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The Immune System Course: General Science Mr. Toor Ms. Papaiconomou Gross out Mr. Toor & Ms. Papaiconomou Find a picture of a disease of your choice Make a mini-fact sheet that includes: Name of the disease What causes it Some signs & symptoms of the disease Email all pictures to [email protected] What is disease? Disease = any change, other than injury, that interferes with the normal functioning of the body Pathogens = disease-causing microorganisms Infection = when the body is successfully invaded by a pathogen Infection is a daily event. Sickness is NOT a daily event, because not all infections produce a disease. Infectious disease only happens when the growth of the pathogen begins to harm the body. What is disease? Disease = any change, other than injury, that interferes with the normal functioning of the body Pathogens = disease-causing microorganisms Infection = when the body is successfully invaded by a pathogen Infection is a daily event. Sickness is NOT a daily event, because not all infections produce a disease. Infectious disease only happens when the growth of the pathogen begins to harm the body. What is disease? Disease = any change, other than injury, that interferes with the normal functioning of the body Pathogens = disease-causing microorganisms Infection = when the body is successfully invaded by a pathogen Infection is a daily event. Sickness is NOT a daily event, because not all infections produce a disease. Infectious disease only happens when the growth of the pathogen begins to harm the body. What is disease? Disease = any change, other than injury, that interferes with the normal functioning of the body Pathogens = disease-causing microorganisms Infection = when the body is successfully invaded by a pathogen Infection is a daily event. Sickness is NOT a daily event, because not all infections produce a disease. Infectious disease only happens when the growth of the pathogen begins to harm the body. What is disease? Disease = any change, other than injury, that interferes with the normal functioning of the body Pathogens = disease-causing microorganisms Infection = when the body is successfully invaded by a pathogen Infection is a daily event. Sickness is NOT a daily event, because not all infections produce a disease. Infectious disease only happens when the growth of the pathogen begins to harm the body. What is disease? Disease = any change, other than injury, that interferes with the normal functioning of the body Pathogens = disease-causing microorganisms Infection = when the body is successfully invaded by a pathogen Infection is a daily event. Sickness is NOT a daily event, because not all infections produce a disease. Infectious disease only happens when the growth of the pathogen begins to harm the body. How do you identify a disease causing agent? Koch’s Rules for Identifying a Pathogen 1. 2. 3. 4. The suspected pathogen must occur in the body of an animal with the disease and NOT in the body of a healthy animal. The suspected pathogen should be isolated and grown in a laboratory culture. When the microorganisms grown in pure culture are injected into a healthy animal, the animal should develop the disease. The pathogen from the second animal should be isolated and grown in the laboratory. It should be the same as the pathogen isolated from the first animal. Koch’s Rules for Identifying a Pathogen 1. 2. 3. 4. The suspected pathogen must occur in the body of an animal with the disease and NOT in the body of a healthy animal. The suspected pathogen should be isolated and grown in a laboratory culture. When the microorganisms grown in pure culture are injected into a healthy animal, the animal should develop the disease. The pathogen from the second animal should be isolated and grown in the laboratory. It should be the same as the pathogen isolated from the first animal. Koch’s Rules for Identifying a Pathogen 1. 2. 3. 4. The suspected pathogen must occur in the body of an animal with the disease and NOT in the body of a healthy animal. The suspected pathogen should be isolated and grown in a laboratory culture. When the microorganisms grown in pure culture are injected into a healthy animal, the animal should develop the disease. The pathogen from the second animal should be isolated and grown in the laboratory. It should be the same as the pathogen isolated from the first animal. Koch’s Rules for Identifying a Pathogen 1. 2. 3. 