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Fourth Nine Weeks Exam Short Answer 1. A chemical that kills bacteria or slows their growth is called a(n) antibiotic 2. Antibiotic 2Why do hormones cause changes only in specific body organs? 3. A hormone interacts only with target cells, which fit together with that hormone. 4. Which is the function of the cardiovascular system? To remove waste, deliver needed materiasl, fight diseases 4. Needed substances are carried to the body cells by Blood 5. The function of the atria is to receive blood that comes into the heart. 6. What is the function of the group of cells in the heart called the pacemaker? sending out signals to make the heart muscles contract 7.. Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called arteries. 8. When blood flows into the right atrium from the body, it contains Oxygen poor blood 9. In which vessels are materials exchanged between the blood and the body cells? Capillaries 10. What causes blood pressure? the force with which the ventricles contract 11. Which component of blood carries oxygen to the body cells? Red blood cell 12. If a person’s blood lacked platelets, what process could not take place? clotting of blood 13. Blood types are determined by marker molecules on red blood cells 14. What is the blood type of a person whose plasma contains only anti-B clumping proteins? type A 15. What eventually happens to fluid that leaks from capillaries into the surrounding tissues? It returns to the blood through the lymphatic system. 16. What is the function of lymph nodes? to trap disease-causing bacteria 17. Atherosclerosis is a condition in which artery walls thicken as the result of a buildup of fatty materials 18. Why is atherosclerosis especially serious when it develops in the coronary arteries? It can lead to a heart attack 19. Exercise is important for cardiovascular health because it strengthens heart muscle. 20. Which component of blood is 90 percent water? plasma 21. The function of white blood cells is to fight disease. 22. How many loops does the human circulatory system contain? two 23. An infectious disease is a disease that is caused by pathogens. 24. Louis Pasteur demonstrated that killing organisms that cause a disease could prevent the spread of that disease. 25. How are colds and flu usually spread? by direct or indirect contact with infected persons 26. What type of white blood cells are part of the inflammatory response? phagocytes 27. The inflammatory response is called a general defense because it responds in the same way to any kind of pathogen. 28. Which cells in the immune system identify pathogens and distinguish one pathogen from another? T cells 29. Antibodies destroy pathogens by binding to antigens on the pathogens. 30. Immunity is the body’s ability to destroy pathogens before they can cause disease. 31. How does the body acquire active immunity to a disease without getting the disease? through vaccination 32. If a person’s pancreas does not produce enough insulin, the person has diabetes. 33. In which disease do a person’s body cells multiply uncontrollably? cancer 34. Radiation treatment kills cancer cells by killing cancer cells with high-energy waves. 35. Which kind of pathogen causes athlete’s foot? Fungi 36. Substances that can cause cancer are called carcinogen 37. The molecules on pathogens that enable the immune system to distinguish one kind of pathogen from another are called antigens. 38. How does HIV damage the immune system? by destroying T cells 39. The way the endocrine system maintains homeostasis is often compared to a(n) heating system that turns a furnace on and off to control a room’s temperature. 40. The endocrine system acts on the body through chemical products called hormones