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DRAFTDRAFT Chapter 10 Review [K/U] [T/I] [C] [A] DRAFTDRAFT Knowledge For each question, select the best answer from the four alternatives. 1. Cells cannot carry out basic life functions without having a continuous supply of which gas? (10.1) [K/U] (a) oxygen (b) nitrogen (c) carbon dioxide (d) water vapour 2. What is the purpose of aerobic cellular respiration? (10.1) [K/U] (a) to provide oxygen for cells (b) to provide food for cells (c) to break down oxygen (d) to provide energy for cells 3. In aerobic cellular respiration, what happens during phosphorylation? (10.1) [K/U] (a) ATP is turned into ADP. (b) ADP is turned into ATP. (c) ADP loses a phosphate group to form ATP. (d) ATP gains a phosphate group to form ADP. 4. Which two terms are synonymous? (10.1) [K/U] (a) ventilation and breathing (b) ventilation and gas exchange (c) gas exchange and breathing (d) gas exchange and aerobic cellular respiration 5. Which feature is required for a terrestrial mammal’s respiratory system? (10.2) [K/U] (a) thin permeable membrane with large surface area (b) breathing system for bringing air in and out (c) good blood supply (d) all of the above 6. Which of the following carries most of the oxygen to the body cells? (10.3) [K/U] (a) blood plasma (b) hemoglobin (c) white blood cells (d) none of the above 7. An increase of carbon dioxide in the blood will stimulate which of the following to occur? (10.3) [K/U] (a) heart rate to decrease (b) breathing rate to double (c) both heart rate and breathing rate to increase (d) both heart rate and breathing rate to decrease 8. Which of the following diseases is characterised by chronic inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles? (10.4) [K/U] (a) pneumonia (b) cystic fibrosis (c) influenza (d) asthma Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If you think the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true. 9. All organisms have either lungs or gills that they use for gas exchange. (10.1) [K/U] 10. Oxygen makes up about 12 % of the air that we breathe. (10.3) [K/U] 11. When carbon dioxide diffuses into the bloodstream from body cells, it reacts with water molecules and forms carbonic acid, which lowers the pH of the blood. (10.3) [K/U] 12. Asthma appears to be caused by the body’s protective response to foreign materials that enter the respiratory system. (10.4) [K/U] 13. People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cannot efficiently get rid of carbon dioxide in their blood, causing their breathing and heart rates to decrease. (10.4) [K/U] 14. Antibiotics are effective in treating both viral and bacterial infections. (10.4) [K/U] 15. A person with one defective allele for the gene that causes cystic fibrosis will show mild symptoms of the disease, while a person with two alleles will show all the symptoms of the disease. (10.4) [K/U] Match each term on the left with the most appropriate description on the right. 16. (a) alveoli (i) passages to lungs (b) epiglottis (ii) site of gas exchange (c) bronchi (iii) the smallest branches of the respiratory tree (d) bronchioles (iv) keeps food out of trachea (10.2) [K/U] 17. (a) expiratory reserve volume (b) total lung capacity (c) vital capacity (d) residual volume (i) maximum volume of air that can be exhaled in a single breath (ii) air volume that remains in lungs after exhaling (iii) maximum air volume that can be inhaled or exhaled (iv) volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation (10.2) [K/U] Write a short answer to each question. 18. In the gills of an aquatic animal, blood and oxygenrich water flow in this way to maximize concentration differences. (10.2) [T/I] 19. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the human respiratory system. In your notebook, match the following labels to the appropriate letter in Figure 1: lung, bronchioles, bronchi, larynx, pharynx, diaphragm, epiglottis, external intercostal muscles. (10.2) [K/U] IMAGE TO COME 20. A pop bottle with a carbon dioxide partial pressure of 0.6 kPa and an oxygen partial pressure of 22.0 kPa is opened in an environment with carbon dioxide partial pressure of 0.0397 kPa and an oxygen partial pressure of 21.17 kPa. Which gas(es) will diffuse into the environment? (10.3) [T/I] 21. At an elevation of 7000 m, atmospheric pressure is 40 kPa. What is the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude if oxygen makes up 20.9 % of the atmosphere? (10.3) [T/I] 22.The partial pressure of oxygen in capillary A Is 5.33 kPa. The partial pressure of oxygen In capillary B Is 13.33 kPa. (10.3) [K/U] [T/I] (a) Which capillary, A or B, is approaching the lungs? (b) Which capillary is approaching body tissues? 