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Chapter 19: The World War I Era (1914-1920)
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2nd Battle
of Marne
(1918)
marked the turning of the tide in World War I.
It began with the last German offensive of the
conflict and was quickly followed by the first
allied offensive victory of 1918.
airplanes
first gun mounted planes. Timing mechanisms
mounted into planes allowed firing foreward
through the propellers
alliance
systems
axis and allies; a cause of the First World War;
made in secret and so produced much distrust
and suspicion among the European powers.
Their general suspicion prevented their
diplomats to devise a suitable solution to many
of the crises preceding the war
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arms race
describes a competition between two or more
parties for the best armed forces
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Balkans
powder keg of Europe everyone wanted them
for Mediterranean trade
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Battle of
Jutland
(naval) 1916
The battle was the largest naval battle of World
War I, and the only full-scale clash of
battleships in that war.
Battle of the
Marne
started the trench war on the western front
ending the German advance
Belgium
was cut through by Germany to get to France
Bernard
Baruch
was an American financier, stock-market
speculator, statesman, and political
consultant. After his success in business, he
devoted his time toward advising U.S.
Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D.
Roosevelt on economic matters; leader of the
War Industries Board
Big Four
David Lloyd George of Britain, Georges
Clemenceau of France, and Vittorio Orlando of
Italy; Wilson
Charles
Schenck
Committee
on Public
Information
was a United States Supreme Court decision
that upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 and
concluded that a defendant did not have a First
Amendment right to freedom of speech against
the draft during World War I. Ultimately, the
case established the "clear and present danger"
test.
was an independent agency created to
influence U.S. public opinion regarding
American participation in World War I. Over
just 28 months, from April 13, 1917, to August
21, 1919, it used every medium available to
create enthusiasm for the war effort and enlist
public support against foreign attempts to
undercut America's war aims.
daylight
savings time
began during WWI by the Fuel
Administration; turning clocks aheads one
hour for summer when most people are
asleep; increases the number of daylight
hours available for work lowering fuel
consumption
Doughboys
members of the American Expeditionary
Force; were the men America sent to
France in the Great War
Eddie
Rickenbacker
was an American Aviator during World
War I. During the war, he served in the US
Air Service as commander of the 94th Aero
Pursuit Squadron. Shooting down 22
planes, he was America's leading pilot. He
received the Distinguished Service Cross as
well as the Congressional Medal of Honor.
16.
Eugene Debs
Speeches violated Sedition Act and he was
imprisoned
17.
flamethrowers
heavy back pack style napalm sprayers
heavy intimidating but ineffective for the
cost
18.
Foche
chosen as supreme commander of the
Allied armies; served as general in the
French army during World War I and was
made Marshal of France in its final year:
1918. Shortly after the start of the Spring
Offensive, Germany's final attempt to win
the war, was chosen as supreme
commander of the Allied armies, a position
that he held until 11 November 1918, when
he accepted the German request for an
armistice
Food
Administration
goals were to provide food for its own
troops and those of its Allies in war-torn
Europe as well as to feed the American and
Allied populations.
Fourteen
Points
was a speech delivered by United States
President Woodrow Wilson to a joint
session of Congress on January 8, 1918.
The address was intended to assure the
country that the Great War was being
fought for a moral cause and for postwar
peace in Europe
Francis
Ferdinand
His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated
Austria-Hungary's declaration of war
against Serbia. This caused Germany and
Austria-Hungary, and countries allied with
Serbia (the Triple Alliance Powers) to
declare war on each other, starting World
War I
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George Creel
the head of the United States Committee on
Public Information, a propaganda
organization created by President Woodrow
Wilson during World War I
Great
Migration
was the movement of 2 million African
Americans out of the Southern United States to
the Midwest, Northeast and West from 1910 to
1930. African Americans migrated to escape
racism and to seek jobs in industrial cities
24.
Hoover
left his position as Chairman of the
Commission for Relief in Belgium and return to
this country to take charge of its wartime Food
Administration
25.
imperialism
the creation and maintenance of an unequal
economic, cultural and territorial relationship,
usually between states and often in the form of
an empire, based on domination and
subordination
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influenza
epidemic at
home
influenza
epidemic on
the battle
front
killed more people than the Great War, known
today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere
between 20 and 40 million people. It has been
cited as the most devastating epidemic in
recorded world history
American troops arriving in France from
military training camp in Kansas brought this
with them; Of the U.S. soldiers who died in
Europe, half of them fell to the influenza virus
and not to the enemy. An estimated 43,000
servicemen mobilized for WWI died of
influenza
IWW
(Industrial
Workers of
the World)
gained strength during WWI; became the
target of the government's effort to control
political radicals
John "Black
Jack"
Pershing
Leader of the American Expeditionary Force
during World War I
Liberty
Bonds
a war bond that was sold in the United States
to support the allied cause in World War I.
Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of
patriotic duty in the United States and
introduced the idea of financial securities to
many citizens for the first time. The Act of
Congress which authorized the Liberty Bonds
is still used today as the authority under which
all U.S. Treasury bonds are issued.
Lusitania
ship sunk by torpedo attack with 128 American
passengers; made America ANGRY; torpedo
attack early in WWI before tactics for evading
submarines were properly implemented or
understood. The contemporary investigations
both in the UK and US into the precise causes
of her loss were obstructed by the needs of
wartime secrecy and a propaganda campaign
to ensure all blame fell upon Germany.
