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Weed Management: A Basic Approach Ken Hutto, Ph.D. West Florida Research and Ed. Center University of Florida-IFAS Developing a Weed Management Program • Prevent weed introduction • Properly maintain turfgrasses • Identify weeds and learn life cycle • Application timing is crucial!! • Initiate control practices – Cultural – Mechanical – Herbicides Back to Basics Approach • Cultural Practices – Fertility – Water management • Irrigation • Drainage – Mowing • Height • Frequency – Control other pests Fertility – 1 lb/yr – 2 lb/yr – 3 lb/yr Crabgrass Relative Density • Avg density (%) weeds • N applied at: Dandelion 100 75 50 25 0 1 2 LB N/YR Coats et al. Mississippi State University Photo: turf.ufl.edu 3 Weed Management – Putting It All Together • • • • • • • Fertility Irrigation Mowing Cultivation Insects Diseases Weed cycles Key is --Competition Competition Competition Weeds can be indicators of other problems… Low pH High pH Compacted Soil Poorly Drained Soils Low N Nematodes Addressing the Problem • Presence of a weed does not necessarily mean there is a secondary problem – Spurge and nematodes • Killing the weed does not necessarily cure the problem – Nutsedge and poor drainage Types of Weeds Broadleaf Weeds • Dicot • Netted veins • Wide leaf blade – Opposite – Alternate – Whorled • Generally erect growth • Can have showy flowers Grass Weeds • • • • • Monocot Parallel veins Thin leaves Fibrous root system Round, oval or flat stem • Seed head Grass-Like Weeds • • • • Monocot Parallel veins Thin leaves Round, hollow stems • Triangular stems • 3-ranked leaves • Can produce above ground fruit – Bulbils on wild onion Weed Management Strategy • Diagnose problem – Weed ID – Is the problem something else? • Evaluate control methods – What are your options? – Is problem worthy of investing time and money? • Select program • Execute program • Evaluate – Did program work? Winter Weeds Annual bluegrass • Winter annual • Pale green color • Boat-shaped leaf tip • Bunch-type growth habit • Produces many seedheads – Can flower throughout life cycle Perennial ryegrass • Can become a weed during spring transition • Round stem • Glossy appearance • Bunch-type growth • Red/maroon color at base Wild garlic • Winter grass-like perennial • Emerges fall/early winter • Round, hollow stem • Parallel veins • Garlic odor • Underground bulbs Annual blueeyed-grass • Winter annual • Leaves flat, clustered at base • Pale purple/white flower • Found in moist areas Common chickweed • Winter annual • Can form dense mats – Many branches • Leaves opposite; entire (smooth margins); ovalshaped • Small white flowers in clusters at end of stems Mouseear chickweed • • • • Winter annual Leaves opposite Oval shape Densely hairy – Leaves and stems • White flowers at end of stem Henbit • Winter annual • Square, purple stem – Mint family • Leaves opposite – Toothed margins • Purple flower with distinct lower petal – “Lip-like” petal White clover • Winter perennial broadleaf • Trifoliate leaves – Three leaflets make up one leaf – White band at base – Margins slightly toothed • White flowers • Can persist into summer if conditions are suitable Lawn burweed spurweed or stickerweed • Winter annual • Leaves opposite – Highly lobed (divided) – Looks like many tiny leaves • Mat-forming • Produces spines in spring Dandelion • Perennial • Reproduces by seed; can form new plants from taproot segments • Leaves basal, deeply lobed pointing back • White, plume seed head • Yellow flower Summer Annual Grass Weeds Southern crabgrass • Ligule: tall, membranous • Sheath: oval • Pubescence: dense – On top and bottom of leaf blade – On leaf sheath – Longer pubescence around collar region • Produces short, fat 1st true leaf parallel to soil surface Pictures copied from www.ppdl.purdue.edu Goosegrass • Ligule: short, membranous • Sheath: flat – White longitudinal lines • Pubescence: long scraggly