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49E Rev.05 Date 2014.07
Copan Liquid Amies Elution Swab (ESwab)
Collection and Transport System
Product Insert & How to Use Guide
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49E Rev.05 Date 2014.07
2014.07
Copan Liquid Amies Elution Swab (ESwab) Collection and Transport System
Product Insert & How to Use Guide
INTENDED USE
Copan Liquid Amies Elution Swab (ESwab) Collection and Transport System is intended for the collection and transport of clinical specimens containing aerobes,
anaerobes and fastidious bacteria from the collection site to the testing laboratory. In the laboratory, ESwab specimens are processed using standard clinical
laboratory operating procedures for bacterial culture.
SUMMARY AND PRINCIPLES
One of the routine procedures in the diagnosis of bacteriological infections involves the collection and safe transportation of swab samples. This can be
accomplished using the Copan Liquid Amies Elution Swab (ESwab) Collection and Transport System. Copan ESwab incorporates a modified Liquid Amies
transporting medium, which can sustain the viability of a plurality of organisms that include clinically important aerobes, anaerobes and fastidious bacteria such as
Neisseria gonorrhoeae during transit to the testing laboratory. The ESwab transport medium is a maintenance medium comprising inorganic phosphate buffer,
calcium and magnesium salts, and sodium chloride with a reduced environment due to the presence of sodium thioglycollate (1).
Copan ESwab consists of a sterile package containing two components: a pre-labeled polypropylene screw-cap tube with conical or round shaped bottom filled
with 1 ml of Liquid Amies transport medium and a specimen collection swab which has a tip flocked with soft nylon fiber. Two types of collection formats are
available: one containing a regular size flocked nylon applicator intended for the collection of samples from the nose, throat, vagina or wounds and another one
containing a minitip size flocked nylon applicator intended for the collection of samples from small or less accessible areas such as the eye, ear, nasal passages,
nasopharynx, throat, urogenital tract and for pediatric sample collection.
Once a swab sample is collected, it should be placed immediately into the ESwab transport tube where it comes into contact with the transport medium. Swab
specimens for bacterial investigations collected using ESwab should be transported directly to the laboratory, preferably within 2 hours of collection (2, 3, 4) to
maintain optimum organism viability. If immediate delivery or processing is delayed, then specimens should be refrigerated at 4 – 8ºC or stored at room
temperature (20 – 25°C) and processed within 48 hours except for Neisseria gonorrhoeae cultures which should be processed within 24 hours. Independent
scientific studies on swab transport systems have shown that for certain bacteria viability is superior at refrigerated temperatures compared with room temperature
(12 – 16).
REAGENTS
Copan ESwab incorporates a modified Liquid Amies medium.
ESwab MEDIUM FORMULATION
Sodium chloride
Potassium chloride
Calcium chloride
Magnesium chloride
Monopotassium phosphate
Disodium phosphate
Sodium thioglycollate
Distilled water
TECHNICAL NOTE
The modified Liquid Amies Medium in ESwab transport tubes can have a cloudy appearance. This is normal and is due to the presence of salts in the medium
formulation.
SODIUM THIOGLYCOLLATE – TECHNICAL NOTE
ESwab formula contains Sodium Thioglycollate, an important component for the performance of the product and the maintenance of organism viability. Sodium
Thioglycollate has a natural sulfur-like odor. It may be possible to detect this odor momentarily when first opening the ESwab peel pouch. This odor is a perfectly normal
and completely harmless characteristic.
PRECAUTIONS
1.
This product is For In Vitro Diagnostic Use.
2.
Observe approved biohazard precautions and aseptic techniques. To be used only by adequately trained and qualified personnel.
3.
All specimens and materials used to process them should be considered potentially infectious and handled in a manner which prevents infection of
laboratory personnel. Sterilize all biohazard waste including specimens, containers and media after their use. Observe other CDC Biosafety Level 2
recommendations (34, 35, 36, 37).
4.
Directions should be read and followed carefully.
STORAGE
This product is ready for use and no further preparation is necessary. The product should be stored in its original container at 5 – 25°C until used. Do not overheat.
Do not incubate or freeze prior to use. Improper storage will result in a loss of efficacy. Do not use after expiration date, which is clearly printed on the outer box
and on each individual sterile collection unit and the specimen transport tube label.
PRODUCT DETERIORATION
Copan ESwab should not be used if (1) there is evidence of damage or contamination to the product, (2) there is evidence of leakage, (3) the expiration date has
passed, (4) the swab package is open, or (5) there are other signs of deterioration.
SPECIMEN COLLECTION, STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION
Specimens collected for bacteriological investigations which comprise the isolation of aerobes, anaerobes and fastidious bacteria such as Nesseria
gonorrhoeae should be collected and handled following published manuals and guidelines (2, 3, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23).
To maintain optimum organism viability, transport specimens collected using ESwab directly to the laboratory, preferably within 2 hours of collection (2, 3, 4). If
immediate delivery or processing is delayed, then specimens should be refrigerated at 4 – 8ºC or stored at room temperature (20 – 25°C) and processed within 48
hours except for Neisseria gonorrhoeae cultures which should be processed within 24 hours.
Specific requirements for the shipment and handling of specimens should be in full compliance with state and federal regulations (19, 22, 23). Shipping of
specimens within medical institutions should comply with internal guidelines of the institution. All specimens should be processed as soon as they are received in the
laboratory.
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MATERIALS SUPPLIED
Fifty (50) ESwab collection units are contained in a shelf pack and 10 x 50 units are contained in a box. Each collection unit consists of a sterile package
containing two components: a pre-labeled polypropylene screw-cap tube with conical or round shaped bottom filled with 1 ml of Liquid Amies transport medium and
a specimen collection swab which has a tip flocked with soft nylon fiber (see Fig 1). Two types of collection formats are available; both include a tube of medium
but each has a different type of swab applicator. One type contains a regular size flocked nylon swab applicator intended for the collection of samples from the
nose, throat, vagina or wounds and the second type contains a minitip size flocked nylon swab applicator intended for the collection of samples from small or less
accessible areas such as the eye, ear, nasal passages, nasopharynx, throat, urogenital tract and for pediatric sample collection. Due to the flexibility of the shaft of
minitip swabs (481C and 482C), the capture cap feature is not applicable, as the broken applicator may not firmly fit into the cap. Use sterile forceps to extract the
applicator from the tube or from the cap if the swab has been partially capture.
These different types of swab applicators facilitate the collection of specimens from different sites on a patient. Refer to the individual product descriptions for
specific information about materials supplied.
Fig 1. ESwab Collection Unit Components
All collection swab applicators provided with ESwab have a molded breakpoint in
the shaft of the applicator which is highlighted with a colored indication line
marked on the shaft of the applicator. After the sample is collected from the
patient, the molded breakpoint facilitates easy breakage of the swab applicator
into the ESwab tube of transport medium. ESwab tube caps have an internal
molded design that is able to capture the swab shaft when it is broken off into the
tube and the cap is closed. The action of screwing the cap onto the tube moves
the end of the broken swab shaft into a funnel shaped molded docking receptacle
in the cap. This molded funnel shape effectively captures the end of the broken
applicator shaft and secures it firmly in the dock by friction grip. In the testing
laboratory when the swab cap is unscrewed and removed, the swab applicator is
attached to the cap. This feature allows the operator to conveniently remove the
swab from the transport tube and perform various microbiology analyses using
the tube cap as a handle to hold the swab applicator.
