism Carries the
Same Chromosomes 000
000
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Genetic Analysis According to Mendel
000
Evidence That Genes Reside in Chromosomes
000
000
000
During Interphase, Cells Grow and Replicate Their
Chromosomes 000
000
Monohybrid Crosses Reveal Units of Inheritance and the Law of
Segregation 000
During Mitosis (M Phase), Sister Chromatids Separate and Are
Apportioned to Different Daughter Nuclei 000
Mendel’s Results Reflect Basic Rules of Probability
Regulatory Checkpoints Ensure Correct Chromosome Separation
During Mitosis 000
000
Dihybrid Crosses Reveal the Law of Independent Assortment
Why Mendel’s Work Was Unappreciated Before 1900
000
000
Meiosis Produces Haploid Germ Cells, the Gametes
A Vertical Pattern of Inheritance Indicates a Rare Dominant Trait
A Horizontal Pattern of Inheritance Indicates a Rare Recessive
Trait 000
Fast Forward
000
Genes Encode Proteins
Fast Forward
000
During Meiosis I, Homologous Chromosomes Pair, Exchange Parts,
and Then Segregate from Each Other 000
During Meiosis II, Sister Chromatids Separate to Produce Haploid
Gametes 000
A Summary of the Significant Events of Meiosis
Meiosis Contributes to Genetic Diversity
000
Meiosis and Mitosis: A Comparison
000
The Direct Analysis of Human Genotype
000
000
Meiosis Consists of One Round of Chromosome Replication But Two
Rounds of Nuclear Division 000
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans: A Comprehensive
Example 000
000
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Gametogenesis Requires Both Mitotic and Meiotic
Divisions 000
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Egg Formation in Humans: Asymmetrical Meiotic Divisions Produce
One Large Ovum 000
Spermatogenesis in Humans: Symmetrical Meiotic Divisions Produce
Four Sperm 000
Validation of the Chromosome Theory
000
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Some Genetic Information Is Accessible Even in Intact, DoubleStranded DNA Molecules 000
000
A Few Viruses Use RNA as Their Repository of Genetic Information
How Gene Mutations Cause Errors in Mitosis
Linkage, Recombination, and the Mapping of Genes
on Chromosomes 000
Gene Linkage and Recombination
000
Some Genes on the Same Chromosome Assort Together More Often
Than Not 000
Recombination Results When Crossing-Over During Meiosis Separates
Linked Genes 000
Linkage and Recombination: A Summary
000
DNA Replication: Copying Genetic Information for
Transmission to the Next Generation 000
000
CHAPTER 5
000
Mapping: Locating Genes Along a Chromosome
Complementary Base Pairing Produces Semiconservative Replication:
An Overview 000
The Molecular Mechanism of Replication: Doubling the Double
Helix 000
The Mechanics of DNA Replication at the Chromosomal Level
Three-Point Crosses: A Faster, More Accurate Way to Map Genes
Recombination Reshuffles the Information Content
of DNA 000
A Molecular Model of Crossing-Over
Fast Forward
000
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Restriction Enzymes Recognize Specific Base Sequences in DNA
How Close Is the Correlation Between a Genetic Map and Physical
Reality? 000
000
CHAPTER 7
Anatomy and Function of a Gene: Dissection Through
Mutation 000
Multiple-Factor Crosses Help Establish Linkage Groups by
Inference 000
Tetrad Analysis in Fungi: A Powerful Tool for Mapping and
Understanding the Mechanisms of Recombination 000
Mitotic Recombination Can Produce Genetic Mosaics
000
Cells Must Ensure the Accuracy of Their Genetic Information—Before,
During, and After Replication 000
During Recombination, DNA Molecules Break and Rejoin
000
Two-Point Crosses: Comparisons Help Establish Relative Gene
Positions 000
Mutations: Primary Tools of Genetic Analysis
000
Mutations Are Heritable Changes in Base Sequences That Modify the
Information Content of DNA 000
000
Spontaneous Mutations Influencing Phenotypes Occur at a Very Low
Rate 000
000
Spontaneous Mutations Arise from Many Kinds of Random Events
000
Mutagens Induce Mutations
Gene Mapping Leads to a Possible Cure for Cystic Fibrosis
Genetics and Society
000
Much of DNA’s Sequence-Specific Information Is Accessible Only
