Download The HUMAN BODY - davis.k12.ut.us

The HUMAN
BODY
Concepts of
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY
• The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to
each other.
• FORM
• Other terms include shape, structure, and appearance.
PHYSIOLOGY
Levels of Organization
• The scientific study of the functioning of specific body parts and
systems.
• FUNCTION
•
•
•
•
•
•
Levels of Organization
Chemical Level
Cellular Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
System Level
Organism Level
Chemical Level
• All chemical substances essential for maintaining
life – atoms-compounds-molecules.
• Major Elements
• C - carbon
• H - hydrogen
• O - oxygen
• N - nitrogen
1
1
Cellular Level
Tissue Level
• The cell is the basic unit of structure and function.
• Each cell has a unique structure and function.
• Collection of similar cells grouped together to
perform a specific function.
• Usually derived from a common embryonic origin.
• Four Major Tissue Types
•
•
•
•
Muscle cells
Nerve cells
Blood cells
Cartilage cells
• Epithelial Tissue
• Connective Tissue
• Nervous Tissue
• Muscular Tissue
Organ Level
System Level
• Structures composed of two or more different tissues.
• Have specific functions.
• Usually have recognizable shapes
• An association of organs that have a common function.
•
•
•
•
Heart
Brain
Kidney
Liver
Organism Level
All body systems are functioning with one another as a living
individual.
•
•
•
•
Digestive System
Cardiovascular System
Nervous System
Lymphatic System
Metabolism
The sum total of all chemical processes that occur in the body.
Meta means"change"
2
2
Anabolism
Using energy to synthesize or manufacture new tissue or
molecules.
Catabolism
The breakdown of tissues or chemical structures to produce or
generate energy.
Ana means “up” or “again”
Cata means “throwing down”
Example: building muscle
Example: breaking down food molecules into glucose for energy
Anabolism vs. Catabolism
Body Positions and Descriptors
Anatomical Position
Don’t worry . . .
• In the anatomical position, the body is upright, directly
facing the observer, feet flat and directed forward. The
upper limbs are at the body’s sides with the palms facing
forward.
3
3
Position Descriptors
Position Descriptors continued
• Anterior
• Proximal
• Front, or toward the front
• Nearer to the point of attachment (such as the shoulder)
• Posterior
• Distal
• Back, or toward the back
• Farther from the point of attachment
• Dorsal
• Back, or toward the back (think of a whale’s dorsal fin)
• Ventral
• Front, or toward the front (think of an air vent)
• Frontal
• Superior
• Situated above, or higher than, another body part (cranial)
• Inferior
• Situated below, or lower than, another body part (caudal)
• Front, or toward the front
• Peripheral
• Lateral
• Away from the center
• On the side, or toward the side
• Superficial
• Medial/median
• Middle, or toward the middle
• Close to the surface of the body
• Deep
• Away from the surface of the body (think deep inside the body)
Let’s Review
Position Descriptors
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvHWnJwBkmo
Movement Descriptors
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
flexion
extension
hyperextension
abduction
adduction
circumduction
plantar flexion
dorsiflexion
Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
supination (LR)
pronation (MR)
inversion
eversion
elevation
depression
protraction
retraction
4
4
Abduction, Adduction, and Circumduction
Pronation and Supination
Elevation and Depression
Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion
Inversion and Eversion
Protraction and Retraction
5
5
Movement Type
Description
Examples
Flexion
Movement that decreases the joint angle, usually anteriorly in the sagittal plane
Shoulder, knee, elbow, hip movement
Extension
Movement the increases the joint angle, usually posteriorly in the sagittal plane.
Shoulder, knee, elbow, hip movement
Abduction
Adduction
Horizontal Abduction
Horizontal Adduction
Movement away the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane
Movement toward the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane
Movement away the midline of the body in the transverse plane
Movement toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane
Shoulder, wrist, hip movement
Shoulder, wrist, hip movement
Shoulder, wrist, hip movement
Shoulder, wrist, hip movement
Internal (medial) Rotation
Rotation toward away the midline of the body in the transverse plane
Shoulder, hip movement
External (lateral) Adduction
Rotation toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane
Shoulder, hip movement
Lateral Flexion (right or left)
Movement away the midline of the body in the frontal plane
Neck, trunk movement
Rotation (right or left)
Elevation
Depression
Right or left rotation in the transverse plane
Movement of the scapula (shoulder girdle) superiorly in the frontal plane
Movement of the scapula (shoulder girdle) inferiorly in the frontal plane
Neck, trunk movement
Scapula movement
Scapula movement
Retraction
Movement of the scapula (shoulder girdle) toward the spine in the transverse plane
Scapula movement
Protraction
Movement of the scapula (shoulder girdle) away from the spine in the transverse plane
Scapula movement
Upward Rotation
Superior and lateral movement of the inferior angle of the scapula (shoulder girdle)
in the frontal plane
Scapula movement
Downward Rotation
Inferior and medial movement of the inferior angle of the scapula (shoulder girdle)
in the frontal plane
Scapula movement
Circumduction
A compound circular movement involving flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
Shoulder, hip movement
Radial Deviation
Ulnar Deviation
Abduction of the wrist in the frontal plane. (Same as abduction)
Adduction of the wrist in the frontal plane. (Same as adduction)
Wrist movement
Wrist movement
Opposition
Diagonal movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand to make contact with the
5th digit
Thumb movement
Eversion
Inversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Abduction of the ankle
Adduction of the ankle
Flexing the ankle so that the foot moves anteriorly in the sagittal plane
Extending the ankle so that the foot moves posteriorly in the sagittal plane
Ankle movement
Ankle movement
Ankle movement
Ankle movement
Pronation (foot / ankle)
Combined movements of abduction and eversion resulting in lowering of the medial
(inner) margin of the foot.
