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WESTAFRICA–STATION1 Trans-Sahara Trade and Rise of the Great Empires Key Facts: The Trans-Sahara Trade was a major way in which North and sub-Saharan Africa were connected to each other and Africa was connected to the world. The West African kingdoms grew powerful because they controlled trade on the trans-Sharan trade routes. Kingdoms that were able to control the trade grew very rich and powerful. The growth of the Trans-Sahara Trade caused a few kingdoms to grow very rich and powerful. In the 8th century, traders in North Africa began to use camels to transport goods across the Sahara Desert Three of the West African kingdoms were Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. Traders would travel in caravans (large groups) for protection across the Sahara Desert. Many goods were traded across the Sahara Desert, but the two most famous were gold and salt (yes, salt!) These kingdoms became wealthy because they traded in gold and salt. Complex and wealthy civilizations existed in West Africa before the Europeans arrived. West Africa Kingdoms had cities developing because natural resources around them were in high demand and there were overland trade routes to connect them to North Africa. Traders from West Africa, where the Trans-Sahara Trade was centered, traded gold, which they had a lot of, for salt from the countries along the Mediterranean Sea. Cultural diffusion helped lead to the spread of Islam into West Africa. Islam spread from North Africa to West Africa and quickly became the dominant religion there. Because of the Trans-Sahara Trade, towns began to form along trade routes in order to give traders breaks along the long, difficult, and dangerous routes Certain towns that were well placed and could control the trade quickly became rich and powerful – and turned into larger kingdoms. In particular, there were three great empires in the West African savanna (grassland with few trees) – Ghana, Songhai, and Mali. Mali was likely the most famous of these kingdoms because of one of its rulers – Mansa (ruler) Musa The kingdom of Mali helped spread Islam, helped turn Timbuktu into a center for culture and learning, and Mansa Musa is their most famous king. Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca led to Islamic learning and culture expanding in Mali. Mansa Musa made Mali famous to traders in North Africa and Europe by providing protection along trade routes and selling so much gold to traders that he and his kingdom became wildly rich. Mansa Musa also made Mali famous because he converted to Islam and made a pilgrimage (religious trip) to Mecca, the most important city for Muslims. Muslims practice the Islamic Religion and must make a pilgrimage to Mecca once in their life time. CHINESEDYNASTIES–STATION2 MiddleAgesChineseDynastiesTimeline Tang Song Yuan Ming TangDynasty MostoftheChinesedynastiestradedwithothernationsandregionsusingtheSilkRoad.Along thesetraderoutesnotonlywerenotgoodsintroducednewreligionsandideaswereexchanged aswell.AtthestartoftheTangDynastytheemperorsweretolerantofmanyreligions.During theTangDynasty,BuddhismwasreadilyacceptedintoChineseculturebecauseitgavepeople hopeduringatimeofstruggleandsuffering.Buddhismbecameaverypopularreligion throughoutChina.However,neartheendofthedynasty,therulersmadeConfucianismthe nationalreligionandbannedallotherreligions. Confucianism ConfucianismwasverystronginChina.Chinesecivilserviceexamsarebasedontheteachings ofConfucius.ThegovernmentlikedConfucianismbecauseittaughttorespectauthorityand thatastrongcentralgovernmentwasimportant.TheTangandSongdynastiesusedtheCivil ServiceexamsbecauseConfucianismtaughtasystemofethicsandmorals.Chineserulers