When the Double Helix Is Unwound 000
000
The Chromosome Theory Integrates Many Aspects of Gene
Behavior 000
Fast Forward
The Double Helix May Assume Alternative Forms
DNA Stores Information in the Sequence of Its Bases
Specific Traits Are Transmitted with Specific Chromosomes
The Chi Square Test
000
The Double Helix Contains Two Antiparallel Chains That Associate by
Complementary Base Pairing 000
DNA Structure Is the Foundation of Genetic Function
The Chromosome Theory Correlates Mendel’s Laws with
Chromosome Behavior During Meiosis 000
Fast Forward
Nucleotides Are the Basic Building Blocks of DNA
000
Impact: Mutations Have Consequences for the Evolution of Species
and the Survival of Organisms 000
000
Mitotic Recombination and Cancer Formation
000
000
What Mutations Tell Us About Gene Structure
000
000
Complementation Testing Reveals Whether Two Mutations Are in the
Same or Different Genes 000
P
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A gene Is a Linear Sequence of Nucleotide Pairs That Can Mutate
Independently and Recombine with Each Other 000
I
What Genes Are and What
They Do 000
A Gene Is a Discrete Linear Set of Nucleotide Pairs
What Mutations Tell Us About Gene Function
The One Gene, One Enzyme Hypothesis: A Gene Contains the
Information for Producing a Specific Enzyme 000
CHAPTER 6
DNA: How the Molecule of Heredity Carries,
Replicates, and Recombines Information 000
Experiments Designate DNA as the Genetic Material
Bacterial Transformation Implicates DNA as the Substance of Genes
Convincing Evidence That Genes Are DNA: The Molecule Carries
the Information Required for the Replication of Bacterial
Viruses 000
The Watson-Crick Model: DNA Is a Double Helix
000
Genes Specify the Identity and Order of Amino Acids in a Polypeptide
Chain 000
000
Chemical Characterization Localizes DNA in the Chromosomes
000
000
How Genotype Correlates with Phenotype
000
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Dominance Relations Between Alleles Depend on the Relation
Between Protein Function and Phenotype 000
How Gene Mutations Affect Light-Receiving Proteins and
Vision: A Comprehensive Example 000
The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Vision
000
How Mutations in the Rhodopsin Family Influence the Way We See
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Fast Forward
000
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Using Mutagenesis to Look at Biological Processes
Genetics and Society
000
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Amplified Trinucleotide Repeats May Have Medical
Consequences 000
CHAPTER 9
Deconstructing the Genome: DNA at High
Resolution 000
CHAPTER 8
Gene Expression: The Flow of Genetic Information
from DNA via RNA to Protein 000
The Genetic Code: How Precise Groupings of the Four
Nucleotides Specify 20 Amino Acids 000
A Gene’s Nucleotide Sequence Is Colinear with the Amino-Acid
Sequence of the Encoded Polypeptide 000
Nonoverlapping Codons Are Set in a Reading Frame
000
Cracking the Code: Biochemical Manipulations Revealed Which
Codons Represent Which Amino Acids 000
The Genetic Code: A Summary
Different Restriction Enzymes Produce Different Numbers of
Fragments from the Same Genome 000
Gel Electrophoresis Distinguishes DNA Fragments According to Size
000
000
Transcription: RNA Polymerase Synthesizes a Single-Stranded
RNA Copy of a Gene 000
000
In Eukaryotes, RNA Processing After Transcription Produces a Mature
mRNA 000
Translation: Base Pairing Between mRNA and tRNAs
Directs Assembly of a Polypeptide on the
Ribosome 000
Transfer RNAs Mediate the Translation of mRNA Codons to Amino
Acids 000
Ribosomes Are the Sites of Polypeptide Synthesis
000
000
There Are Significant Differences in Gene Expression Between
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 000
In Eukaryotes, the Nuclear Membrane Prevents the Coupling of
Transcription and Translation 000
The Initiation of Translation Also Differs Between Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes 000
The Presence or Absence of Introns and RNA Processing