hairs near sheath – Can be variable • White-gray base Pictures copied from www.agronomy.lsu.edu and www.agriculture.org Crowfootgrass • Ligule: short, ciliate membranous • Sheath: flat • Pubescence: evenly spaced hairs on leaf margin (when small) Pictures copied from www.agronomy.lsu.edu Southern sandbur • Ligule: short, ciliate • Sheath: flat • Leaf blade: scabrous margins – Leaf blade can turn purple – Compressed near sheath • Pubescence: may have short, stiff hairs near sheath Pictures copied from www.clemson.edu and www.agriculture.org Yellow foxtail • Ligule: short, ciliate • Sheath: flat • Pubescence: long, scraggly hairs on bottom third of leaf • Can produce red color at base of plant Pictures copied from www.ppws.vt.edu Perennial Grass Weeds Torpedograss • Ligule: ciliate • Sheath: round • Leaf blade: – Very stiff erect growth • Pubescence: – top of leaf – margins – Collar region • Produces massive rhizome system Pictures copied from www.lsuagcenter.com Dallisgrass • Ligule: tall, membranous • Sheath: Oval to flat • Pubescence: variable – Dense when small – Mature plants: around collar region Bahiagrass • Ligule: tall, membranous • Sheath: round • Leaf blade: flat or folded • Pubescence: glabrous – May have few hairs around collar region Summer Grass-Like Weeds Purple nutsedge • Tuber forming – Tubers connected by chains • • • • Triangular stem Three-ranked leaves Blunt leaf tip Pepper smell – Bitter taste Yellow nutsedge • Tuber forming – Tubers not connected by chains • • • • Triangular stem Three-ranked leaves Tapered leaf tip Camphor smell – Sweet taste Purple vs. Yellow Nutsedge Kyllinga sp. • Annual sedge reproducing seed – No tubers – High density • Triangular stem • Three-ranked leaves – Have distinct midvein • Globular seedhead – Three distinct leaves below seedhead Summer Broadleaf Weeds Virginia buttonweed • Summer perennial broadleaf • Elliptical shaped leaves – Opposite • Leaf margins scabrous • Vegetative reproduction - fleshy root • Seeds look like small pumpkins Florida pusley • Prostrate and spreading summer annual • Has branched, hairy stems • Leaves opposite, oval shaped • Tubular, white flowers clustered in the terminal of plant • Reproduces by seed Old World Diamond-flower • Summer annual with branched stems • Leaves opposite and narrow • Flowers white – Usually two or more on one long stalk • Reproduces by seed Florida betony • Erect growth • Leaves: – – – – Opposite Lance-shaped Margins lobed Flat base • Stem: – Square • Large, white tubers – Rattlesnake weed Chamberbitter • Erect growth • Leaves: – – – – – Alternate Thin Smooth margins Oblong Compound • Stem: – Erect, angled • Produces fruit and flowers on underside of leaf Dollarweed • Perennial • Established from rhizomes • Leaves round with long petioles • Reproduces by seed, rhizomes and tubers • Thrives in wet areas Dichondra • Creeping perennial • Roots at nodes • Leaves alternate, kidney-shaped • Reproduces by seed and stolons Yellow woodsorrel • Herbaceous perennial with hairy stems • Alternate leaves – Divided into three heart-shaped lobes • Has a narrow “okralike” seed capsule • Small, yellow flower • Can be mistaken for clover Prostrate spurge • Summer annual – Prostrate growth habit • Leaves opposite • Hairs on stems lay flat – Stems have milky sap – Roots at nodes • Three-lobed fruit • Reproduces by seed Current Weed Control Options for St. Augustinegrass and Centipedegrass Certainty - Monsanto • Sulfosulfuron, 75 WDG • Sulfonylurea herbicide • Rate: 0.75 to 1.25 oz/ac (max of 2.66 oz per year) Certainty - Monsanto • Tolerant species: – – – – – Bermudagrass St. Augustinegrass Centipedegrass Zoysiagrass Seashore Paspalum Certainty - Monsanto • Weeds on label: – – – – – – – yellow and purple nutsedge kyllinga Poa annua chamberbitter chickweed white clover henbit Certainty- Monsanto • Spring transition aid – may require 2 applications QuickSilver - FMC • Carfentrazone – 1.9 SC • Postemergence