23. What component in blood counteracts the dangerous accumulation of hydrogen ions in the blood and tissue fluid? (10.3) [K/U] 24.What do the chemical receptors in the brain detect results in an increased breathing rate and heart rate? (10.4) [K/U] Understanding 25. In aerobic cellular respiration, what is the ratio of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules created for every molecule of glucose that undergoes cellular respiration? (10.1) [T/I] 26. Which process in aerobic cellular respiration is responsible for forming ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from ADP (adenosine diphosphate)? (10.1) [T/I] 27. What are the two locations in which gas exchange takes place in the human body? (10.2) [K/U] 28. In gas exchange, why must all diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur across a moist membrane? (10.2) [K/U] [T/I] 29.Copy and complete Table 1. Describe the changes in each part during the inhalation and exhalation stages of breathing. (10.2) [K/U] Table 1 Stages of Ventilation Inhalation Exhalation diaphragm Figure 1 The human respiratory system intercostal muscles Chapter 10 Review 2 DRAFTDRAFT Chapter 10 Review [K/U] [T/I] [C] [A] DRAFTDRAFT pressure in lungs chest cavity size 30. An athlete trains at an altitude of 2000 m for several weeks. (10.3) [T/I] (a) The secretion of which substance is likely to increase in the athlete’s blood? (b) What will be the effect of the increase of this substance? (c) How will the change in the athlete’s blood composition change his performance? 31. (a) What function do the stretch receptors in the lungs serve? (b) What might happen if the stretch receptors were damaged? (10.3) [T/I] 32. Samples of a runner’s blood are taken continuously during an extended run on a treadmill. Measurements of oxygen level, breathing rate, heart rate, carbon dioxide level are taken. (10.3) [T/I] (a) Which substance would you expect to build up in the blood as time passes? (b) Which substance would you expect to decrease in the blood as time passes? (c) How would you expect the heart rate and breathing rate to change as a result of these changes in blood composition? (d) What is the purpose of the changes in both heart rate and breathing rate? 33. A patient comes to a clinic complaining of shortness of breath. Her heart and lungs are both shown to be functioning normally. A medical student correctly determines that the patient is suffering from low blood oxygen. The student suggests that the patient be given extra blood plasma. (10.3) [T/I] (a) Why was the student’s suggestion to administer extra blood plasma a mistake? (b) What can be added to the patient’s blood that might be more helpful? (c) Why will the addition of this substance be likely to help the patient? 34.A patient comes to a clinic and is found to have a shortage of red blood cells in his blood. (10.3) [T/I] (a) Explain how a shortage of red blood cells would affect the amount of hemoglobin in the patient’s blood. (b) Explain how a shortage of red blood cells would affect the concentration of oxygen in the patient’s blood. (c) Explain how a shortage of red blood cells would affect the pH of the patient’s blood. 35. A 10-year old girl in a clinic has been diagnosed with asthma. (10.4) [T/I] (a) How rare is this diagnosis? (b) What are some possible environmental stimuli of asthma? (c) How does the body respond to the environmental stimulus of asthma? (d) In what part of the body are the effects of asthma seen? (e) What symptoms result from the body’s response to the environmental stimulus? (f) What kinds of medications can relieve the symptoms of asthma? 36. A doctor suspects that her patient has either asthma or COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The doctor uses the table below to evaluate the patient. Write asthma, COPD, or both asthma and COPD for each category in Table 2 below. (10.4) [T/I] Table 2 Respiratory System Ailments (a) more serious condition (b) symptoms of coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath (c) typically caused by cigarette smoking (d) involves inflammation (e) involves damage to alveoli (f) responds well to dilation of bronchi (g) likely to cause heart failure or pneumonia 37. Suppose you suspected that you had contracted a strain of influenza. (10.4) [T/I] (a) What symptoms would you expect to have? (b) If you do have the flu, what kinds of treatments would you seek out? (c) How successful would you expect treatment of the flu to be? (d) What consequences would you suffer if you failed to get treatment? (e) How contagious would your infection likely be? (f) What could you do to prevent spreading your illness to others? 