To Purify Cloned DNA, You Separate Recombinant Plasmid Vector
from Host DNA, and DNA Insert from Vector 000
Libraries Are Collections of Cloned Fragments
000
Expression Vectors Provide a Means for Producing Large Amounts of a
Specific Polypeptide 000
Hybridization Is Used to Identify Similar DNA
Sequences 000
Preparing the Library
000
Constructing the DNA Probes
000
000
Gel Electrophoresis Combined with Hybridization Provides a Tool for
Mapping DNA Fragments 000
The Polymerase Chain Reaction Provides a Rapid Method for
Isolating DNA Fragments 000
How PCR Achieves the Exponential Accumulation of Target
DNA 000
PCR Products Can be Used Just Like Cloned Restriction
Fragments 000
PCR Has Many Uses
000
000
DNA Sequence Analysis
Comprehensive Example: A Computerized Analysis of Gene
Expression in C. elegans 000
000
Mutations in a Gene’s Coding Sequence Can Alter the Gene
Product 000
Mutations in a Gene Outside the Coding Sequence Can Also Alter
Gene Expression 000
Mutations in Genes Encoding the Molecules That Implement
Expression May Affect Transcription, mRNA Splicing, or
Translation 000
Genetics and Society
000
Cloning Step 2: Host Cells Take up and Amplify Vector-Insert
Recombinants 000
Screening the Library
Processing After Translation Can Change a Polypeptide’s
Structure 000
How Mutations Affect Gene Expression
000
Restriction Maps Provide a Rough Roadmap of Virus Genomes and
Other Purified DNA Fragments 000
Cloning Step 1: Ligation of Fragments to Cloning Vectors Creates
Recombinant DNA Molecules 000
The Genetic Code Is Almost, but Not Quite, Universal
The Mechanism of Translation
000
Different Restriction Enzymes Produce Fragments of Different
Lengths 000
Cloning Fragments of DNA
000
Using Genetics to Verify the Code
Fragmenting Complex Genomes into Bite-Size Pieces for
Analysis 000
Restriction Enzymes Fragment the Genome at Specific Sites
In the Genetic Code, a Triplet Codon Represents Each Amino
Acid 000
Details of the Process
A
Genomes
000
000
General Principles of the Procedure
Sequencing Long Regions of DNA
Understanding the Genes for Hemoglobin: A Comprehensive
Example 000
The Genes Encoding Hemoglobin Occur in Two Clusters on Two
Separate Chromosomes 000
A Variety of Mutations Account for the Diverse Symptoms of GlobinRelated Diseases 000
The - and -Globin Loci House Multiple Genes That Evolved from
One Ancestral Gene 000
Genetics and Society
HIV and Reverse Transcription: An Unusual DNA Polymerase Helps Give
the AIDS Virus an Evolutionary Edge 000
000
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Serendipity in Science: The Discovery of Restriction Enzymes
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CHAPTER 10
Reconstructing the Genome Through Genetic and
Molecular Analysis 000
CHAPTER 11
The Direct Detection of Genotype Distinguishes
Individual Genomes 000
Analyses of Genomes
DNA Variation Is Multifaceted and Widespread
000
The Genomes of Living Organisms Vary Enormously in Size
000
Genomicists Look at Two Basic Features of Genomes: Sequence and
Polymorphisms 000
Four Relatively Simple Techniques Make Genome Characterization
Possible 000
Large-Scale Maps Serve as Guides to Whole Genomes
000
High-Density Linkage Maps: Computerized Analyses of Transmission
Data Position Unlimited Numbers of Markers in Relation to Each
Other 000
The Making of Large-Scale Linkage Maps
000
The Integration of Linkage, Physical, and Sequence Maps
000
000
There Are Three Approaches to the Direct Detection of SNPs
How to Detect Alleles That Change the Length of a Locus
Major Insights from the Human and Model Organism Genome
Sequences 000
000
The Genome Contains Distinct Types of Gene Organization
000
Evolution May Occur by the Lateral Transfer of Genes from One
Organism to Another 000
Males Appear to Have More Than a Twofold Increased Rate of
Mutation in Meiosis over Females 000
How Geneticists Move from Complex Traits to Sets of Contributing
Loci 000
Genetics and Society
Genetics and Society
P
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Global Proteomic Strategies and High-Throughput
Platforms 000
Uses of Genomic and Proteomic High-Throughput