broadleaf control • For use on golf courses, commercial, residential turf • 0.55 to 2.1 fl oz/A • Rapid activity • No grass control QuickSilver • Safe on turf species – Bermudagrass – St. Augustinegrass – Centipedegrass – Zoysiagrass – Bahiagrass – Seashore Paspalum – Perennial Ryegrass QuickSilver • Newly seeded, sodded, or sprigged turfgrass – 7 days after emergence • Bermudagrass • St. Augustinegrass – 14 days after emergence • Zoysiagrass QuickSilver • Weeds on label: – Virginia buttonweed – Lawn burweed – Florida pusley – Chickweed – White clover – Spurge – Henbit – Purslane – Thistle Aim - FMC • Carfentrazone – 1.9 SC (same active ingredient as QuickSilver) • Postemergence broadleaf control • For use in warm-season sod production • 0.55 to 2.1 fl oz/A • Rapid activity • No grass control New Herbicides • Dismiss • Octane SC Dismiss - FMC • Sulfentrazone – 4F • Postemergence • Sod production, commercial, residential, athletic fields, golf course fairways and roughs • Very rapid activity • No grass control Dismiss • Tolerant Turf Species: – Application Rate = 8 oz/A • Bahiagrass • Centipedegrass • Seashore Paspalum • Zoysiagrass Dismiss • Tolerant Turf Species: – Application Rate = 12 oz/A • Bermudagrass Dismiss • Weed listed on label: – Sedge Species including – • Kyllinga species • Purple nutsedge • Yellow nutsedge Dismiss • Weed listed on label: – Broadleaf Species including – • Black medic • Carolina geranium • Chickweed • Clover • Cudweed • Henbit • Florida pusley • Spurge • Wild garlic • Yellow woodsorrel Octane SC • New herbicide from SePRO Corporation Octane SC (pyraflufen ethyl) • Labeled for: – Bermudagrass – Centipedegrass – St. Augustinegrass – Zoysiagrass Octane SC (pyraflufen ethyl) • Weeds Listed on Label: – Hairy beggartick – Carpetweed – Chickweed – White clover – Curly dock – Cutleaf eveningprimrose – Knotweed – Common purslane “New” (Old) Herbicide • Sedgehammer Gowan Company • Sedgehammer (halosulfuron) – Formerly Manage – Nutsedge control in golf courses, residential, commercial turf and ornamentals – Same formulation, uses, rates as Manage “New” (Old) Herbicide • Sandea –Gowan Company Gowan Company • Sandea (halosulfuron) – Formerly Permit/Manage – Nutsedge control in turf for sod – Same formulation, uses, rates as Permit/Manage “New” Herbicides • Generic PREs – Proclipse (NuFarm) – Resolute (Syngenta) – Cavalcade (Sipcam) – Stonewall (Lesco) – Quali-Pro products – Etc. “New” Herbicide • Vantage – sethoxydim – Now sold as: • Southern Ag Grass Killer contains VANTAGE • Sethoxydim G-PRO from Gro-Pro LLC Other Options • Manor – POST broadleaf – Bahiagrass • Spotlight – POST broadleaf • Image – Some POST broadleaf – Sedge Products on the Shelf Preemergence • Green Light Amaze® – benefin + oryzalin • Scotts Halts ® – pendimethalin Non-Selective • Roundup® • Many products containing: • Sta-Green Crab-Ex™ – glyphosate – diquat – fluazifop – dithiopyr • Many others – PRE weed and feed Products on the Shelf POST Broadleaf • Many products containing**: – 2,4-D – mecoprop (MCPP) – dicamba – dicloprop • sulfentrazone • Image – imazaquin • Many products containing atrazine POST Grass (Sidewalks) • Products containing: – fluazifop – imazapic • Ortho® Season Long Grass and Weed Killer – oxyfluorfen + glyphosate POST Sedge • Image **Most products containing these active ingredients are not labeled for St. Augustinegrass or centipedegrass. Things to Watch Out For… • Timing of weed-and-feed products. • “Do not apply to any improved variety…” – Not every product stating “for St. Augustinegrass” can be used on widely used varieties. • Some products are not what they seem. – Image (imazaquin) – Image with Atrazine (atrazine…no imazaquin!!) Message for End Users… • Always read the label, AND APPLY CORRECTLY! • Always obey safety precautions – Personal protective equipment • Be aware of environmental conditions • Promote managing turfgrass first • Offer your services! Questions?