IMPORTANT: Due to the flexibility of the shaft of minitip swabs (481C and 482C),
the capture cap feature is not applicable, as the broken applicator may not firmly fit
into the cap. Use sterile forceps to extract the applicator from the tube or from the
cap if the swab has been partially capture.
MATERIALS REQUIRED BUT NOT SUPPLIED
Appropriate materials for isolating and culturing aerobes, anaerobes and fastidious bacteria. These materials include culture media plates or tubes and
incubation systems, gas jars or anaerobic workstations. Refer to laboratory reference manuals for recommended protocols for culture and identification
techniques for aerobes, anaerobes and fastidious bacteria from clinical swab samples (17, 18, 21, 22).
DIRECTIONS FOR USE
Copan ESwab Collection and Transport System is available in product configurations indicated in the table below.
Table 1
Catalog No.
480C
480CSR
481C
482C
483C
493C02
Copan ESwab
Product Descriptions
Sterile single use sample collection pack containing:
- White Polypropylene screw-cap tube with internal conical shape filled with 1ml of
Liquid Amies Medium.
- One regular size applicator swab with flocked nylon fiber tip.
Sterile single use sample collection pack containing:
- Pink Polypropylene screw-cap tube with internal conical shape filled with 1ml of Liquid
Amies Medium.
- One regular size applicator swab with flocked nylon fiber tip.
Product suitable for surgical room use since it is double wrapped
Sterile single use sample collection pack containing:
- Green Polypropylene screw-cap tube with internal conical shape filled with 1ml of
Liquid Amies Medium.
- One regular minitip applicator swab with flocked nylon fiber tip.
Sterile single use sample collection pack containing:
- Blue Polypropylene screw-cap tube with internal conical shape filled with 1ml of Liquid
Amies Medium.
- One flexible minitip applicator swab with flocked nylon fiber tip.
Sterile single use sample collection pack containing:
- Orange Polypropylene screw-cap tube with internal conical shape filled with 1ml of
Liquid Amies Medium.
- One ultra-thin applicator swab with flocked nylon fiber tip.
ESwab MRSA Collection System.
Sterile single use sample collection pack containing:
- Pink Polypropylene screw-cap tube with internal conical shape filled with 1ml of Liquid
Amies Medium.
- One pink regular size flock swab plus one white regular size flocked swab
Pack Size
¥
Sampling Sites
50 units per shelf
pack
10x50 units per
box
Nose, throat,
vagina,rectum,
faeces and
wounds
50 units per shelf
pack
6x50 units per
box
Nose, throat,
vagina,rectum,
faeces and
wounds
50 units per shelf
pack
10x50 units per
box
50 units per shelf
pack
10x50 units per
box
50 units per shelf
pack
10x50 units per
box
Nasopharynx and
pediatric sample
collection.
50 units per shelf
pack
10x50 units per
box
Nose, throat,
perineum
Eye, ear, nasal
passages, throat,
urogenital tracts.
Urogenital tract.
Capture
Cap
Feature
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
YES
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ESwab MRSA Collection System.
Sterile single use sample collection pack containing:
- Pink Polypropylene screw-cap tube with internal conical shape filled with 1ml of Liquid
Amies Medium.
- Two pink regular size flock swabs plus one white regular size flocked swab
493C03
Sterile single use sample collection pack containing:
- White Polypropylene screw-cap tube with round shape bottom filled with 1ml of Liquid
Amies Medium.
- One regular size applicator swab with flocked nylon fiber tip.
Other product codes may be available. For updates please refer to our website: www.copanusa.com
4C012S.A
YES
50 units per shelf
pack
10x50 units per
box
Nose, throat,
perineum
50 units per shelf
pack
10x50 units per
box
Nose, throat,
vagina,rectum,
faeces and
wounds
YES
¥ This is just a suggested table. Performance testing with Copan ESwab was conducted using laboratory strains spiked onto a swab following the test protocols
described in Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute M40-A Approved Standard (4). Perfomance testing was not conducted using human specimens. Please refer to your
internal procedures to choose the most appropriate device for the specific sampling site. Educational material related to sample collection is available on Copan website.
Specimen Collection
Proper specimen collection from the patient is extremely critical for successful isolation and identification of infectious organisms. For specific guidance regarding
specimen collection procedures, consult published reference manuals (2, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22).
Do not use the ESwab medium for pre-moistening or pre-wetting the applicator swab prior to collecting the sample or for rinsing or irrigating the sampling sites
For Eswab codes 480C, 480CSR, 481C, 482C, 483C and 4C012S.A:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Open the ESwab sample collection pouch and remove the tube and swab.
Collect the sample from the patient.
Unscrew and remove the cap from Eswab tube making sure not to spill the medium.
Insert the swab into the tube until the red marked breaking point is at the level of the tube opening.
Bend and break the swab at the red marked breaking point holding the tube away from your face.
Discard the broken handle part of the swab shaft into an approved medical waste disposal container.
Replace cap on the tube and secure tightly.
Write patient information on the tube label or apply patient identification label. Send the sample to the test laboratory
For Eswab MRSA collection system codes 493C02 and 493C03:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Open the ESwab sample collection pouch and remove the tube and one pink swab.
Use pink swab to collect first specimen (i.e: throat, perineum, nose or any other collection site).
Unscrew and remove the cap from Eswab tube making sure not to spill the medium. Insert the swab into the tube. Dip and gently stir the swab for 5
seconds.
Lift up the swab from the liquid medium and swirl the swab against the tube walls 5 times to allow release of the sample from the flocked fibre holding the
tube away from your face. Remove the swab and recap.
Discard pink swab in the Biohazard container.
Repeat all previous steps (2 to 5) if your ESWAB MRSA SYSTEM contains more than one pink swab and you use the second pink swab to collect the second
specimen(i.e: throat, perineum, nose or another collection site). If not, proceed to step 6.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Use white swab to collect the last specimen (i.e: throat, perineum, nose or any other collection site) and then break the swab at the molded breaking
point.
Insert the swab into the tube until the red marked breaking point is at the level of the tube opening.
Bend and break the swab at the red marked breaking point holding the tube away from your face.
Discard the broken handle part of the swab shaft into an approved medical waste disposal container.
Fig.2 Specimen Collection
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sterile gloves and protective clothing and eyewear should be worn when collecting and handling microbiology specimens and care should be taken to avoid splashes and aerosols
when breaking the swab stick into the tube of medium.
During sample collection when handling the swab applicator, the operator must not touch the area below the pink breakpoint indication line; that is the area from the line to the tip of the
nylon flocked swab (see Fig 3), as this will lead to contamination of the applicator shaft and the culture thus invalidating the test results.
Fig 3. Collection swab showing breakpoint indication line and area for holding the applicator
NOTE: Do not use excessive force, pressure or bending when
collecting swab samples from patients as this may result in
accidental breakage of the swab shaft. Swab shafts often exhibit
diameter changes to facilitate different sampling requirements.