38.A scientist has developed a promising new FLAP inhibitor drug. She now wants to test the drug with a variety of different kinds of patients. (10.5) [T/I] (a) What kind of diseases would patients in this study be likely to have? (b) How does a FLAP inhibitor work? (c) Explain why the drug might also prove effective in treating diseases that do not involve the respiratory system. Analysis and Application 39. The blood of a diabetic patient contains plenty of oxygen and sugars (glucose). However, without the special hormone insulin, the patient’s cells are unable to transport sugars across cell membranes. Describe a symptom that you would expect a diabetic patient to develop as a result of this situation. Explain the symptom in terms of the basic equation for aerobic cellular respiration. (10.1) [T/I] [C] [A] 40. Compare and contrast ventilation and gas exchange. (10.1) [T/I] [C] [A] (a) Where does each process take place? (b) Can you have ventilation without gas exchange? How would it occur? What would be the consequences of ventilation without gas exchange? (c) Can you have gas exchange without ventilation? How would it occur? What would be the consequences of gas exchange without ventilation? 41. Plants carry out photosynthesis by taking in water and carbon dioxide to create energy-rich glucose molecules, releasing oxygen in the process. What is the relationship between the basic process of photosynthesis and the process of aerobic cellular respiration? How are the products of photosynthesis related to the reactants of aerobic cellular respiration? (10.1) [K/U] [C] [A] 42. Cells combine oxygen with glucose to release energy in the process of aerobic cellular respiration. As an analogy, the process can be compared to burning fuel in the engine of a car. In this analogy, which parts of or processes in the human body are analogous to (a) the car (b) the engine (c) gasoline (d) heat given off by the engine (e) charging the battery (f) movement of the car (10.1)[A] [T/I] 43. In the process of aerobic cellular respiration, what is the advantage of using energy to produce ATP from ADP? Why do cells not simply convert all of the energy into heat or some other form of energy that is immediately available for use? (10.1) [T/I] [A] 44. Can an animal that has neither lungs nor gills still carry out gas exchange and aerobic cellular respiration? Use an example to explain your answer. (10.1) [K/U] [A] 45.The lungs of humans and almost all other land animals are located deep inside the body. Gills, on the other hand, are typically located on the outside of the body on fish. Explain why lungs are always interior organs and gills are exterior organs. (10.2) [T/I] [A] 46.A scientist is looking for a way to determine the residual volume of a patient’s lungs. The scientist is able to measure the patient’s total lung capacity and his vital capacity. How can she find the residual volume? (10.2) [K/U] [T/I] 47.As a result of training, Sarah increased her VO2max by 20 %. What is the result of this gain? Explain you’re answer. Will Sarah (a) take in more oxygen than she did before (b) burn more glucose than she did before (c) produce more ATP than she did before (10.2) [T/I] [A] 48.A student points out that at sea level, the partial pressure of oxygen is 21.17 kPa while the partial pressure for carbon dioxide is only 0.0397 kPa. He claims that this means oxygen will diffuse across a membrane much faster than carbon dioxide. What is wrong with the student’s thinking? Explain. (10.3) [T/I] [A] Chapter 10 Review 4 DRAFTDRAFT Chapter 10 Review [K/U] [T/I] [C] [A] DRAFTDRAFT pneumonia COPD tuberculosis 49.An astronaut on the planet Venus opens an ordinary pop bottle that is bottled under pressure and nothing happens—no bubbles escape from the liquid. What does this tell you about the atmosphere of Venus? (10.3) [T/I] [A] 50.Insect blood carries nutrients to cells, just like the blood of mammals does. Insect blood has a greenish or yellow colour. What does the colour tell you about the composition of insect blood? (10.3) [T/I] [A] 51.What is the stimulus that causes hemoglobin to release its bound oxygen into blood plasma so that the oxygen can diffuse into cells? (10.3) [K/U] 52.After oxygen enters cells it combines with glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and the release of energy. As metabolism continues, carbon dioxide builds up in the cell and diffuses into the blood. In what