4. The suspected pathogen must occur in the body of an animal with the disease and NOT in the body of a healthy animal. The suspected pathogen should be isolated and grown in a laboratory culture. When the microorganisms grown in pure culture are injected into a healthy animal, the animal should develop the disease. The pathogen from the second animal should be isolated and grown in the laboratory. It should be the same as the pathogen isolated from the first animal. Koch’s Rules for Identifying a Pathogen 1. 2. 3. 4. The suspected pathogen must occur in the body of an animal with the disease and NOT in the body of a healthy animal. The suspected pathogen should be isolated and grown in a laboratory culture. When the microorganisms grown in pure culture are injected into a healthy animal, the animal should develop the disease. The pathogen from the second animal should be isolated and grown in the laboratory. It should be the same as the pathogen isolated from the first animal. What is the Immune System? What is the Immune System? Body system responsible for resisting disease Able to recognize cells that are itself (self) and those that are foreign (non-self) Resistance = ability to ward off disease through the various defense mechanisms Susceptibility = lack of resistance, vulnerability to disease What is the Immune System? Body system responsible for resisting disease Able to recognize cells that are itself (self) and those that are foreign (non-self) Resistance = ability to ward off disease through the various defense mechanisms Susceptibility = lack of resistance, vulnerability to disease What is the Immune System? Body system responsible for resisting disease Able to recognize cells that are itself (self) and those that are foreign (non-self) Resistance = ability to ward off disease through the various defense mechanisms Susceptibility = lack of resistance, vulnerability to disease What is the Immune System? Body system responsible for resisting disease Able to recognize cells that are itself (self) and those that are foreign (non-self) Resistance = ability to ward off disease through the various defense mechanisms Susceptibility = lack of resistance, vulnerability to disease What is the body’s defense to infection? How does the Immune System work? Non-specific Defenses Body’s first line of defense Not directed against a particular pathogen Guard against all infections Specific Defenses Directed against a certain pathogen How does the Immune System work? Non-specific Defenses Body’s first lines of defense Not directed against a particular pathogen Guard against all infections Specific Defenses Directed against a certain pathogen First Line of Defense Keep pathogens out!! Skin and Mucous Membranes First Line of Defense Skin and Mucous Membranes Skin continuous layer oil and sweat glands in skin produce salty & acidic environment that kills most bacteria Mucous Membranes cells that protect the internal surfaces of the body from pathogens Mucous – sticky fluid that traps pathogens May contain enzymes used to destroy pathogens. First Line of Defense Skin and Mucous Membranes Skin continuous layer oil and sweat glands in skin produce salty & acidic environment that kills most bacteria Mucous Membranes cells that protect the internal surfaces of the body from pathogens Mucous – sticky fluid that traps pathogens May contain enzymes used to destroy pathogens. First Line of Defense Skin and Mucous Membranes Skin continuous layer oil and sweat glands in skin produce salty & acidic environment that kills most bacteria Mucous Membranes cells that protect the internal surfaces of the body from pathogens Mucous – sticky fluid that traps pathogens May contain enzymes used to destroy pathogens. Body’s Defenses 1st Line of Defense Physical barrier (skin) 2nd Line of Defense Non-specific response General white blood cells 3rd Pathogen Line of Defense Specific response Intact Skin Mucous membranes and their secretions Lining of the respiratory, urinary, reproductive and gastrointestinal tracts Second Line of Defense The Inflammatory Response 1. When tissues are injured, injured cells release histamine 2. 3. 4. increased blood flow to the area injured Fluid and white blood cells (WBC) leak from blood vessels into nearby tissue WBCs called phagocytes engulf bacteria, dead cells and disease Platelets move out of the capillary to seal the wounded area. Inflammatory Response 1 2 3 Second Line of Defense The Inflammatory Response 1. When tissues are injured, injured cells release histamine 2. 3. 4. increased blood flow to the area injured Fluid and white blood cells (WBC) leak from blood vessels into nearby tissue WBCs called phagocytes engulf bacteria, dead cells and disease Platelets move out of the capillary to seal the wounded area. Inflammatory Response 1 2 3 Second Line of Defense The Inflammatory Response 1. When tissues are injured, injured cells release histamine 2. 