Swab shafts may also have a molded breakpoint point designed
for intentional breakage of the swab into the transport tube. In all
circumstances when collecting swabs samples from patients, do
not use excessive force, pressure or bending of the swab as this
may result in accidental breakage of the swab shaft.
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The operator must only handle the part of the swab applicator shaft above the breakpoint indication line as shown in Fig 3. After the swab sample is taken from the patient, the swab
applicator shaft is broken off at the colored breakpoint indication line into the ESwab tube of transport medium. The operator then discards the handle part of the swab into an approved
medical waste disposal container. The tube’s screw cap is then replaced and secured tightly. The action of screwing the cap onto the tube moves the end of the broken swab shaft into
a funnel shaped molded docking receptacle in the cap (see Fig 4). This molded funnel shape captures the end of the broken applicator shaft and secures it firmly in the dock by friction
grip. Due to the flexibility of the shaft of minitip swabs (481C and 482C), the capture cap feature is not applicable, as the broken applicator may not firmly fit into the cap.
Use sterile forceps to extract the applicator from the tube or from the cap if the swab has been partially capture.
Fig 4. Capture of broken swab applicator stick by ESwab tube cap
s
r
g
e
d
g
→
→
→
→
→
In the testing laboratory when the ESwab cap is unscrewed and removed, the swab applicator stick is securely attached to the cap. This feature allows the operator to conveniently
remove the swab and perform various microbiology analyses using the tube cap as a handle to hold and manipulate the swab. Due to the flexibility of the shaft of minitip swabs
(481C and 482C), the capture cap feature is not applicable, as the broken applicator may not firmly fit into the cap. Use sterile forceps to extract the applicator from the
tube or from the cap if the swab has been partially capture.
Plating ESwab Specimen Cultures in the Laboratory
ESwab samples should be processed for bacteriological culture using recommended culture media and laboratory techniques which will depend on the specimen type and the
organism under investigation. For recommended culture media and techniques for the isolation and identification of bacteria from clinical swab specimens refer to published
microbiology manuals and guidelines (17, 18, 21, 24, 25).
Culture investigations of swab specimens for the presence of aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria and fastidious bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae routinely involve the use of
solid agar culture medium in Petri dish plates. The procedure for inoculation of ESwab samples onto solid agar in Petri dishes is as follows.
Note: Wear latex gloves and other protection commensurate with universal precautions when handling clinical specimens. Observe other CDC Biosafety Level 2 recommendations
(34, 35, 36, 37).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Vigorously shake the ESwab tube containing the swab sample between the thumb and forefinger for 5 seconds or mix the tube using a vortex mixer for 5 seconds to
release the sample from the swab tip and evenly disperse and suspend the patient specimen in the liquid transport medium.
Unscrew the ESwab cap and remove the swab applicator.
Roll the tip of the ESwab applicator onto the surface of one quadrant of the culture media plate to provide the primary inoculum.
If it is necessary to culture the swab specimen onto a second culture media plate, return the ESwab applicator to the transport medium tube for two seconds to absorb
and recharge the applicator tip with transport medium/patient sample suspension then repeat Step No. 3.
If it is necessary to inoculate additional culture media plates, return the ESwab applicator to the transport medium tube and recharge the swab applicator tip with the
transport medium/patient sample suspension before inoculating each additional plate.
The procedure described above utilizes the ESwab applicator like an inoculation wand to transfer the suspension of patient sample in transport medium onto the surface of a culture
plate creating the primary inoculum (see Fig 5). Due to the flexibility of the shaft of minitip swabs (481C and 482C), the capture cap feature is not applicable, as the broken
applicator may not firmly fit into the cap. Use sterile forceps to extract the applicator from the tube or from the cap if the swab has been partially capture.
Alternatively, the operator can vortex mix the ESwab tube with the swab inside for 5 seconds and then transfer 100µl volumes of the suspension onto each culture plate using a
volumetric pipetor and sterile pipet tips. Standard laboratory techniques should then be used to streak the primary inoculum of patient sample across the surface of the culture plate
(see Fig 6).
Fig 5. Procedures for inoculation of ESwab specimens onto solid agar in Petri dishes
1. Using swab to inoculate specimen
2. Using pipetor and sterile pipet tips to inoculate 100µl of specimen
Fig 6. Procedure for streaking ESwab specimens on agar Petri dishes for primary isolation (33)
Seed a primary inoculum of ESwab specimen onto the surface of an appropriate agar culture plate in the first quadrant.
Use a sterile bacteriology loop to streak the primary inoculum across the surface of the second, third and fourth quadrants
of the agar culture plate.
Preparation of Gram Stain Smears of ESwab Specimens
Laboratory analysis of clinical swab samples collected from certain sites on the patient can routinely include microscopic examination of stained preparations (“direct
Smears”) using the Gram stain procedure. This can provide valuable information to physicians who are managing patients with infectious diseases (26). There are
many instances in which a Gram stain can assist in making a diagnosis; for example, with swabs taken from the endocervix or male urethra to investigate suspected
Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections or vaginal swabs to diagnose bacterial vaginosis (27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 39). The Gram stain can also help to judge specimen quality
and contribute to the selection of culture media especially with mixed flora (32).
Microscope slides of patient specimens transported in Copan ESwab transport system can be prepared for Gram stain analysis, as describe below, by sampling an
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aliquot of vortexed suspension of the swab (21, 32). Sample transported in Eswab elution medium represent an homogeneous suspension in liquid phase. It can be
uniformly smeared allowing clear and easy reading.
Note: Wear latex gloves and other protection commensurate with universal precautions when handling clinical specimens. Observe other CDC Biosafety Level 2
recommendations (34, 35, 36, 37).
1. Take a clean glass microscope slide, place it on a flat surface and inscribe an area
using a diamond-tipped or similar glass marker to identify the location of
the specimen inoculum. Note: a slide with a pre-marked 20 mm well can be used.
2. Vortex mix the ESwab tube containing the swab sample for 5 seconds to release the sample from the swab tip and evenly disperse and suspend the patient
specimen in the Liquid Amies transport medium.
3. Unscrew the ESwab cap and using a sterile pipet, transfer 1 – 2 drops of Liquid Amies sample suspension to the inscribed area on the glass slide. Note: about 30ul
would be a suitable amount of liquid for a pre-marked 20 mm diameter well slide.
In case of bloody or thicker specimens particular care should be taken to thinly spread the sample on the slide. Bacteria are difficult to detect if the sample shows many
red cells and debris.
4. Allow the specimen on the slide to air dry at room temperature or place the slide in an electric slide warmer or incubator set at a temperature not exceeding 42°C.
5. Fix smears using methanol. Methanol fixation is recommended as it prevents lysis of Red Blood Cells, avoids damage to all host cells and results in a cleaner
background (21, 26, 32).
6. Follow published laboratory reference manuals and guidelines for performing the Gram stain. If commercial Gram stain reagents are used, it is important to comply
with instructions in the manufacturer’s product insert for performance test procedure.
For further information or guidance on the preparation of specimen slides for microscopic analysis, for information on Gram staining procedures and the interpretation and
reporting of microscopic analysis, consult published laboratory reference manuals (20, 24, 25, 26, 32).