thoughtpeoplewhostudiedConfucianismwouldmakegoodgovernmentofficials.Confucius believedthatagoodrulerneedstoleadwithvirtueandrulesofpropriety,whicharestandards ofbehaviorormorals.ConfuciusalsotaughttheideaofFilialpietywhichisarespectforone’s father,eldersandancestors.Confucius’teachingsremainedanimportantpartofChinese cultureandgovernmentupuntilthe20thcentury.Neo-Confucianismwasalsointroducedin China.Neo-ConfucianismisacombinationofConfucianism,Buddhism,andDaoism. Achievements TheAncientChinesewerefamousfortheir inventionsandtechnology.Manyoftheir inventionshadlastingimpactontheentire world.Otherinventionsledtogreatfeats ofengineeringliketheGrandCanaland theGreatWallofChina.Chinawasthefirst todevelopgunpowder,compass,paper, woodblockprinting,andpapermoney. YuanDynasty TheYuanDynastywascreatedbytheMongolleaderKublai Khan.TheMongolscapturedtheSongcapital ofHangzhouin1276,andtheyacreatedthelargest empiretheregionhadeverseen.Itseemedtheywouldbe successfulincontrollingtheirempireatfirst,butcorruption atthetopandgreatnaturaldisastersmarkedtheendof theirdynasticcontrolin1368. MingDynasty TheMingDynastybroughtpeaceand ordertoChinaaftertheMongolrule oftheYuanDynasty. TheMingDynastyrepairedtheGreat WallofChina,createdtheForbidden City,stoppedallseavoyages,banned tradewithothercountriesbecause theydidnotthinktheycouldlearn anythingnewfromothercountries. MIDDLEAGESJAPAN–STATION3 Shinto Japan’s traditional native religion was Shinto. It is considered something of an animist religion, and has existence for more than 2500 years. Today most of Japanese practice both Shi to and Buddhism – since Shinto focuses on the everyday and fitting into this world, while Buddhism focuses on the afterlife. Heian Period Heian Period Japan is known as the Golden Age of Japanese history because of the major import and further development of Chinese ideas in art, architecture, literature, and ritual that occurred at this time and led to a new and ultimately unique Japanese culture. During the Golden of the Heian Period nobles lived in leisure, literature flourished, and the Tale of Genji was written. The political structure, dominated by the Fujiwara family and the shoen estates, provided extended peace allowing for the growth of a leisure class of nobles. These nobles, known as kuge, had the time and the resources to establish this new Japanese culture, as they grew increasingly isolated from politics. Living in the court at Kyoto, the lives of these nobles were dominated by rituals, arts, and trends. Japanese Feudal System As the nobles focused on the arts instead of political issues and protection. The Shogun rose to power in feudal Japan. The Shogun controlled the true military power Japan. The daimyo reported to the shogun, more out of political and military necessity then out of loyalty. The daimyo were powerful warlords. Samurai, Japanese warriors, lived by the Code of Bushido. The Samurai were warriors in feudal Japan. Emperor Shogun Daimyo Samurai Farmers Artisans Merchants Being samurai was more than a job, it was a way of life. Samurai led by example and had a high moral and ethical code of behavior. The Japanese Feudal hierarchy: Emperor, Shogun, Daimyo, Samurai, Farmers, Artisans, and Merchants. CHURCHCONTROVERSIES–STATION4 RomanCatholicChurch TheRomanCatholicChurchisalegacyoftheRomanEmpire.Thechurchwasapolitical, intellectual,andaestheticinstitutioninMiddleAgesEurope.TheRomanCatholicChurchwas themostpowerfulinstitutioninWesternEuropebeforetheendoftheCrusades.Thechurch hadasystemofmonasteriesthroughoutEuropeweremonkswouldlive,worship,study,and worktogether.MonasticismhelpedspreadChristianitytoruralareasthroughoutEurope. Monkswouldteachandhelpthecommunitiesthatlivedaroundtheirmonasteries.Monks