Platforms 000
R
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The Eukaryotic Chromosome: An Organelle for
Packaging and Managing DNA 000
The Components of Eukaryotic Chromosomes: DNA, Histones,
and Nonhistone Proteins 000
Each Chromosome Packages a Single Long Molecule of DNA
000
The Protein Components of Eukaryotic Chromosomes: Histones and
Nonhistone Proteins 000
Chromosome Structure: Variable DNA-Protein Interactions
Create Reversible Levels of Compaction 000
000
Predictive/Preventive Medicine
000
Predictive/Preventive Medicine Raises Challenging Social, Ethical, and
Legal Issues for Which There Are No Simple Solutions 000
The Patentability of DNA
A
How Genes Travel
CHAPTER 12
High-Throughput Genomic and Proteomic Platforms Permit
the Global Analysis of Gene Products 000
Genetics and Society
000
Using Human Pedigrees and LOD Scores to Calculate the Probability
That Two Loci Are Linked 000
The Sequences of the Human and Model Organism Genomes
Reaffirm That All Living Organisms Evolved from a Common
Ancestor 000
In the Future, Other Features of Chromosomes Will Become
Increasingly Important 000
000
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Social and Ethical Issues Surrounding Preimplantation Embryo
Diagnosis 000
The Different Human Races Appear to Have Very Few Uniquely
Distinguishing Genes 000
Systems Biology
000
How the Causes of Complex Inheritance Patterns Confound Linkage
Mapping and Thus Positional Cloning 000
Haplotypes Are Sets of Closely Linked Alleles
Combinatorial Strategies May Amplify Genetic Information and
Generate Diversity 000
Global Genomic Strategies and High-Throughput Platforms
000
Haplotype Association Studies for High-Resolution Mapping
in Humans 000
000
Repeat Sequences Constitute More Than 50% of the Human
Genome 000
High-Throughput Instruments
000
000
Comprehensive Example: Positional Cloning of the Cystic Fibrosis
Gene Leads to a Potential Therapy 000
Genetic Dissection of Complex Traits
The Human Genome Project Has Changed the Practice of Biology,
Genetics, and Genomics 000
Genes Encode Either Noncoding RNAs or Proteins
Detecting DNA Genotypes of Different Types
of Polymorphisms 000
In Positional Cloning, Linkage Analysis with DNA Markers Helps
Identify Disease Genes 000
A Sequence Map Is the Highest-Resolution Genomic Map
There Are 40,000–60,000 Human Genes
Geneticists Categorize DNA Polymorphisms in Four Different
Classes 000
In Rare Cases, It Is Possible to Move from a Disease Phenotype to the
Causative Gene Without Linkage Analysis 000
Long-Range Physical Maps: Karyotypes and Genomic
Libraries Provide the Basis for Positioning Markers
on Chromosomes 000
Finding Genes in a Sequenced Genome
000
Members of the Same Species Show Enormous Sequence Variation in
Their Genomes 000
Positional Cloning: from DNA Markers to Gene Clones
000
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000
The Nucleosome: The Fundamental Unit of Chromosomal Packaging
Arises from DNA’s Association with Histones 000
Models of Higher-Level Packaging Seek to Explain the Extreme
Compaction of Chromosomes at Mitosis 000
A Closer Look at Karyotypes: Fully Compacted Metaphase
Chromosomes Have Unique, Reproducible Banding Patterns
That Identify Them 000
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Specialized Chromosomal Elements Ensure Accurate Replication
and Segregation of Chromosomes 000
The Accurate Duplication of Chromosome Structure Depends on
Origins of Replication and Telomeres 000
How Bacteria Move to Achieve Chemotaxis
Controlled Decompaction Precedes Gene Expression
The Future of Bacterial Genetics
000
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000
Rearrangements of DNA Sequences Within Chromosomes
Duplications Add Material to the Genome
000
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000
Translocations Attach Part of One Chromosome to Another
Chromosome 000
Transposable Genetic Elements Move from Place to Place in the
Genome 000
Rearrangements and Evolution: A Speculative Comprehensive
Example 000
Changes in Chromosome Number
000
CHAPTER 15
The Chromosomes of Organelles Outside the Nucleus