Argument over whether the ship was a
legitimate military target raged back and forth
throughout the war as both sides made
misleading claims about the ship. At the time
she was sunk she was carrying a large quantity
of rifle ammunition and other supplies
necessary for a war economy, as well as
civilian passengers.
machine
guns
outdated the musket loaded rifles of prior wars.
Used 60 pound water drums for cooling
systems for maintainable rapid fire. Made good
use of trench warfare provided they didn't need
to move
nationalism
a strong devotion to the nation
no man's
land
the line in between armies trenches; because
no man is alive there long
35.
poison gas
chlorine gas used to open up lines in trenches;
first use of WWI was against France; a 9 mile
gap was made so no one could cross it
36.
propaganda
is a form of communication that is aimed at
influencing the attitude of a community toward
some cause or position; England cut off our
communications with Germany so all
information came through them and our view
was biased
37.
rationing
distributing goods to consumers in a fixed
amount
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Red Baron
Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen;
was a German fighter pilot with the Imperial
German Army Air Service (Luftstreitkräfte)
during World War I. He is considered the aceof-aces of that war, being officially credited
with 80 air combat victories, more than any
other pilot
Robert
Prager
was a German coal miner living in Collinsville,
Illinois, who was lynched by a mob on 5 April
1918. Twelve men were tried for his murder but
were subsequently acquitted. It has been
suggested that Prager may have been singled
out for his socialism, rather than his
nationality
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Russian
Revolution
monarchy was over thrown in Russia and was
said to be making the world safe for democracy;
In March 1917 a revolution overthrew tsarist
regime. The second Revolution, commonly
called the October Revolution, was an armed
coup organized by the Bolshevik party. These
revolutions were caused by and led to Russia
pulling out of World War I.
Sarajavo
city where Francis Ferdinand and his wife were
assassinated; His assassination in Sarajevo
precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of
war against Serbia. This caused Germany and
Austria-Hungary, and countries allied with
Serbia (the Triple Alliance Powers) to declare
war on each other, starting World War I
Schlieffen
Plan
overall strategic plan for victory in a possible
future war where it might find itself fighting on
two fronts: France to the west and Russia to the
east.
Sgt. Alvin
York
was one of the most decorated American
soldiers in World War I.He received the Medal
of Honor for leading an attack on a German
machine gun nest, taking 32 machine guns,
killing 28 German soldiers and capturing 132
others
stalemate
inability for either side to make an advance
submarine
tactics
did not have a place in the rules of engagement
and infuriated everyone except Germany
submarines
underwater vessels largely undefensive strong
offense and excellent camouflage
Sussex
Pledge
A promise Germany made to America, after
Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking
their ships without warning.
tanks
small caliber rounds on a non rotating mount
impenetratable to rifle fire
Treaty of
Versailles
Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations:
France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to
help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany
of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to
rapair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany
had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4)
Germany could not manefacture any weapons.
trench
warfare
warfare conducted in long trenches to prevent
getting shot
Triple
Alliance;
Central
Powers
Consisted of Germany, Austria- Hungary, as
well as Italy. Germany, with its blank check
provision to Austria- Hungary, had in
encouraged the war declaration on Serbia.
Afterwards, Germany declared war on Russia
and France, Serbia's allies by treaties.
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Triple
Entente:
Allies
Beginning in the early 1900's, Britain, France
and Russia had signed treaties with each other.
After Austria declared war on Serbia, Germany
declared war on the allies (Russia and France),
in turn drawing Great Britain into the war. This
system of alliances had escalated what was once
a localized incident.
Victor
Berger
was a founding member of the Socialist Party of
America and an important and influential
Socialist journalist who helped establish the socalled Sewer Socialist movement. The first
Socialist elected to the U.S. House of
Representatives, in 1919 he was convicted of
violating the Espionage Act for his anti-militarist
views and as a result was twice denied the seat to
which he had been elected in the House of
Representatives.
War Guilt
Clause
It forced Germany to say that they alone caused
World War 1 -and that it was therefore right and
proper that they had to pay reparations; was the
justification for reparations. It was also widely
taken to mean that Germany was a 'rogue state'.
The German government was force to accept the
blame that they were the sole cause of the war.
War
Industries
Board
a United States government agency established
on July 28, 1917, during World War I, to
coordinate the purchase of war supplies under
the leadership of Bernard Baruch The
organization encouraged companies to use massproduction techniques to increase efficiency and
urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing
products. The board set production quotas and
allocated raw materials. It also conducted
psychological testing to help people find the right
jobs.
War
Labor
Board
was a federal agency created in April 1918 by
President Woodrow Wilson. It was composed of
representatives from business and labor, and
chaired by Former President William Howard
Taft. Its purpose was to arbitrate disputes
between workers and employers in order to
ensure labor reliability and productivity during
the war. It was disbanded after the war in May,
1919.
War
Trade
Liberty
Bonds
Established by Wilson controlled imports and
exports
William
H. Taft
former President who headed the War Labor
Board
Yanks
Name Europeans gave to American soldiers
60.
Zimmerman
Note
a message intercepted by British intelligence from Germany to Mexico in 1917 proposing that in the event of a German
war with the United states, Mexico should attack the US. It would be a Mexican opportunity to retake the Mexican
Cession. This was one of a few events which led to widespread public support for the Allies and eventual United States
involvement in the World War.