QUALITY CONTROL
All lot numbers of the ESwab are tested for sterility and all lot numbers of swab applicators are tested to ensure they are non-toxic to bacteria. ESwab Liquid Amies
transport medium is tested for pH stability and bio-burden using Gram stain microscopic examination to ensure acceptable levels as defined in Clinical Laboratory
Standards Institute M40-A (4). Each production lot of ESwab is quality control tested before release for ability to maintain viable bacteria at both refrigerated
temperatures (4 – 8ºC) and room temperature (20 – 25°C) for specified time points with a panel of aerobes, anaerobes and fastidious bacteria using both RollPlate and Swab Elution Methods (4). Viability performance studies also include an assessment of bacterial overgrowth at refrigerated temperatures (4 – 8ºC)
which should correspond to <1 log increase in growth at a specified time point. Procedures for quality control of bacteriology transport devices using a quantitative
Swab Elution Method and qualitative Roll-Plate Method are described in Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute M40-A and other publications (4, 10, 12, 14, 15, 40,
41). If aberrant quality control results are noted, patient results should not be reported.
LIMITATIONS
1. In the laboratory, wear latex gloves and other protection commensurate with universal precautions when handling clinical specimens. Observe other
CDC Biosafety Level 2 recommendations (34, 35, 36, 37) when handling or analyzing patient samples.
2. Condition, timing, and volume of specimen collected for culture are significant variables in obtaining reliable culture results. Follow recommended
guidelines for specimen collection (2, 3, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24).
3. ESwab is intended for use as a collection and transport medium for aerobes, anaerobes and fastidious bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
4. ESwab Collection and Transport System is intended to be used with the medium tubes and swabs provided in the unit. The use of tubes of medium or
swabs from any other source are not qualified for use with ESwab and could affect the performance of the product and laboratory test results.
WARNINGS
1. Do not re-sterilize unused swabs.
2.
This product is for single use only; reuse may cause a risk of infection and/or inaccurate results.
3. Do not re-pack.
4. Not suitable to collect and transport microorganisms other than aerobes, anaerobes and fastidious bacteria.
5. Not suitable for any other application than intended use.
6. The use of this product in association with a rapid diagnostic kit or with diagnostic instrumentation should be previously validated by the user.
7. Do not use if the swab is visibly damaged (i.e., if the swab tip or swab shaft is broken).
8. Do not use excessive force or pressure when collecting swab samples from patients as this may result in breakage of the swab shaft.
9. Applicator swab is qualified as Class IIa Medical Device according to European Medical Device Directive 93/42/EEC - Surgically Invasive Transient Use.
Class IIa means swabs can be used for sampling body surfaces, body orifices (e.g., nose, throat and vagina and deep invasive surgical wounds).
10. Do not ingest the medium.
11. Directions for use must be followed carefully. The manufacturer cannot be held responsible for any unauthorized or unqualified use of the product.
12. Due to the flexibility of the shaft of minitip swabs (481C and 482C), the capture cap feature is not applicable, as the broken applicator may not firmly fit into the cap.
Use sterile forceps to extract the applicator from the tube or from the cap if the swab has been partially capture.
13. To be handled by trained personnel only.
14. It must be assumed that all specimens contain infectious micro-organisms; therefore all specimens must be handled with appropriate precautions. After use,
tubes and swabs must be disposed of according to laboratory regulations for infectious waste. Observe CDC Biosafety Level 2 recommendations (34, 35, 36, 37).
15. Do not use the ESwab medium for pre-moistening or pre-wetting the applicator swab prior to collecting the sample or for rinsing or irrigating the sampling
sites.
P
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in
A
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fr
A
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RESULTS
Results obtained will largely depend on proper and adequate specimen collection, as well as timely transport and processing in the laboratory.
P
A
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
In the routine clinical laboratory, the Roll-Plate Method is the primary means of inoculating swab transport devices onto plated media. A limitation of the
Roll-Plate Method (4) for bacterial viability performance testing is that it is not a quantitative method; it is, at best, a semiquantitative approximation. On
the other hand, quantitative viability performance methods such as the Swab Elution Method (4) do not reflect the standard protocol used in most
clinical laboratories. Whereas the Swab Elution Method allows a quantitative measurement of the ability of a transport system to maintain viable
organisms, the Roll-Plate technique takes into consideration some mechanical variables of the direct swabbing action that exist in the clinical
laboratory, and which can influence the release of the sample onto culture plates. Because of this, both methods of performing viability studies were
used to determine the performance characteristics of the Copan ESwab Collection and Transport System.
P
A
The test procedures employed for determining bacterial viability performance were based upon the quality control methods described in Clinical
Laboratory Standards Institute M40-A (4, 10, 12, 14, 15, 40, 41). The test organisms utilized in this study were those specifically prescribed in M40-A for
establishing performance claims and quality control of swab transport systems and include a representative panel of aerobes, anaerobes and fastidious bacteria.
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An additional group of organisms not required or specified by M40-A were tested in order to provide further information on the survival of specific bacteria.
Bacterial viability studies were performed on the Copan ESwab at two different ranges of temperature, 4 – 8 °C and 20 – 25°C, corresponding to
refrigerator and room temperature, respectively. Swabs accompanying each transport system were inoculated in triplicate with 100µl of specific concentrations
of organism suspension. Swabs were then placed in their respective transport medium tubes and were held for 0 hrs, 24 hrs and 48 hrs. At the appropriate time
intervals, each swab was processed according to the Roll-Plate or Swab Elution Method.
Organisms evaluated were divided into three main groups (see note below):
1. Aerobes and Facultative Anaerobes:
®
®
®
®
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC BAA-427, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 6305, Haemophilus influenzae ATCC
10211.
2. Anaerobes:
®
®
®
®
Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius ATCC 27337, Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586, Propionibacterium acnes ATCC
®
6919, Prevotella melaninogenica ATCC 25845.
3. Fastidious Bacteria:
®
Neisseria gonorrhoeae ATCC 43069.
Additional organisms evaluated:
®
Enterococcus faecalis (Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus VRE) ATCC 51299,Staphylococcus aureus (Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA)
®
®
®
®
ATCC 43300, Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) ATCC 13813, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124, Clostridium sporogenes ATCC 3584,
®
®
Fusobacterium necrophorum ATCC 25286, Peptococcus magnus ATCC 29328.
NOTE
For product performance claims and viability performance testing, bacteria are categorized into three groups as described in Clinical Laboratory Standards
Institute M40-A (4) according to their growth responses to atmospheric oxygen:
1. Aerobes and Facultative Anaerobes
Aerobic bacteria require air or free oxygen to live. Facultative anaerobes are bacteria that can survive in either the presence or absence of oxygen.
Many aerobic bacteria are facultative anaerobes meaning they are able to grow and survive in the absence of oxygen. For this reason, the aerobic
group includes the description facultative anaerobes
2. Anaerobes
Anaerobic bacteria do not require air or free oxygen to live. This category includes obligate anaerobes that can only live in the absence of oxygen.
3. Fastidious Bacteria.
Fastidious bacteria have complicated or exacting growth requirements and this group is represented by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
The results for the bacterial strains tested using the ESwab System are shown in the tables below.