Exhibit Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance 000
The Structure and Function of Mitochrondrial and Chloroplast
Genomes 000
000
Inversions Reorganize the DNA Sequence of a Chromosome
000
000
How Bacteria Cause Disease
Chromosomal Rearrangements and Changes
in Chromosome Number Reshape Eukaryotic
Genomes 000
000
The Loss or Gain of One or More Chromosomes Results
in Aneuploidy 000
Some Euploid Species Contain Complete but Nondiploid Sets of
Chromosomes 000
A Glimpse of the Future: Emergent Technologies in the Analysis
of Chromosomal Rearrangments and Changes in
Chromosome Number 000
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Are Organelles of Energy Conversion
That Carry Their Own DNA 000
The Genomes of Mitochondria
The Genomes of Chloroplasts
000
000
Mitochondria and Chloroplast Functions Require Cooperation
Between the Organelle and Nuclear Genomes 000
Origin and Evolution of Organelle Genomes: The Molecular
Evidence 000
Genetic Studies of Organelle Genomes Clarify Key Elements of
non-Mendelian Inheritance 000
In Most Species, Progeny Inherit Organelle DNA from Only One—
Usually the Maternal—Parent 000
Some Organisms Exhibit Biparental Inheritance
Development of the Immune System Depends on Programmed DNA
Rearranngements 000
Individuals with Certain Rare Diseases of the Nervous System Are
Heteroplasmic for Wild-Type and Mutant mtDNAs 000
Mitochondrial Inheritance in Identical Twins
CHAPTER 14
Mitochondrial Mutations and Aging
The Prokaryotic Chromosome: Genetic Analysis in
Bacteria 000
A General Overview of Prokaryotes
The Immense Diversity of Bacteria
000
Fast Forward
000
000
Genetics and Society
000
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000
Mitochondrial DNA Tests Replace HLA Typing as Evidence of Kinship
in Argentine Courts 000
000
P
Plasmids: Smaller Circles of DNA That Do Not Carry Essential
Genes 000
Gene Transfer in Bacteria
000
000
Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Shed Light on Human Evolution
The Power of Bacterial Genetics Is the Potential for Studying Rare
Events 000
One Circular Chromosome
000
Summary of the Genetic Principles of Non-Mendelian
Inheritance 000
Comprehensive Example: How Mutations in mtDNA Affect
Human Health 000
000
The Bacterial Genome
000
Genomic Information Has Forced Scientists to Reevaluate Their
Notions of Bacterial Evolutions 000
Genetics and Society
CHAPTER 13
Fast Forward
Comparative Genome Analysis Can Help Dissect the Genetic Basis of
Bacterial Behavior 000
Challenges for the Postgenomic Era
Unusual Chromosome Structures Clarify the Correlation Between
Chromosome Packaging and Gene Function 000
Deletions Remove Material from the Genome
000
000
The Fruits of Genomic Analysis May Help Protect Human Health
By Influencing Gene Expression, Chromatin Packaging Affects Tissue
Differentiation 000
Extreme Condensation Silences Expression
000
Many Bacterial Mutants Cannot Carry out Chemotaxis
The Segregation of Condensed Chromosomes Depends on
Centromeres 000
How Chromosomal Packaging Influences Gene Activity
Comprehensive Example: Genetic Dissection Helps Explain How
Bacteria Move 000
A
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How Genes Are Regulated
000
000
Transformation: Fragments of Donor DNA Enter the Recipient and
Alter Its Genotype 000
Conjugation: Donor Cells Carrying Specialized Plasmids Establish
Contact with and Transfer DNA to Recipients 000
Transduction: Gene Transfer via Bacteriophage
Bacterial Genetic Analysis Today
000
000
CHAPTER 16
Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes
000
An Overview of Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
000
RNA Polymerase Is the Key Enzyme for Transcription
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Translation in Prokaryotes Starts Before Transcription Ends
Regulation of Gene Expression Can Occur at Many Steps
The Regulation of Gene Transcription
000
Protein Modifications After Translation Provide a Final Level of
Control over Gene Function 000
000
Sex Determination in Drosophila: A Comprehensive Example of
Gene Regulation 000
000