three ways is this carbon dioxide transported through the blood? (10.3) [K/U] [T/I] cystic fibrosis lung cancer 56.A woman and her husband both carry a single allele for the defective version of the gene responsible for cystic fibrosis (CF). (10.4) [T/I] [C] [A] (a) What is the likelihood that either spouse will develop CF in his or her lifetime? Explain. (b) What is the likelihood that a child of this couple will develop CF? Explain. (c) How would you calculate the likelihood that a child of this couple will develop CF? 57.There is no effective cure for emphysema, one of the two diseases that make up chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Why is this disease so hard to treat? (10.4) [T/I] 53.A chemist points out that if you dissolve carbon dioxide in water, it forms carbonic acid. She notes that this formation of acid could pose a danger by causing blood carrying carbon dioxide to become too acidic. What prevents this from occurring? (10.3) [T/I] [A] 58.HIV is a virus that begins to disable the immune system. The re-emergence of tuberculosis as a serious health threat occurred during the rise of HIV infections in the late 1980s and 1990s. Why do you think this occurred? (10.4) [T/I] [A] 54.You are riding your bike up a steep hill, burning oxygen and sugar at a high rate. Your heart and breathing rates quickly increase to keep up with the increased demand of oxygen and sugar that your muscles need to keep working at a high rate. (10.3) [K/U] [T/I] (a) What stimulus signals your heart and breathing rates to increase? (b) Describe the sequence of events that controls this heart and breathing rate increase. 59. Smoking has been banned in many places throughout North America and the rest of the world. (10.4) [K/U][A] (a) Which diseases has smoking been proven to be a cause of or contributor to? (b) Which chemicals in cigarette smoke have been shown to cause disease or be harmful in some way? Explain the effect of these chemicals. (c) Of the harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke, which chemical do you consider the most harmful? Explain your choice. 55.Compare the major ailments of the respiratory system, including influenza, pneumonia, COPD, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, and lung cancer. Complete Table 3. (10.4) [T/I] Table 3 Respiratory System Ailments Ailment Usually Best treated caused by with influenza Success of treatment 60. Carbon monoxide is the chemical in automobile exhaust that can prove fatal for people who run their cars in a closed garage without ventilation. (10.4) [T/I] [C] [A] (a) Explain how carbon monoxide interferes with gas exchange. (b) Explain why carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke is not immediately deadly the way it is in car exhaust. (c) Explain the mechanism by which carbon monoxide can kill a person. (d) Describe the symptoms that would be likely to result from breathing in large quantities of carbon monoxide. 61.A research scientist is trying to develop a method to help a patient whose bronchiole muscles are too thin rather than too thick. Given what you know about bronchiole thermoplasty, what method would you suggest that the scientist try to increase the thickness of these muscles? (10.5) [T/I][A] Evaluation 62. A soccer coach has arranged for her players to have their VO2max measured. (10.2) [T/I] [C] [A] (a) What ability does VO2max measure? What units does VO2max use to make these measurements? (b) How can measuring VO2max help the coach evaluate her players? (c) How is a player with a high VO2max measurement likely to be different from a player with a low VO2max measurement? (d) How does a VO2max measurement reflect how healthy a player’s lungs are? (e) How is a VO2max measurement an indication of a player’s muscles as well as her lungs? 63. Suppose a scientific funding committee received three funding proposals from research scientists. The first proposal would work on removing the carcinogenic components from cigarette smoke. The second proposal would work to eliminate the destructive components from smoke that irritate airway linings, destroy cilia, and clog alveoli. The third proposal would work to eliminate the addictive properties of cigarette smoke and nicotine. Assume that all three proposals are equally likely to succeed. (10.4) [T/I] [C] [A] (a) Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the first proposal to remove carcinogenic compounds from cigarette smoke. (b) Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the second proposal. (c) Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the third proposal. (d) In your view, which project would likely save the greatest number of lives? Which would save the fewest number of lives? (e) Which proposal would you recommend that your committee adopt? Rank your choices from 1 to 3. Explain your choices. 