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Unit 15: Assisting in Endocrinology
Study Guide Answer Keys
Vocabulary Review
1. C. Glucagon
8. TSH
2. A. Glycosuria
9. Polyphagia
3. B. Glycogen
10. ADH
4. polydipsia
11. Polyuria
5. ACTH
12. Gluconeogenesis
6. Insulin
13. Growth hormone
7. Ketosis
14. Prolactin
Skills and Concepts
1. a. Melatonin: Produced by the pineal gland; helps regulate sleep cycles
b. TSH: Produced by the anterior pituitary gland; stimulates the thyroid gland to
produce thyroid hormones
c. Adrenaline: Produced by the adrenal medulla; activates the response to stress
d. Insulin: Produced by the beta cells of the pancreas; helps cells use CHO for energy
e. Glucagon: Produced by alpha cells of the pancreas; regulates blood glucose levels
2. An exocrine gland secretes substances through a duct system outward (e.g., sweat
glands). An endocrine gland produces chemicals known as hormones and secretes them
directly into the bloodstream, where they can be carried to target tissue.
3. Negative feedback is the most common feedback system. An endocrine gland is
activated by an imbalance and acts to correct the imbalance by stopping the secretion
process. For example, if calcium blood levels fall below normal, the parathyroid glands
are stimulated to release parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH acts to increase blood calcium
levels either by stimulating the absorption of calcium from the gut or by demineralizing
bone to release stored calcium. This change in the blood calcium level is detected by
the parathyroid gland, which then stops production of PTH.
4. a. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) – stimulates the thyroid gland to produce
hormones
b. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - stimulates the production and secretion of
glucocorticoids
c. Prolactin - stimulates the development of the mammary gland
d. Growth hormone (GH) - stimulates the growth of the long bones
e. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - stimulates oogenesis and spermatogenesis
f. Luteinizing hormone (LH) - promotes ovulation
5. a. Gigantism – Oversecretion of GH in childhood before the epiphyseal plates in the
long bones have closed will cause the long bones to grow excessively. Those
affected may reach 8 feet or taller. Because GH has a secondary effect on the blood
glucose level, these persons may develop DM.
b. Acromegaly - If hypersecretion of GH occurs in adulthood, the disorder is called
acromegaly. The epiphyseal plates are closed so the long bones cannot grow; a wide
range of manifestations can occur because of the growth of excessive connective
tissue and overproduction of bone.
c. Dwarfism - Hypopituitary dwarfism occurs when the pituitary gland fails to produce
normal amounts of GH. The child’s height is impaired, but he or she will have a
normal size head and trunk.
1 Unit 15: Assisting in Endocrinology
Study Guide Answer Keys
6. a. Diabetes insipidus: Diabetes insipidus develops when ADH is not produced or
released in sufficient amounts. ADH increases the permeability of the renal and
collecting tubules in the kidneys, permitting fluid to be reabsorbed and causing the
urine to become more concentrated. Without the action of ADH, fluid is not
reabsorbed from the renal tubules, which causes a large amount of fluid to be
excreted in the urine, with the potential onset of dehydration in the patient.
b. Addison’s disease: Addison’s disease is a condition of adrenal insufficiency.
Symptoms include hypoglycemia, increased pigmentation of the skin, muscle
weakness, gastrointestinal disturbances, and fatigue. Cortisol and aldosterone
deficiencies lead to retention of potassium and the excretion of water and sodium in
the urine. Severe dehydration, low blood volume, low blood pressure, and
circulatory shock can occur. Treatment includes replacement of cortisol with the
long-term daily administration of glucocorticoids.
c. Cushing’s syndrome: Cushing’s syndrome is hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex,
causing increased levels of cortisol. Usually a benign pituitary tumor causes the
release of excessive amounts of ACTH. Symptoms associated with Cushing’s
syndrome may be seen in individuals being treated with corticosteroids for medical
reasons.
7. Hypothyroidism: Lower metabolic rate, heat loss, poor mental and physical
development, fatigue, weight gain, hair loss, slower pulse rate, lowered body
temperature, muscle cramps, menorrhagia, and thick, dry, puffy skin.
Hyperthyroidism: Weight loss, tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension, agitation,
nervousness, depression, tremor, excessive sweating, goiter, and exophthalmia.
8. Prediabetes is a condition in which an individual has a higher than normal blood glucose
level but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Two different tests are
used to diagnose prediabetes: the fasting plasma glucose test (FPG) and the oral
glucose tolerance test (OGTT). A person with prediabetes has a fasting blood glucose
level between 100 and 125 mg/dL; individuals with an FPG of 126 mg/dL or higher are
diagnosed as diabetic. A patient with prediabetes would have a 2-hour OGTT of 140 to
199 mg/dL; diabetes is diagnosed if the OGTT is 200 mg/dL or higher.
9. DM type 1 usually develops before age 30 and is characterized by a complete absence of
insulin production. Patients need daily insulin injections. DM type 2 develops gradually
because of an insufficient amount of insulin or resistance at the target cell site or both.
10. Insulin shock occurs if an adult patient’s blood glucose level drops below 46 to 60
mg/dL. In the case of a diabetic coma, the patient is unable to use glucose for energy
because insulin either is absent or insufficient, or there is resistance to insulin at the
target cell site; as a result, glucose levels build up in the blood, causing loss of
consciousness.
11. a. Polyuria (excessive urine production)
b. Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
c. Polyphagia (increased appetite)
12. Refer to Table 45-1 in the text.
13. Refer to Table 45-2 in the text.
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