The Utilization of Lactose by E. coli: A Model System for Studying
Gene Regulation 000
A. The X:A Ratio Regulates Expression of the Sex Lethal (Sxl)
Gene 000
Experiments Analyzing the Behavior of Lactose-Utilization
Mutants Reveal the Coordinate Repression and Induction
of Three Genes 000
The Operon Theory
Sxl Triggers a Cascade of Splicing
000
A Positive Control Increases Transcription of lacZ, lacY, and lacA
000
Summary of how DNA-Binding Proteins Control the Initiation of
Transcription at the Lactose and Other Operons 000
Molecular Studies Help Fill in the Details of Control Mechanisms
000
The Attenuation of Gene Expression: Fine-Tuning of the trp
Operon Through the Termination of Transcription 000
The Presence of Tryptophan Activates a Repressor of the trp
Operon 000
Global Regulatory Mechanisms Coordinate the Expression of
Different Sets of Genes 000
An Alternative Sigma () Factor Mediates E. coli’s Global Response to
Heat Shock 000
Microarrays Provide a New Tool for Studying Genes Regulated as Part
of a Global Response 000
A Comprehensive Example: The Regulation of Virulence Genes
in V. cholera 000
Three Regulatory Proteins—ToxR, ToxS, and ToxT—Turn on the Genes
for Virulence 000
Genetics and Society
000
Summary: A Complex Network of Molecular Interactions Regulates
the Determination of Somatic Sexual Characteristics in
Drosophila 000
Genetics and Society
000
CHAPTER 18
Cell-Cycle Regulation and the Genetics
of Cancer 000
The Normal Control of Cell Division
000
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases Collaborate with Cyclins to Ensure the
Proper Timing and Sequence of Cell-Cycle Events 000
Cell-Cycle Checkpoints Integrate Repair of Chromosomal Damage
with Events of the Cell Cycle 000
A Cascade of External and Internal Molecules Tells Cells Whether or
Not to Initiate Division 000
Cancer Arises When Controls over Cell Division No Longer
Function Properly 000
The Cancer Phenotype Results from the Accumulation of Multiple
Mutations in the Clonal Progeny of a Cell 000
000
Nitrogen Fixation Depends on Many Levels of Gene Regulation
000
CHAPTER 17
Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes
The Tra and Tra-2 Proteins Also Help Regulate Expression of the
Fruitless Gene 000
A Promising Medical Tool: Synthetic Oligonucleotides That Selectively
Reduce the Expression of Specific Gene Products 000
The Termination of Transcription Fine-Tunes Regulation of the trp
Operon 000
A Model of Virulence Regulation Leaves Unanswered Questions
000
The Dsx-F and Dsx-M Proteins Are Transcription Factors That
Determine Somatic Sexual Characteristics 000
Summary: The Accumulation of Oncogenic and Tumor-Suppressor
Mutations Produces Cancer Cells with Grossly Altered
Genomes 000
000
The Use of Genetics to Study Gene Regulation
000
The Analysis of Regulatory Components Focuses on Mutations That
Affect a Gene’s Function but Do Not Affect the Amino Acids in
the Gene’s Product 000
Most Gene Regulation Occurs at the Initiation
of Transcription 000
000
000
A Large Number of Genes in Various Combinations Produce
GBMs 000
000
Genetic Testing Has Some Use in Predicting and Treating Cancer
A Locus Control Region Is a cis-Acting Regulatory Sequence That
Operates Sequentially on a Cluster of Related Genes 000
Complex Regulatory Regions Allow an Organism to Fine-Tune Gene
Expression 000
000
Regulation After Transcription Influences RNA Production,
Protein Synthesis, and Protein Stability 000
CHAPTER 19
Using Genetics to Study Development
Why These Model Organisms?
. . . Yet All Species Are Unique
RNA Stability Provides a Mechanism for Controlling the Amount of
Gene Product Synthesized 000
mRNA Editing Can Affect the Biological Properties of a Gene’s
Product 000
000
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Genetics Simplifies the Study of Development
000
The Genetic Dissection of Development Depends on a Comprehensive
Set of Mutants 000
Mutant Screens Help Identify the Components of Development
000
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Model Organisms: Prototypes for Developmental Genetics
All Living Forms Are Related. . .