Foot / ankle movement - Running on the
inner edge of the foot.
Supination (foot / ankle)
Combined movements of adduction and inversion resulting in raising of the medial
(inner) margin of the foot.
Foot / ankle movement - Running on the
outer edge of the foot.
Planes
Fixed lines of reference along which the body or organ is often
divided to facilitate viewing.
Body Planes
Sagittal Plane
A vertical plane which divides the body or structure into right and
left sections.
Sagittal Section of Thorax
MRI of Brain
6
6
Mid-Sagittal Plane
A vertical plane which divides a body or structure into equal right
and left halves.
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
A vertical plane which divides a body or structure into anterior and
posterior sections
X-Ray: Frontal View
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane
A horizontal plane which divides a body or structure into superior
and inferior sections.
Transverse Plane
(Cross Section)
Chest CT Scan
7
7
Planes - Overview
Brain MRI
Body Cavities
BODY CAVITIES
Spaces within the body that contain the internal organs.
Dorsal Body Cavity
• Cranial Cavity
• Contains the brain
• Spinal (Vertebral) Cavity
• Bony cavity formed by the vertebrae of the spine that contains and protects
the spinal cord.
Ventral Body Cavity
• Thoracic Cavity
• Pleural cavities (2)
• Space around each lung
• Mediastinum
• Divides the lungs into 2 cavities
•
•
•
•
•
Aorta and other great blood vessels (superior/inferior vena cava, etc)
Esophagus
Trachea
Thymus
Pericardial cavity
• Pericardial cavity
• Heart
8
8
Thoracic Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
• Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Abdominal cavity
• Superior portion of the cavity that extends from the
diaphragm to the superior margin of the pelvic girdle
• Pelvic cavity
• Inferior portion of the cavity that is surrounded by the
pelvic bones
Abdominal Cavity Organs
Pelvic Cavity Organs
• Viscera—collective term for the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Stomach
• Liver
• Spleen
• Gallbladder
• Kidneys
• Pancreas
• Small intestines
• Most of the large intestines
Urinary bladder
Cecum
Appendix
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Intestines
Male or female reproductive organs
Body Cavities
Abdominopelvic Cavity
9
9
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
• The abdominopelvic cavity can be functionally divided into
quadrants.
• Used by clinical personnel to describe the location of abdominopelvic
pain, tumors, and other abnormalities.
• Used mostly in the medical and clinical disciplines.
• Functionally divides the abdominopelvic cavity into
four quadrants
• RUQ - Right Upper Quadrant
• LUQ - Left Upper Quadrant
• RLQ - Right Lower Quadrant
• LLQ - Left Lower Quadrant
Quadrants and Organs
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
• RUQ
• liver, gallbladder, right kidney
• LUQ
• stomach, spleen, pancreas, left kidney
• RLQ
• appendix, right ovary
• LLQ
• left ovary
Abdominopelvic Regions
Homeostasis
The ability of the body to maintain a constant internal
environment within prescribed physiological limits.
10
10
Parameters Maintained in Homeostasis
•
•
•
•
•
•
gas concentrations
temperature
pressure
pH (acidity)
nutrients
water
STRESS
• Any factor which disrupts homeostasis.
• Any stimulus which creates an imbalance in the
body’s internal environment
• Anything that causes stress - Stressor
• Physical
• Emotional
• Metabolic
• Environmental
External Stressors
Internal Stressors
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Heat
Cold
Noise
Light
Exercise
Pain
Tumors
High blood pressure
Chemical imbalances
Unpleasant thoughts
Components of a Feedback Mechanism
Feedback Mechanisms
Any circular situation in which information about something is
monitored and sent to a control center
• Control Center
• An area that receives information about a monitored
condition and determines an appropriate response.
• Receptor
• An area or structure that monitors a controlled
condition.
• Effector
• Structure that produces a response or changes a
controlled condition.
11
11
Feedback Mechanisms
Feedback Mechanisms
Types of Feedback Mechanisms
Negative Feedback System
• Negative Feedback Mechanisms (Inhibitory)
• The response counteracts the input.
• The most common feedback mechanism.
• Examples:
•
•
•
•
blood pressure
blood sugar regulation
cardiac output
temperature regulation
• Positive Feedback Mechanisms (Stimulatory)
• The response is intensified by the input.
• Example: Breastfeeding by an infant, childbirth, and
blood clotting.
Negative Feedback System
Positive Feedback System
12
12
Dorsal vs. Ventral
(***Don’t worry, you won’t be tested on this picture)
13
13