Organism
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
ATCC BAA-427
Streptococcus
pyogenes
ATCC 19615
Streptococcus pneumoniae
ATCC 6305
Haemophilus
influenzae
ATCC 10211
Bacteroides
fragilis
ATCC 25285
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius
ATCC 27337
Fusobacterium nucleatum
ATCC 25586
Propionibacterium acnes
ATCC 6919
Prevotella melaninogenica
ATCC 25845
Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
ATCC 43069
Enterococcus
faecalis (VRE)
ATCC 51299
Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA)
SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR BACTERIAL RECOVERY STUDIES
ROLL-PLATE METHOD, 4-8°C
Dilution:
ESwab Lot
Average of CFUs
Average of CFUs
0.5 McFarland
Number
recovered at time
recovered at time
bacterial
0 hrs
24 hrs
suspension with
saline
5051
261.7
210.7
diluted
5052
258.3
206.3
-3.5
10
5055
268.0
203.3
diluted
5051
292.7
142.0
-3
10
5052
283.6
138.3
5055
285.6
145.3
diluted
5051
193.3
60.7
-1.5
10
5052
194.7
61.7
5055
196.7
64.0
diluted
5051
277.7
121.0
-3.5
10
5052
267.7
111.3
5055
260.7
101.3
diluted
5051
288.3
93.7
-3
10
5052
278.3
83.7
5055
272.7
74.3
diluted
5051
286.7
180.3
-2.5
10
5052
290.0
182.7
5055
284.3
187.3
diluted
5051
272.0
110.0
-1.5
10
5052
275.0
102.0
5055
272.0
111.0
diluted
5051
290.7
156.7
-3
10
5052
288.3
151.3
5055
290.7
154.7
diluted
5051
292.3
169.3
-2.5
10
5052
288.0
168.3
5055
292.7
169.7
diluted
5051
234.7
19.7
-3
10
5052
244.7
24.3
5055
246.3
23.7
diluted
5051
240.0
109.3
-3.5
10
5052
230.0
101.7
5055
247.7
102.3
diluted
5051
238.0
98.0
-3.5
10
5052
238.7
98.7
Average of CFUs
recovered at time
48 hrs
Interpretation
59.3
54.7
56.7
49.0
49.3
48.0
29.7
32.3
35.0
27.3
19.7
17.3
54.0
44.0
29.7
22.7
21.3
23.3
19.0
16.7
22.0
48.7
40.7
47.0
29.3
31.0
29.7
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
41.3
37.3
41.0
50.3
49.0
Page 7
Page 7
49E Rev.05 Date 2014.07
49E Rev.05 Date 2014.07
ATCC 43300
Streptococcus agalactiae
(Group B Strep)
ATCC 13813
Clostridium
perfringens
ATCC 13124
diluted
-3.5
10
diluted
-3.5
10
Clostridium
sporogenes
ATCC 3584
Fusobacterium necrophorum
ATCC 25286
diluted
-3.5
10
Peptococcus
magnus
ATCC 29328
diluted
-2.5
10
diluted
-2.5
10
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
236.3
290.0
292.3
291.0
283.3
279.3
273.3
96.3
116.7
116.7
116.3
162.0
152.0
145.3
48.0
56.3
58.3
56.7
48.7
41.7
44.0
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
248.3
247.0
238.3
288.0
278.0
274.7
284.3
288.0
274.3
100.3
94.7
91.3
146.7
136.7
132.7
153.7
152.3
144.3
43.7
38.3
33.7
51.3
41.3
47.7
42.3
43.3
34.0
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR BACTERIAL RECOVERY STUDIES
ROLL-PLATE METHOD, 20-25°C
Organism
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
ATCC BAA-427
Streptococcus
pyogenes
ATCC 19615
Streptococcus pneumoniae
ATCC 6305
Haemophilus
influenzae
ATCC 10211
Bacteroides
fragilis
ATCC 25285
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius
ATCC 27337
Fusobacterium
nucleatum
ATCC 25586
Propionibacterium
acnes
ATCC 6919
Prevotella melaninogenica
ATCC 25845
Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
ATCC 43069
Enterococcus
faecalis (VRE)
ATCC 51299
Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA)
ATCC 43300
Streptococcus
agalactiae
(Group B Strep)
ATCC 13813
Clostridium
perfringens
ATCC 13124
Clostridium
sporogenes
ATCC 3584
Fusobacterium necrophorum
ATCC 25286
Dilution:
0.5 McFarland
bacterial
suspension with
saline
diluted
-3.5
10
diluted
-3
10
diluted
-1.5
10
diluted
-3.5
10
diluted
-3
10
diluted
-2.5
10
diluted
-1.5
10
diluted
-3
10
diluted
-2.5
10
diluted
-3
10
diluted
-3.5
10
diluted
-3.5
10
diluted
-3.5
10
diluted
-3.5
10
diluted
-3.5
10
diluted
-2.5
10
ESwab
Lot Number
Average of CFUs
recovered at time
0 hrs
Average of CFUs
recovered at time
24 hrs
Average of CFUs
recovered at time
48 hrs
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
261.7
258.3
268.0
292.7
283.6
285.6
193.3
194.7
196.7
277.7
267.7
260.7
288.3
278.3
272.7
286.7
290.0
284.3
272.0
275.0
272.0
290.7
288.3
290.7
292.3
288.0
292.7
234.7
244.7
246.3
240.0
230.0
247.7
238.0
238.7
236.3
290.0
292.3
190.0
178.0
192.3
108.0
115.7
109.7
56.0
54.7
58.7
113.3
98.3
88.3
76.3
67.7
60.7
164.0
154.0
164.0
86.3
78.0
76.3
107.3
97.3
105.3
92.3
93.3
92.3
13.7
15.7
18.0
93.7
89.0
86.0
74.3
73.3
76.3
88.0
87.0
51.7
44.7
49.0
33.0
33.0
31.0
23.0
21.7
22.0
19.3
17.0
11.0
40.7
32.7
26.7
14.3
14.0
15.7
17.3
12.7
17.3
36.0
28.3
34.7
16.7
15.0
17.3
5055
291.0
86.3
46.3
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
283.3
279.3
273.3
248.3
247.0
238.3
288.0
278.0
274.7
110.7
99.7
92.0
91.3
86.3
73.3
107.3
97.3
97.0
37.0
32.0
32.0
36.0
31.7
29.0
40.3
30.3
33.7
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
32.7
27.7
29.3
44.0
42.7
42.3
47.7
46.0
Interpretation
Page 8
Page 8
Pe
m
AT
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
49E Rev.05 Date 2014.07
49E Rev.05 Date 2014.07
Peptococcus
magnus
ATCC 29328
Organism
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
ATCC BAA-427
Streptococcus
pyogenes
ATCC 19615
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
ATCC 6305
Haemophilus
influenzae
ATCC 10211
Bacteroides
fragilis
ATCC 25285
Peptostreptococc
us anaerobius
ATCC 27337
Fusobacterium
nucleatum
ATCC 25586
Propionibacteriu
m acnes
ATCC 6919
Prevotella
melaninogenica
ATCC 25845
Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
ATCC 43069
Enterococcus
faecalis (VRE)
ATCC 51299
Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA)