000
Noncoding Sequences in mRNA Can Help Modulate Translation
Cellular and Clinical Background
Genetics and Society
trans-Acting Proteins Control Transcription from Class II
Promoters 000
Chromatin Structure Plays a Role in Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Comprehensive Example: The Genetics of Brain Cancer
Knowledge of the Genetics of Brain Cancer May Lead to More
Selective Therapies 000
In Eukaryotes, Three RNA Polymerases Transcribe Different Sets
of Genes 000
RNA Splicing Helps Regulate Gene Expression
The Mutations That Lead to Cancer Create Dominant Oncogenic
Alleles or Recessive Mutant Tumor-Suppressor Alleles 000
Analyzing How Genes Work Together in Developmental Pathways
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How Genes Help Control Development: A Mechanistic
Framework 000
The Immunoglobulin Gene Superfamily: A Comprehensive
Example of Molecular Evolution 000
Development Requires Progressive Changes in Gene Expression
Development Exploits Asymmetries
000
000
Evolution of the Immunoglobulin Homology Unit
000
Evolution of the Immunoglobulin Gene Superfamily
Cell-to-Cell Communication Is Essential for Proper Development
Genes Explain Much, but Not Everything, About Development
000
000
000
Immune-Cell Receptors Provide the Backbone of the Immune
Response 000
Evolution of the Vertebrate Immune Response: A Possible
Scenario 000
P
A
R
T
V
How Genes Change
Comparisons of the Sequences of T-Cell Receptor Gene Families
Provide a Snapshot of Evolution 000
I
000
REFERENCE A
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A Genetic Portrait
of Yeast 000
CHAPTER 20
An Overview of Yeast in the Laboratory
The Genetic Analysis of Populations and How They
Evolve 000
The Nuclear Genome of Yeast
The Hardy-Weinberg Law: A Model for Understanding Allele,
Genotype, and Phenotype Frequencies for a Single-Gene
Trait in a Genetically Stable Population 000
The Hardy-Weinberg Law Correlates Allele and Genotype Frequencies
Through a Binomial Equation 000
Evolutionary Equilibrium: A Balance Between Mutation to a New Allele
and Selection Against That Allele 000
Comprehensive Example: How Human Activity Affects the Evolution of
Human Pathogens and Crop Pests 000
000
000
Heritability Is the Proportion of Total Phenotype Variance Attributable
to Genetic Variance 000
How to Measure Heritability
000
000
CHAPTER 21
Arabidopsis thaliana: Genetic Portrait
of a Model Plant 000
Genome Structure and Organization
000
DNA Alterations Form the Basis of Genomic Evolution
000
An Increase in Genome Size Generally Correlates with the Evolution of
Complexity 000
Molecular Archeology Based on an Understanding of Gene
Diversification and Selection 000
The Organization of Genomes
Mechanisms Behind the Expansion from Genes to Multigene Families
to Gene Superfamilies 000
Repetitive “Nonfunctional” DNA Families Constitute Nearly One-Half
of the Genome 000
Genomic Stutters—the Simple Sequence Repeats Known as
Microsatellites, Minisatellites, and Macrosatellites—Dot the
Mammalian Genome 000
Repeat Sequences in Centromeres and Telomeres
000
000
000
000
000
000
Life Cycle: From Fertilization to Flowering to Senescence
Techniques of Mutational Analysis
000
000
Mutagenesis by Chemical and Irradiation Procedures Produces
Different Ratios of Various Mutations 000
Arabidopsis Researchers Use Two Types of Insertional
Mutagenesis: Transformation by T-DNA and Transposon
Tagging 000
From Gene to Phenotype: Analyzing Mutations to Identify Gene
Function 000
The Genetic Analysis of Development in Arabidopsis
The Genetic Analysis of Embryogenesis
000
000
000
Little Repetitive DNA and a Tight Arrangement of Genes
Anatomy: The Basic Body Plan
The Evolution of Living Organisms: Inferences from the Fossil
Record 000
Unique Nongene Sequences
REFERENCE B
Anatomy and Life Cycle
000
000
Descent from a Single Ancestor: Speculations on How the First Cell
Arose 000
The Evolution of Genomes
Cells Respond to the Binding of Pheromone Through a Signal
Transduction System 000
Summary
Evolution at the Molecular Level
000