helpedtospreadChristianityallthroughEurope.ThefirstuniversitiesinEuropewerecreated andbasedonthecontributionsofRomanCatholicMonasteries. ConflictswithKings TheInvestitureControversywasafightforpower betweentheKingHenryIVandPopeGregoryVII. TheInvestitureControversy,alsoknownasthe layinvestiturecontroversy,wasthemost importantconflictbetweensecular(king)andreligious (pope)powersinmedievalEurope.Itbeganasadispute inthe11thcenturybetweentheHolyRomanEmperor HenryIVandPopeGregoryVII.PopeGregoryVII excommunicatedKingHenryIV.Theoutcomeseemed mostlyavictoryforthePopeandhisclaimthathewas God'schiefrepresentativeintheworld.However,the EmperordidretainconsiderablepowerovertheChurch. TheConcordatofWormsendedtheInvestiture Controversy. Reformation&Counter-Reformation TheReformationbeganwhen MartinLuther,aGermanmonk, nailedhis95-Thesestothe churchdoor.Thereformers originallyencouragedthe CatholicChurchtochangeits policies.Thechurchtriedtostop theprotestantreformers. However,withtheinventionof theprintingpresstheywere unabletostopthespreadof information.Asmoreandmore peoplelefttheCatholicChurch forprotestantreligions,thechurchknewtheyneededtotakeaction.TheCounter-Reformation andtheCouncilofTrentmadedecisionstryingtorestorefaithintheCatholicChurch. TheCouncilofTrent: MIDDLEAGESEUROPE–STATION5 LEGACIESOFTHEROMANEMPIRE TheRomanEmpirehasleftnumerous legaciesaftertheircollapse.Domes, Arches,Aqueducts,theLatinLanguage andtheRomanCatholicChurchareall legaciesoftheRomanEmpire.Thereare alsolegaciesrelatingtogovernmenttoo. SeparationofPowersisaRomanLegacy ofgovernmentphilosophyusedbythe UnitedStates. EASTERNROMANEMPIRE TheEasternhalfofRomanEmpire continuedtoflourishastheByzantine Empire.Thecapitaloftheempirewas Constantinople.Constantinoplewaseasyto defend,amajorcrossroadsbetweenEurope andAsia,andwaseffectedbycultural diffusion.Constantinoplewasopposedto numerousdifferentculturesastradersand merchantsvisitedthecity,bringingwith themtheirbeliefsandcultures. JUSTINIAN TheEmperoroftheEasternRomanempire,Justinian,lookedathis empireandsawthatthelawswereamess.Becausetheyweren't writtendown,thelawsinonepartoftheempiremightbedifferent thenthelawsinanotherpartoftheempire.Justinianwantedallof hispeopletobetreatedthesameway,soJustinianhadhisjudges andlawyersgettogetherandwritedownallthelawsoftheland. Justinian’scodeisstillsignificanttoday. FEUDALISM FeudalismbeganinEuropewithoftheFallof RomeandtheRomanEmpire. Smallcommunitieswereformedaroundthelocal lordandthemanor.Thelordownedthelandand everythinginit.Hewouldkeepthepeasantssafe inreturnfortheirservice.Thelord,inreturn, wouldprovidethekingwithsoldiersortaxes. Feudalismdealswitheconomicsandpolitics. MANORIALISM Manorialismdealswithtownsandmanors.ThecenteroflifeintheMiddleAgeswasthe manor.Themanorwasrunbythelocallord.Helivedinalargehouseorcastlewherepeople wouldgatherforcelebrationsorforprotectioniftheywereattacked.Asmallvillagewould formaroundthecastlewhichwouldincludethelocalchurch.Farmswouldthenspreadout fromtherewhichwouldbeworkedbythepeasants. GEOGRAPHY–STATION6 IberianPeninsula=SpainandPortugal LabelthelocationsofMediterraneanSea,Alps,Ural,NorthEuropeanPlain,IberianPeninsula,Spain, Portugal,ItalyonMAPA. LabelWestAfrica,China,Japan,andEnglandonMAPB. DRAWINTHETrans-SharanTradeRoutesandtheSilkRoadontheMAPB. USETHE TEXTBOOK EVENTSINTHEMIDDLEAGES–STATION7 NORMANINVASION William was a Duke who ruled Normandy, now a region in France. He invaded England after the death of King Edward the Confessor because he believed he had the most right to be King of England. But King Harold II had himself crowned king instead. King Harold, with his Saxon army, and Duke William fought at the Batt le of Hastings on October 14 1066. King Harold was killed in the