ATCC 43300
Streptococcus
agalactiae
(Group B Strep)
ATCC 13813
Clostridium
perfringens
ATCC 13124
Clostridium
sporogenes
ATCC 3584
Fusobacterium
necrophorum
ATCC 25286
Peptococcus
magnus
ATCC 29328
Organism
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
ATCC BAA-427
5051
5052
5055
diluted
-2.5
10
Dilution:
0.5 McFarland
bacterial
suspension with
saline
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
Dilution:
0.5 McFarland
bacterial
suspension with
saline
diluted
1:10
284.3
288.0
274.3
107.3
106.7
97.3
31.3
31.0
24.3
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR BACTERIAL RECOVERY STUDIES
SWAB ELUTION METHOD, 4-8°C
ESwab
Lot Number
Average of CFUs
recovered at time
0 hrs
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
1.4 x 10
6
1.4 x 10
6
1.5 x 10
5
6.0 x 10
5
6.0 x 10
5
6.1 x 10
6
1.8 x 10
6
1.8 x 10
6
1.8 x 10
6
3.9 x 10
6
3.8 x 10
6
3.7 x 10
5
8.6 x 10
5
8.4 x 10
5
8.2 x 10
6
1.6 x 10
6
1.7x 10
6
1.7 x 10
6
2.4 x 10
6
2.4 x 10
6
2.4 x 10
6
3.8 x 10
6
3.7 x 10
6
3.7 x 10
6
3.1 x 10
6
3.0 x 10
6
3.2 x 10
6
3.6 x 10
6
3.5 x 10
6
3.4 x 10
6
1.4 x 10
6
1.4 x 10
6
1.4 x 10
5
9.9 x 10
5
9.8 x 10
6
1.0 x 10
6
5.5 x 10
6
5.6 X 10
5055
5.4 X 10
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
6
Average of CFUs
recovered at time
24 hrs
Average of CFUs
recovered at time
48 hrs
6
5
1.1 x 10
6
1.0 x 10
5
9.7 x 10
5
2.9 x 10
5
2.9 x 10
5
3.0 x 10
5
6.0 x 10
5
6.9 x 10
5
6.4 x 10
5
9.6 x 10
5
9.9 x 10
5
8.9 x 10
5
3.7 x 10
5
3.5 x 10
5
3.3 x 10
5
9.7 x 10
5
9.6 x 10
5
9.5 x 10
5
7.0 x 10
5
6.9 x 10
5
6.8 x 10
6
1.9 x 10
6
1.8 x 10
6
1.8 x 10
5
9.3 x 10
5
9.3 x 10
5
9.3 x 10
5
2.8 x 10
5
2.7 x 10
5
2.5 x 10
5
8.4 x 10
5
8.2 x 10
5
8.5 x 10
5
7.7 x 10
5
7.6 x 10
5
7.6 x 10
6
3.4 x 10
6
3.6 x 10
6
3.4 x 10
6
2.3 x 10
6
2.3 x 10
6
2.2 x 10
5
6.5 x 10
5
6.4 x 10
5
6.4 x 10
5
9.6 x 10
5
9.7 x 10
5
9.4 x 10
6
4.9 x 10
6
4.9 x 10
6
4.8 x 10
2.7 x 10
5
2.6 x 10
5
2.6 x 10
4
6.0 x 10
4
6.5 x 10
4
6.8 x 10
5
2.0 x 10
5
2.0 x 10
5
1.9 x 10
5
3.9 x 10
5
3.6 x 10
5
2.8 x 10
5
1.5 x 10
5
1.4 x 10
5
1.3 x 10
5
1.2 x 10
5
1.1 x 10
5
1.1 x 10
5
1.8 x 10
5
1.8 x 10
5
1.9 x 10
5
6.9 x 10
5
6.0 x 10
5
5.9 x 10
5
2.7 x 10
5
2.7 x 10
5
2.6 x 10
-0.71
-0.73
-0.76
-1.00
-0.97
-0.95
-0.95
-0.95
-0.98
-1.00
-1.02
-1.12
-0.76
-0.78
-0.80
-1.12
-1.16
-1.19
-1.12
-1.12
-1.10
-0.74
-0.79
-0.80
-1.06
-1.05
-1.09
-1.11
-1.11
-1.13
-0.75
-0.75
-0.73
-0.72
-0.73
-0.70
-0.83
-0.85
5
2.5 x 10
5
2.5 x 10
5
2.6 x 10
5
1.9 x 10
5
1.8 x 10
5
2.0 x 10
5
8.1 x 10
5
8.0 x 10
6
7.8 x 10
6
3.9 x 10
5
3.6 x 10
5
3.2 x 10
5
1.2 x 10
5
1.2 x 10
5
1.1 x 10
5
1.7 x 10
5
1.8 x 10
5
1.6 x 10
5
8.6 x 10
5
8.7 x 10
5
7.9 x 10
1.3 x 10
6
1.2 x 10
6
1.2 x 10
5
3.0 x 10
5
4.0 x 10
5
2.9 x 10
5
4.2 x 10
5
4.3 x 10
5
4.1 x 10
6
2.9 x 10
6
2.8 x 10
6
2.8 x 10
Log10
decline
5
-0.84
5
-0.77
-0.81
-0.84
-0.73
-0.73
-0.76
-0.75
-0.73
-0.77
-0.76
-0.75
-0.78
Interpretation
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
AcceptableRecovery
AcceptableRecovery
AcceptableRecovery
AcceptableRecovery
AcceptableRecovery
AcceptableRecovery
AcceptableRecovery
AcceptableRecovery
AcceptableRecovery
AcceptableRecovery
AcceptableRecovery
AcceptableRecovery
AcceptableRecovery
AcceptableRecovery
AcceptableRecovery
AcceptableRecovery
SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR BACTERIAL RECOVERY STUDIES
SWAB ELUTION METHOD, 20-25°C
ESwab
Lot Number
Average of CFUs
recovered at time
0 hrs
5051
5052
5055
1.4 x 10
6
1.4 x 10
6
1.5 x 10
6
Average of CFUs
recovered at time
24 hrs
5
9.8 x 10
5
9.6 x 10
5
9.8 x 10
Average of CFUs
recovered at time
48 hrs
5
2.7 x 10
5
2.5 x 10
5
2.3 x 10
Log10
decline
Interpretation
-0.71
-0.75
-0.81
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
PagePage
9 9
49E Rev.05 Date 2014.07
49E Rev.05 Date 2014.07
Streptococcus
pyogenes
ATCC 19615
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
ATCC 6305
Haemophilus
influenzae
ATCC 10211
Bacteroides
fragilis
ATCC 25285
Peptostreptococc
us anaerobius
ATCC 27337
Fusobacterium
nucleatum
ATCC 25586
Propionibacteriu
m
acnes
ATCC 6919
Prevotella
melaninogenica
ATCC 25845
Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
ATCC 43069
Enterococcus
faecalis (VRE)
ATCC 51299
Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA)
ATCC 43300
Streptococcus
agalactiae
(Group B Strep)
ATCC 13813
Clostridium
perfringens
ATCC 13124
Clostridium
sporogenes
ATCC 3584
Fusobacterium
necrophorum
ATCC 25286
Peptococcus
magnus
ATCC 29328
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
diluted
1:10
5
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
6.0 x 10
5
6.0 x 10
5
6.1 x 10
6
1.8 x 10
6
1.8 x 10
6
1.8 x 10
6
3.9 x 10
6
3.8 x 10
6
3.7 x 10
5
8.6 x 10
5
8.4 x 10
5
8.2 x 10
6
1.6 x 10
6
1.7 x 10
6
1.7 x 10
6
2.4 x 10
6
2.4 x 10
6
2.4 x 10
6
3.8 x 10
6
3.7 x 10
5055
3.7 x 10
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
3.1 x 10
6
3.0 x 10
6
3.2 x 10
6
3.6 x 10
6
3.5 x 10
6
3.4 x 10
6
1.4 x 10
6
1.4 x 10
6
1.4 x 10
5
9.9 x 10
5
9.8 x 10
6
1.0 x 10
6
5.5 x 10
6
5.6 X 10
5055
5.4 X 10
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5051
5052
5055
5
4.5 x 10
4
4.1 x 10
4
4.2 x 10
5
1.6 x 10
5
1.5 x 10
5
1.5 x 10
5
3.2 x 10
5
2.9 x 10
5
2.2 x 10
5
1.2 x 10
5
1.2 x 10
5
1.0 x 10
5
1.1 x 10
4
9.9 x 10
4
9.8 x 10
5
1.6 x 10
5
1.6 x 10
5
1.7 x 10
5
4.3 x 10
5
3.3 x 10
6
3.4 x 10
5
2.1 x 10
5
2.1 x 10
5
2.1 x 10
2.6 x 10
5
2.5 x 10
5
2.5 x 10
5
4.4 x 10
5
4.7 x 10
5
4.7 x 10
5
8.2 x 10
5
8.2 x 10
5
7.2 x 10
5
3.8 x 10
5
3.7 x 10
5
3.5 x 10