Mating: Cell-to-Cell Communication Through Pheromones
Triggers the Conversion of Haploid a and Cells to a/
Diploids 000
Comparing Genetic and Physical Maps
The Heritability of a Trait Determines Its Potential for Evolution
The Origin of Life on Earth
Cell Differentiation in Yeast: Mechanisms for Determining Cell
Type 000
Mating Type Switching
Natural Selection Acts on Differences in Fitness to Alter Allele
Frequencies 000
Genes Versus the Environment
000
000
The MAT Locus Controls Expression of the Genes That Determine Cell
Type 000
Beyond Hardy-Weinberg: Measuring How Mutation and
Selection Cause Changes in Allele Frequencies 000
Analyzing the Quantitative Variation of Multifactorial Traits
Basic Tools of the Yeast Geneticist
The Yeast Life Cycle
000
000
000
000
The Genetic Analysis of Hormonal Control Systems
000
The Genetic Analysis of Photomorphogenesis—The Regulation of
Growth and Development in Response to Lighting Cues 000
The Genetic Analysis of Flowering: A Comprehensive
Example 000
How Genes Determine the Body Plan of a Flower
000
Earlier-Acting Genes Specify the Identity of the Floral Meristem
Some Genes Control the Timing of FM Formation and
Flowering 000
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REFERENCE C
Caenorhabditis elegans: Genetic Portrait of a Simple
Multicellular Organism 000
Early Development of the Basic Body Plan
An Overview of C. elegans as an Experimental Organism
Specification of Segment Number Through the Activation of Zygotic
Genes in Successively More Sharply Defined Regions of the
Embryo 000
The Nuclear Genome of C. elegans
000
000
Life Cycle, Development, and Anatomy
000
The Use of Genetic Analysis and Recombinant DNA Technology to
Study Development 000
Programmed Cell Death
Each Segment Establishes Its Own Unique Identity Through the
Activation of Homeotic Genes 000
REFERENCE E
Mus musculus: Genetic Portrait of the House
Mouse 000
The Genetic Dissection of Developmental Processes
in C. elegans 000
Specification of Early Embryonic Blastomeres
000
Specification of Segment Number: Maternal Genes Interact to
Produce Gradients of Morphogen Gradients 000
000
An Overview of Mus musculus in the Laboratory
000
Control of Timing During Larval Development
The Mouse Genome
000
The Mammalian Life Cycle
Using Genetics to Probe the Development of the
Hermaphrodite Vulva: A Comprehensive Example
000
Mutant Screens Identify Genes Involved in Vulva Formation
000
Organizing the Genes Contributing to Vulva Formation into a
Signaling Pathway 000
000
000
000
Two Powerful Transgenic Techniques for Analyzing the Mouse
Genome 000
How Biologists Use Transgenic Tools to Study Mice and Create
a Mouse Model for Human Disease 000
Using Transgenic Technology to Determine Gene Function
REFERENCE D
Drosophila melanogaster: Genetic Portrait
of the Fruit Fly 000
Structure and Organization of the Drosophila Genome
The Chromosomes of Drosophila
The Drosophila Genome
Life Cycle
000
Using Transgenic Technology to Link Mutant Phenotypes to Specific
Transcription Units 000
Using Targeted Mutagenesis to Create a Mouse Model for Human
Disease 000
000
000
The Hox Genes: A Comprehensive Example
000
Techniques of Genetic Analysis
In Drosophila, Crossing-Over Occurs Only in Females
000
000
P-Element Transposons the Critical Tools in Drosophila Molecular
Genetics 000
The Production of Genetic Mosaics
Ectopic Expression
000
000
The Drosophila Genome Project
000
How Scientists Determine the Function of a Gene in the Absence of
Previously Characterized Mutations 000
000
Balancer Chromosomes Help Preserve Linkage
000
Using Transgenic Technology to Characterize Regulatory
Regions 000
000
The Genetic Analysis of Body Plan Development in Drosophila: A
Comprehensive Example 000
Validating the Hypothesis That Expression of the 5′ Gene in a Hox
Cluster Is Epistatic to Expression of the More 3′ Genes 000
Transgenic Studies Lead to an Understanding of the Developmental
Role of Hox and Other Homeotic Genes 000
Guidelines for Gene Nomenclature
Brief Answer Section
Glossary
Index
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