64. Tuberculosis was once one of the most deadly diseases on Earth. Then, in the middle of the twentieth century, tuberculosis (TB) suddenly became much less of a threat. (10.4) [T/I] [C] [A] (a) What made TB such a serious disease to begin with? (b) What happened in 1948 to reduce the threat that TB posed? (c) Why did people think that TB would disappear in the years following 1948? (d) What factors have contributed to the continuing threat of TB in recent years? (e) Is TB likely to be eliminated in the future? Give reasons to support your answer. 65. Suppose you were assigned by the United Nations to lead a campaign to eliminate tuberculosis. (10.4) [T/I] [C] [A] (a) What kind of medical research programs would you focus on? (b) What kind of public health programs would you focus on? (c) Would you get governments involved in your efforts? If so, how could governments help eliminate TB? 66. Inflammation consists of increased blood flow that causes swelling and the production of mucus. Inflammation that causes asthma is said to be a protective reaction of the body to combat foreign substances. Describe a scenario in which this inflammatory response would be considered beneficial to the body. (10.4) [T/I] [C] [A] Reflect on Your Learning 67. Reflect on your observation of fish as they swim in water. When you look at the gills of fish, why do they appear to be moving? What do you think this movement accomplishes? [T/I] [C] [A] 68. Think about the act of breathing. Which part of the ventilation cycle is under your conscious control? Which part is not under your conscious control? Explain how you know. [T/I] [C] [A] 69. How concerned are you about contracting cystic fibrosis in your lifetime? How concerned are you Chapter 10 Review 6 DRAFTDRAFT Chapter 10 Review [K/U] [T/I] [C] [A] DRAFTDRAFT about your future children contracting cystic fibrosis? Explain. [C] [A] 70. What single thing can you do to avoid most of the diseases of the respiratory system described in this chapter? [C] [A] 71. Suppose a close friend or family member needed a donor for a lung transplant and you were a good match. Would you consider losing part of your lung to help someone else? Describe your feelings about the issue. [C] [A] 72. Lung transplants help some people survive, but they are also expensive, difficult, and require a great deal of resources. Should the number of lung transplants be increased in the future? State your position on this issue. [C] [A] 73. You have learned about a variety of diseases and afflictions that affect the respiratory system. If you were going to become a medical researcher, which of the problems listed in this chapter would you choose to tackle? Explain your choice. [C] [A] Research [CATCH Go To Nelson Science banner] 74. Amphibians are unique organisms with respect to respiration, using lungs, gills, and skin to carry out gas exchange. Use the Internet and other sources to research the respiratory systems of amphibians. Prepare a presentation that focuses on amphibian respiratory systems. [C] [A] 75. CPR, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, can save lives. Find out about CPR classes in your area. What do you need to get certified in this field? Present your findings to your classmates. [C] [A] 76. Altitude sickness is a real problem for mountain climbers. Use the Internet and other sources to research how serious climbers avoid suffering from this condition and stay safe. Create a pamphlet or poster that explains the causes and preventions of altitude sickness. [T/I] [C] [A] 77. Hemoglobin was one of the first proteins ever characterized in three-dimensional representations. Use the Internet and other sources to research how this protein was sequenced and mapped in three dimensions. Present your findings in a written report that includes diagrams. [T/I] [C] [A] 78. FLAP inhibitors are promising drugs for fighting inflammation. Use the Internet and other sources to find out more about recent developments for these treatments. How effective are they? Which diseases and ailments do they work best for? Write a paragraph on your findings. [T/I] [C] [A] 79. Gene therapy has potential for combating CF. Use the Internet and other sources to find out how gene therapy is carried out and how it might be applied to the situation that exists for CF patients. Write a short report on your findings. [T/I] [C]