3. 4. increased blood flow to the area injured Fluid and white blood cells (WBC) leak from blood vessels into nearby tissue WBCs called phagocytes engulf bacteria, dead cells and disease Platelets move out of the capillary to seal the wounded area. Inflammatory Response 1 2 3 Second Line of Defense The Inflammatory Response 1. When tissues are injured, injured cells release histamine 2. 3. 4. increased blood flow to the area injured Fluid and white blood cells (WBC) leak from blood vessels into nearby tissue WBCs called phagocytes engulf bacteria, dead cells and debris Platelets move out of the capillary to seal the wounded area. The Inflammatory Response Second Line of Defense The Inflammatory Response 1. When tissues are injured, injured cells release histamine 2. 3. 4. increased blood flow to the area injured Fluid and white blood cells (WBC) leak from blood vessels into nearby tissue WBCs called phagocytes engulf bacteria, dead cells and debris Platelets move out of the capillary to seal the wounded area. Types of Phagocytes Neutrophil Most common: 50-70% of WBC in body Engulf and destroy all pathogens Macrophage Engulf and destroy all pathogens Rid the body of worn out cells and cellular debris Types of Phagocytes Neutrophil Most common: 50-70% of WBC in body Engulf and destroy all pathogens Macrophage Engulf and destroy all pathogens Rid the body of worn out cells and cellular debris Types of Phagocytes Neutrophil Most common: 50-70% of WBC in body Engulf and destroy all pathogens Macrophage Engulf and destroy all pathogens Rid the body of worn out cells and cellular debris Types of Phagocytes Neutrophil Most common: 50-70% of WBC in body Engulf and destroy all pathogens Macrophage Engulf and destroy all pathogens Rid the body of worn out cells and cellular debris Types of Phagocytes Natural Killer Cells Attack cells that have been infected by pathogens, not the pathogens themselves Kill cancer cells and cells infected with viruses Types of Phagocytes Natural Killer Cells Attack cells that have been infected by pathogens, not the pathogens themselves Kill cancer cells and cells infected with viruses Other WBCs involved in Inflammation Eosinophils Release antimicrobial substances Defend against parasites Involved in asthma and allergic reactions Basophils and Mast Cells Release the histamine in an inflammatory reaction Other WBCs involved in Inflammation Eosinophils Release antimicrobial substances Defend against parasites Involved in asthma and allergic reactions Basophils and Mast Cells Release the histamine in an inflammatory reaction Other WBCs involved in Inflammation Eosinophils Release antimicrobial substances Defend against parasites Involved in asthma and allergic reactions Basophils and Mast Cells Release the histamine in an inflammatory reaction Other WBCs involved in Inflammation Eosinophils Release antimicrobial substances Defend against parasites Involved in asthma and allergic reactions Basophils and Mast Cells Release the histamine in an inflammatory reaction Inflammation and Temperature A fever and increased WBC count is a sign that a body is fighting an infection Fever can often slow or stop the growth of some micro-organisms. Normal body temperature = 37°C (101 F) Dangerous body temperature = 39°C (103 F) Fatal body temperature = 41°C (105 F) Inflammation and Temperature A fever and increased WBC count is a sign that a body is fighting an infection Fever can often slow or stop the growth of some micro-organisms. Normal body temperature = 37°C (101 F) Dangerous body temperature = 39°C (103 F) Fatal body temperature = 41°C (105 F) Inflammation and Temperature A fever and increased WBC count is a sign that a body is fighting an infection Fever can often slow or stop the growth of some micro-organisms. Normal body temperature = 37°C (101 F) Dangerous body temperature = 39°C (103 F) Fatal body temperature = 41°C (105 F) Inflammation and Temperature A fever and increased WBC count is a sign that a body is fighting an infection Fever can often slow or stop the growth of some micro-organisms. Normal body temperature = 37°C (101 F) Dangerous body temperature = 39°C (103 F) Fatal body temperature = 41°C (105 F) Fever A fever and increased WBC count is a sign that a body is fighting an infection Fever can often slow or stop the growth of some micro-organisms. Normal body temperature = 37°C (101 F) Dangerous body temperature = 39°C (103 F) Fatal body temperature = 41°C (105 F) Body’s Defenses 1st Line of