5
8.5 x 10
5
8.5 x 10
5
8.3 x 10
5
6.6 x 10
5
6.4 x 10
5
6.5 x 10
6
1.3 x 10
6
1.2 x 10
6
1.2 x 10
6
5.9 x 10
5
5.9 x 10
5
6.0 x 10
5
2.2 x 10
5
2.1 x 10
5
1.9 x 10
5
7.6 x 10
5
7.5 x 10
5
7.5 x 10
5
6.9 x 10
5
6.5 x 10
5
6.6 x 10
6
3.4 x 10
6
3.3 x 10
6
6
2.3 x 10
6
2.3 x 10
6
2.2 x 10
5
6.5 x 10
5
6.4 x 10
5
6.4 x 10
5
9.6 x 10
5
9.7 x 10
5
9.4 x 10
6
4.9 x 10
6
4.9 x 10
6
4.8 x 10
3.6 x 10
4
5
-1.04
5
-1.17
-1.15
-1.18
-1.21
-1.22
-1.25
-0.82
-0.85
-0.87
-0.95
-0.91
-0.92
-1.01
-1.02
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
5
-0.99
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
5
-0.84
-0.90
-0.94
-0.77
-0.81
-0.81
-0.87
-0.91
-0.83
-0.85
-0.97
-0.93
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
Acceptable Recovery
5
2.1 x 10
5
2.0 x 10
5
1.9 x 10
5
1.1 x 10
5
1.2 x 10
5
1.2 x 10
5
5.4 x 10
5
5.4 x 10
6
5.5 x 10
6
3.3 x 10
5
2.9 x 10
5
2.5 x 10
5
1.1 x 10
4
9.9 x 10
5
1.0 x 10
5
1.3 x 10
5
1.2 x 10
5
1.4 x 10
5
6.9 x 10
5
5.3 x 10
5
5.7 x 10
1.0 x 10
5
9.3 x 10
5
9.3 x 10
5
2.7 x 10
5
2.6 x 10
5
2.6 x 10
5
2.7 x 10
5
2.6 x 10
5
2.6 x 10
6
2.8 x 10
6
2.7 x 10
6
2.6 x 10
-1.12
-1.17
-1.16
-1.05
-1.08
-1.08
-1.09
-1.12
-1.23
-0.86
-0.85
-0.91
-1.16
-1.23
-1.24
-1.18
-1.18
-1.15
-0.95
-1.05
In accordance with Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute M40-A, with the exception of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, viability performance is measured for each test
organism at the 48 hrs time point and compared with the acceptance criteria. Viability performance is measured for Neisseria gonorrhoeae at the 24 hrs time point.
In both the Roll-Plate and Swab Elution viability performance studies, Copan ESwab System was able to maintain acceptable recovery of all organisms evaluated
at both refrigerator (4 – 8ºC) and room temperature (20 – 25ºC). Acceptable recovery for the Roll-Plate Method is defined as >5 CFU following the specified
holding time from the specific dilution that yielded zero-time plate counts closest to 300 CFU. Acceptable recovery for the Swab Elution Method is defined as no
3
more than a 3 log (1 x 10 +/- 10%) decline in CFU between the zero-time CFU count and the CFU of the swabs after the specified holding time.
10
Viability performance studies also include an assessment of bacterial overgrowth at refrigerated temperatures (4 – 8ºC). For the Swab Elution Method, an
overgrowth assessment is made on all bacteria species tested at the 48 hrs holding time point except for Neisseria gonorrhoeae which is assessed at the 24 hrs
holding time point. Overgrowth assessment using the Swab Elution Method is defined as greater than 1 log increase in CFU between the zero-time CFU count
10
and the holding time point. For the Roll-Plate Method, an overgrowth assessment is made with a separate analysis in which swabs are dosed with 100µl containing
2
10 CFU of Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture. Overgrowth under these conditions is defined as greater than 1 log increase in CFU between zero-time CFU and
10
the 48 hrs holding time point. Copan ESwab Collection and Transport System demonstrated no overgrowth in either the Swab Elution or Roll-Plate Methods based
on the acceptance criteria described in Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute M40-A.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Amies CR. A modified formula for the preparation of Stuart’s medium. Canadian Journal of Public Health, July 1967. Vol. 58, 296 – 300.
2. Miller JM. A Guide to Specimen Management in Clinical Microbiology. Second Edition. American Society for Microbiology. Washington, DC. 1999.
3. Miller JM, Holmes HT. Specimen collection, transport, and storage. In: Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 6th ed. Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC,
Yolken RH, eds. Washington, DV: ASM; 1995:19-20.
4. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute CLSI (formerly National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards NCCLS). 2003. Quality Control of Microbiological
Transport Systems; Approved Standard. M40-A Vol. 23 No. 34.
5. Sng E-H, Rajan VS, Teo K-L, Goh A-J. The recovery of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from clinical specimens: effects of different temperatures, transport times, and
media. Sex Trans Dis. 1982; 9:74-78.
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7
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8
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
1
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6
1
A
1
L
1
2
2
2
W
2
D
2
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Is
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F
3
g
3
3
s
3
3
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3
1
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4
M
4
M
y
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y
y
y
y
y
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y
y
y
y
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y
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y
y
y
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y
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49E Rev.05 Date 2014.07
49E Rev.05 Date 2014.07
6. Sun Y, Taylor T, Williams L, Sautter RL. Comparison of bacterial viability using both the EZ brand collection and transport system with the Difco swab transport
pack. Presented at: 96th ASM General Meeting. 1996; Washington DC. Abstract C35.
