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1874-1912
Becoming a World Power
Part 1: The Imperialist Vision
Part 2: The Spanish-American War
Part 3: New American Diplomacy
The Imperialist Vision
The Big Idea
Americans looked overseas for new business
..spread American culture to the uncivilized?!!
Annexation of Hawaii
Opening of Japan to trade
U.S. bought raw materials from Latin America
...and sell to the region
A modern U.S. navy
..to protect our interests
Did You Know?
Hawaii is the only state that was once an independent monarchy.
Polynesian monarchs ruled the country from about 1800 to 1894.
Building Support for Imperialism
A desire for world markets
A belief in the superiority of white culture
U.S. asserted itself as a world power
Building Support for Imperialism
Imperialism: the economic and political domination of a strong nation over weaker nations.
Was a view held by many Europeans nations as they expanded their power overseas.
To protect their investments, European nations exerted control over territories where they had invested capital
and sold products.
Some areas became colonies while others became protectorates.
In a protectorate, the imperial power allowed local rulers to remain in control while protecting them against
rebellion and invasion. In return, local rulers had to accept advice from the Europeans on how to govern their
country.
Building Support for Imperialism
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Building Support for Imperialism
Americans wanted to develop overseas markets.
Social Darwinists argued that only the strongest would survive.
Justification for expanding American power overseas.
John Fiske, a historian and writer, wrote about “Anglo-Saxonism,” the idea that the English-speaking nations had
superior character, ideas, and systems of government and were destined to dominate the planet.
Josiah Strong linked missionary work to Anglo-Saxonism, convincing many Americans to support imperialism.
Question:
Why did Americans increasingly support imperialism during the 1880s?
Answer
Americans wanted to develop overseas markets to keep the economy strong. Social Darwinists argued that as
nations competed, only the strongest would survive. John Fiske wrote about “Anglo-Saxonism,” the idea that the
English-speaking nations had superior character, ideas, and systems of government and were destined to dominate
the planet. Anglo-Saxonism was a popular idea because it fit with the idea of Manifest Destiny. Josiah Strong linked
missionary work to Anglo-Saxonism, convincing many Americans to support imperialism.
Expansion in the Pacific
Americans expanded across the Pacific Ocean and toward East Asia looking for overseas markets.
Americans hoped to trade with China and Japan, but Japan only allowed trade with the Chinese and the Dutch.
Expansion in the Pacific
In 1852 President Franklin Pierce ordered Commodore Matthew C. Perry to travel to Japan to negotiate a trade
treaty.
In 1854 the Japanese, impressed by American technology and power, signed a treaty opening two ports to
American trade.
By the 1890s, Japan had a powerful navy and had set out to build its own empire in Asia.
Matthew Perry
Expansion in the Pacific
During an 1872 recession in Hawaii, the United States exempted Hawaiian sugar from tariffs.
When the treaty later came up for renewal, the Senate insisted that Hawaii give the United States exclusive rights to
a naval base at Pearl Harbor.
The trade treaty led to a boom in the Hawaiian sugar industry.
Building Support for Imperialism
The McKinley Tariff in 1890 gave subsidies to sugar producers in the United States causing the sale of Hawaiian
sugar to decline.
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Building Support for Imperialism
The McKinley Tariff in 1890 gave subsidies to sugar producers in the United States causing the sale of Hawaiian
sugar to decline.
As a result, the Hawaiian economy also declined.
Building Support for Imperialism
In 1891 Queen Liliuokalani became the queen of Hawaii.
She disliked the influence of American settlers in Hawaii.
In 1893 a group of planters, supported by U.S. Marines, forced the queen to give up her power after she
unsuccessfully tried to impose a new constitution that reasserted her authority as ruler of the Hawaiian people.
The group of planters set up a temporary government and asked the United States to annex the islands.
Relations with Latin America
U.S. worked to increase trade with Latin America
Pan-Americanism
James Blaine and the Pan American Conference
A customs union to:
reduce tariffs
treat each other equally
Latin America rejected the ideas
Commercial Bureau of the American Republics
Pan American Union
Organization of American States (OAS)
Building a Modern Navy
American were willing to go to war
to protect business interests
A need to build up the navy
The Influence of Sea Power, by Captain Alfred T. Mahan
We needed a navy to protect our merchant ships
Henry Cabot Lodge & Albert J. Beveridge
Senators who pushed for construction of a new navy
Did You Know?
African Americans who fought in the Spanish-American War were organized into units or regiments that were
segregated from whites. Almost half of the Cuban revolutionaries fighting with the Americans were black. The sight
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African Americans who fought in the Spanish-American War were organized into units or regiments that were
segregated from whites. Almost half of the Cuban revolutionaries fighting with the Americans were black. The sight
of black Cuban soldiers fighting alongside whites as equals increased African Americans’ feelings of injustice in the
United States.
The Spanish-American War
Americans supported the Cuban revolt against the Spanish
Pres. McKinley sent the USS Maine to Havana, Cuba
The Maine exploded
Spain was blamed
U.S. fought Spain in the Philippines, Cuba & Caribbean
The U.S. Navy defeated the Spanish navy
Victory meant the U.S. could control more territory
The Coming of War
The Cuban Rebellion Begins
Jose Marti--exiled Cuban leader
a Writer and Poet, Aroused
Americans to the Cause
U.S. and Cuba linked economically
Americans Support the Cubans
President Cleveland declared the U.S. neutral
Competing newspapers wrote outrageous stories
Hearst, Pulitzer, and yellow journalism
Cuban people suffered horribly--General Weyler, (“The Butcher”)
McKinley Pressed the Spanish to Remove Weyler from Power
Calling Out for War
1897--President McKinley thought war would cost too much and hurt the economy
McKinley asked Spain if the U.S. could help negotiate
McKinley sent the battleship Maine to Havana in case U.S. citizens needed to be evacuated
The Maine exploded in Havana harbor.
The press blamed Spain
An American slogan: “Remember the Maine!”
McKinley under pressure to declare war
Jingosim
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McKinley under pressure to declare war
Jingosim
Theodore Roosevelt--Assistant Secretary of War
McKinley “had nor more backbone than a chocolate eclair”
A War on Two Fronts
Cuba-physical-map.gif 734×50 pixels
The Philippines
Commodore Dewey
Rough Riders
An American Empire is Born
Victory in the Spanish-American War allowed the United States to expand its holdings in the South Pacific and to
control Puerto Rico and Cuba.
Rebellion in the Philippines
Puerto Rico
Cuba & the Platt Amendment
1. Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation that would weaken its power…
2. Cuba had to allow the United States to buy or lease naval stations in Cuba
3. Cuba’s debts had to be kept low…
4. The United States had the right to intervene…
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt became president after McKinley was assassinated
TR believed the U.S. should increase its power
TR established the Open Door Policy in China
TR pushed for construction of the Panama Canal
TR’s corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: the U.S. would intervene in any Latin American country to ensure stability....
1900 Election
Roosevelt Becomes President
American Diplomacy in Asia
Boxer Rebellion
The Great White Fleet
the Panama Canal
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The Great White Fleet
the Panama Canal
Roosevelt Corollary & Dollar Diplomacy
The Progressive Movement
Next: The Progressive Movement