Defense Physical barrier (skin) 2nd Intact Skin Mucous membranes and their secretions Line of Defense Non-specific response General white blood cells 3rd Pathogen Line of Defense Specific response Lining of the respiratory, urinary, reproductive and gastrointestinal tracts 40°C Release antimicrobial substances (Eosinophils) 37°C Inflammation and Fever Engulf and destroy (Basophils) (Neutrophils, Macrophages) How does the Immune System work? Non-specific Defenses Body’s first line of defense Not directed against a particular pathogen Guard against all infections Specific Defenses Directed against a certain pathogen How does the Immune System work? Non-specific Defenses Body’s first line of defense Not directed against a particular pathogen Guard against all infections Specific Defenses Directed against a certain pathogen Cells involved in Specific Defenses B cell T cell or or B lymphocyte T lymphocyte The Immune System Organs of the Immune System - where T cells mature -where all blood cells are made -where B cells mature -filters blood & removes old red blood cells -source of antibodies and white blood cells -filters lymph from all bodily tissues -made up of T cells, B cells, macrophages -macrophages present pathogens to T & B cells, and start immune response T cell T cell Once exposed to antigen B cell B cell Once exposed to antigen Specific Immune Response Pathogen enters body Macrophage engulfs pathogen and breaks it down Macrophage expresses antigens (parts of the pathogen) on its own surface Helper T cells recognize the antigen on the surface of the macrophage At site of infection In lymph node Specific Immune Response Pathogen enters body Macrophage engulfs pathogen and breaks it down Macrophage expresses antigens (parts of the pathogen) on its own surface Helper T cells recognize the antigen on the surface of the macrophage HUMORAL IMMUNITY B cells are shown the antigen by the Helper T cell Memory B cells: Able to respond rapidly to second attack Plasma cells: Secrete antibodies At site of infection In lymph node At site of infection Specific Immune Response In lymph node Pathogen enters body Macrophage engulfs pathogen and breaks it down Macrophage expresses antigens (parts of the pathogen) on its own surface Helper T cells recognize the antigen on the surface of the macrophage HUMORAL IMMUNITY CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY B cells are shown the antigen by the Cytotoxic T cells are shown the antigen by the Helper T cell Helper T cell Memory B cells: Able to respond rapidly to second attack Memory T cells: Able to respond rapidly to second attack Plasma cells: Secrete antibodies Active cytotoxic T cells: Travel to tissue and kills cells that have been invaded by a pathogen At site of infection Specific Immune Response In lymph node Pathogen enters body Macrophage engulfs pathogen and breaks it down Macrophage expresses antigens (parts of the pathogen) on its own surface Helper T cells recognize the antigen on the surface of the macrophage HUMORAL IMMUNITY CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY B cells are shown the antigen by the Cytotoxic T cells are shown the antigen by the Helper T cell Helper T cell Memory B cells: Able to respond rapidly to second attack Memory T cells: Able to respond rapidly to second attack Plasma cells: Secrete antibodies Active cytotoxic T cells: Travel to tissue and kills cells that have been invaded by a pathogen Antibodies Response to a Antigen Body’s Defenses 1st Line of Defense Physical barrier (skin) 2nd Intact Skin Mucous membranes and their secretions Line of Defense Non-specific response General white blood cells 3rd Pathogen Line of Defense Specific response Lining of the respiratory, urinary, reproductive and gastrointestinal tracts 40°C Release antimicrobial substances (Eosinophils) 37°C Inflammation and Fever Engulf and destroy (Basophils) (Neutrophils, Macrophages) Specialized Lymphocytes Antibody Production (B cell) Cell-mediated Immunity (T cell) Blood Human red blood cells Monocyte Neutrophil T-lymphocyte (white blood cells) and activated platelets. SEM × 500. Body’s Defenses 1st Line of Defense Physical barrier (skin) 2nd Intact Skin Mucous membranes and their secretions Line of Defense Non-specific response General white blood cells 3rd Pathogen Line of Defense Specific response Lining of the respiratory, urinary, reproductive and gastrointestinal tracts 40°C Release antimicrobial substances (Eosinophils) 37°C Inflammation and Fever Engulf and destroy (Basophils) (Neutrophils, Macrophages) Specialized Lymphocytes Antibody Production (B cell) Cell-mediated Immunity (T cell)