7. Arbique JC, Forward KR, LeBlanc J. Evaluation of four commercial transport media for the survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Diagnostic Microbiology and
Infectious Disease. 2000; 36:163-168.
8. Perry JL. Effects of temperature on fastidious organism viability during swab transport. 101st General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. 2001;
Orlando, FL. Abstract C-55.
9. Wilson DA, Tuohy MS, Procop GW, Hall GS. Effects of storage on the recovery of bacteria from three swab transport systems: BD CultureSwab, BD Culturette
and Starplex StarSwab II. 101st General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. 2001; Orlando, FL. Abstract C-61.
10. Arbique J, Campbell S, MacFarlane M, Davidson RJ. Comparison of methodologies described in NCCLS document M40-P Quality Control of Microbiology
Transport Devices. 103rd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. 2003; Washington, DC. Abstract C-40.
11. Mitchell E, Berman M, Ginocchio CC. Evaluation of two new Liquid Stuart transport systems: Platinum StarSwab II (Starplex Scientific) and BBL CultureSwab
(Becton Dickinson). 102nd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. 2002; Salt Lake City, UT. Abstract C-74.
12. Perry JL, Matthews JS. Compliance of two popular swab transport systems with performance standards detailed by the new NCCLS Proposed Standard, M40P. 103rd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. 2003; Washington, DC. Abstract C-42.
13. Robinson A, Gruver ML. Comparison of bacterial survival in two transport systems stored at room temperature and refrigerator temperatures. 102nd General
Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. 2002; Salt Lake City, UT. Abstract C-69.
14. Human RP, Jones GA. Evaluation of 4 transport systems against a published standard. 104th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. 2004;
New Orleans, LA. Abstract C-161.
15. Human RP, Jones GA. Evaluation of swab transport systems against a published standard. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:762-763.
16. Arbique J, Campbell S, MacFarlane M, Davidson RJ. Comparison of methodologies for anaerobic organisms described in NCCLS document M40-P, Quality
th
Control of Microbiology Transport Devices. 13 European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease (ECCMID). 2003; Glasgow, UK. Abstract P652.
17. Isenberg HD, Schoenkencht FD, Von Graeventiz A. Cumitech 9, Collection and processing of bacteriological specimens. Coordinating editor, SJ. Rubin.
American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1979.
18. Koneman EW, Allen SD, Janda WM, Schreckenberger PC and Winn, Jr. WC. 1992. Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. 4th ed. J.B.
Lippincott Co. Philadelphia, PA.
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20. Forbes BA, Sahm DF, Weissfeld AS. 1998. Bailey and Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology. 10th ed. Mosby, St. Louis, MO.
21. Isenberg HD. 2004. Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, 2nd ed. ASM, Washington, DC.
22. Isenberg HD. 1998. Essential Procedures for Clinical Microbiology. Chapter 14.12, Page 787. Packaging and Shipping Infectious Substances. ASM,
Washington, DC.
23. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute CLSI (formerly National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards NCCLS). 1994. Procedures for Handling and Transport of
Diagnostic Specimens and Etiologic Agents; Approved Standard. H5-A3.
24. Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 7th edition. Washington, DC: ASM; 1999.
25. Summanen P, Baron EJ, Citron D, Strong C, Wexler HM, Finegold SM. (1993). Wadsworth Anaerobic Bacteriology Manual, 5th ed. Star Publishing Company, Belmont, CA.
26. Marler LM, Siders JA, Allen SD. Direct Smear Atlas, A Monograph of Gram-Stained Preparations of Clinical Specimens. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2001.
27. Rotimi VO, Yakubu Z, Abudu OO, Banjo TO. Direct Gram's stain of vaginal discharge as a means of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 1991 Vol 35,
Issue 2 103-106..
28. Spiegel CA, Amsel R, Holmes KK. Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by direct gram stain of vaginal fluid J. Clin Microbiol.1983 Jul;18 (1):170-177.
29. Benavides MI, Moncada X, Rodriguez B, Castillo C. Gonococcal urethritis in men: clinical experience in 1978-1988. Rev Med Chil. 1992 Oct;120(10):1140-3.
30. Mayaud P, Msuya W, Todd J, Kaatano G, West B, Begkoyian G, Grosskurth H, Mabey D. Rapid assessment in Rwandan refugee camps in Tanzania. Genitourin Med, 1997
Feb;73 (1):33-8.
31. Deceuninck G, Asamoah-Adu C, Khonde N, Pepin J, Frost EH, Deslandes S, Asamoah-Abu A, Bekoe V, Alary M. Improvement of clinical algorithms for the diagnosis of Neisseria
gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis by the use of Gram-stained smears among female sex workers in Accra, Ghana. Sex Transm Dis. 2000 Aug;27 (7):401-10.
32. Isenberg HD. 1998. Essential Procedures for Clinical Microbiology. Chapter 2.1, Page 41. Gram Stain. ASM, Washington, DC.
33. Isenberg HD. 1998. Essential Procedures for Clinical Microbiology. Chapter 1.1, Page 27. Collection, Transport and Manipulation of Clinical Specimens. Procedure for
streaking plates for primary isolation. ASM, Washington, DC.
34. Fleming D. Biological Safety: Principles and Practices. January 2000. ASM, Washington DC.
35. Richard J. The 1, 2, 3's of Biosafety Levels. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/symp5/jyrtext.htm.
36. Richardson JH. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. December 1994. Diane Publishing Company.
37. Hansen DJ. Healthcare, Laboratories and Biosafety. Vol 2.,1992. CRC Press.
38. Greenberg AE, Clesceri LS, and Eaton AD. 9215 heterotrophic plate count. In: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water.
th
18 ed. Washington, DC APHA; 1992: 9-33-9-34.
39. Washington JA. 1986. Rapid diagnosis by microscopy. Clin. Microbiol. Newsl. 8:135-137.
40. Van Horn KG, Rankin I. Evaluation and comparison of two Stuart’s Liquid Swab transport systems tested by the NCCLS M40 method. 105th General
Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. 2005; Atlanta, Georgia. Abstract C-292.
41. Bourbeau PP, Heiter BJ. Validation of QC standard for bacteriological transport devices as specified in the NCCLS Proposed Standard M40: Quality Control of
Microbiological Transport Systems. 103rd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. 2003; Washington, DC. Abstract C-46.
Copan Italia
Via Perotti, 10
Brescia, Italy
North American Distributor:
Copan Diagnostics Inc.
26055 Jefferson Avenue
Murrieta, CA 92562 USA
Tel: 951-696-6957
Fax: 951-600-1832
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.copanusa.com
Page 11
Page 11
49E Rev.05 Date 2014.07
Copan Italia
Via Perotti 10
Brescia, Italy
North American Distributor:
Copan Diagnostics Inc.
26055 Jefferson Avenue
Murrieta, CA 92562 USA
Tel: 951-696-6957
Fax: 951-600-1832
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.copanusa.com
Innovating Together™
Page 12