battle and his army left. WilliamtheDukeofNormandyearnedthetitletheConquerorwhenhe wontheBattleofHastingsin1066. On December 25 1066 William was crowned the new King of England. William brought many changes to England. Some of the consequencesoftheNorman Invasion:Normans(France)ruledEngland,newlawspassedtogiveNormansmorepower,and FrenchbecometheofficiallanguageofcourtinEngland. CRUSADES TheCrusadeswereaseriesofwarsduring theMiddleAgeswheretheChristiansof EuropetriedtoretakecontrolofJerusalem andtheHolyLandfromtheMuslims. Jerusalemwasimportanttoanumberof religionsduringtheMiddleAges.Judaism, Christianity,andIslamallconsider Jerusalemaholycity.Afterthecrusades wealthyEuropeansbegantodemandthe easterngoodsthattheyhadheardabout fromcrusaders. BUBONICPLAGUE TheBubonicPlaguewasalsoknownasBlackDeath.ThenameBlack Deathcamefromtheswollenbuboes(glands)inthevictim'sneck, armpits,andinnerthighthatturnedblackastheyfilledwithblood. Thistypeofplaguethatwasspreadviathebiteofinfectedratfleas. TheincreasedtradebetweenAsia,Europe,andAfricawasoneofthe reasonsthattheBubonicPlaguespreadsoquickly.Overafive-year periodfrom1347to1352,25millionpeopledied.AfterthePlague, wagesrosebecausetherewaslesspeopletoworkandtradedeclined. RECONQUISTA KingFerdinandandQueenIsabellwantedtoreclaimtheIberian PeninsulafortheCatholicChurch.TheydrovetheMuslimsand JewsoutofSpain.ThiswascalledtheReconquista. 100YEARSWAR The100YearsWarwasfought betweenEnglandandFrance. FactsabouttheHundredYearsWar: Lasted116years,ayoungpeasant girl,JoanofArc,ledtheFrenchto victory,anditcausedreligious, economic,andpoliticalinstability acrossWesternEurope. JOANOFARC Joan of Arc, a peasant girl living in medieval France, believed that God had chosen her to lead France to victory in its long-running war with England. Joan of Arc was able to generate support for the dauphin (prince) and helped him be crowned King of France. She was later burned at the stake as a heretic. RENAISSANCE/REFORMATIONERA–STATION8 RENAISSANCE TheRenaissancewasaperiodoftimefromthe 14thtothe17thcenturyinEurope.Theword "Renaissance"means"rebirth".Comingoutofthe DarkAges.WesternEuropegainnewknowledge thatledtotheRenaissanceandthestudyof ancientRomanandGreekworksfromthe crusadersreturningfromcontactwithMuslim scholarsandfromthe MoorishScholarsin Spain.Duringthe Renaissancepeople becamemoresecular.Theybecamemorefocusedonthisworld insteadofgettingintoheaven.MichelangeloandLeonardodaVinci wereleadersoftheRenaissanceperiod.Humanismwasabeliefof thistime.Humanismisasystemofvaluesandbeliefsthatisbased ontheideathatpeoplearebasicallygoodandproblemscanbe solvedusingreasoninsteadofreligion. REFORMATION TheReformationbeganin1517whenaGerman monkcalledMartinLutherprotestedaboutthe CatholicChurch.Hisfollowersbecameknownas Protestants.MartinLutherstartedthe ReformationMovementwithhis95Thesis.The ReformationReformersaccusedtheCatholic Churchofthefollowingabuses:chargingfor baptisms,sellingindulgencestopardonsins, ultimateauthorityofthechurchratherthanthe bibleandaccumulationofgreatwealthbychurch leaders. Inthemid1500sAD,anotherreligiousleaderbythe nameofJohnCalvinbeganworkingtobringabout reformintheCatholicChurch.JohnCalvinhadto leaveFranceandfledtoGeneva,Switzerland.John CalvinstartedCalvinism.JohnCalvinbelievedinthe absolutepoweroffaith,predestination,and individualcontrolofpersonalbehavior. PRINTINGPRESS JohannesGutenberginventedtheprintingpress.The printingpressmadebooksavailabletomanypeople inthevernacular(everydaylanguageofthepeople) language.Thismadebookscheaperandquickerto produce.Theprintingpressmadeitmoredifficultfor theCatholicChurchtocontrolreligiousideas.The RomanCatholicChurchwasadamantlyagainst printingthebibleintothevernacularlanguages.They wanteditinLatinonly.