Download Disposal of Spent Fuel in Sweden – a trans

The 10th INPRO Dialog Forum on Cooperative approaches
to the Back End of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle:
drivers and legal, institutional and financial impediments
26-29 May, IAEA Headquarters, Vienna, Austria
Disposal of Spent Fuel in Sweden
– a trans-generational responsibility
Bengt Hedberg
Swedish Radiation Safety Authority
Contents
Policy making & national framework development
Legal obligations on licensees
Important role of R&D-program
National Approach for SF & RW Management
Specifically about site selection process
Something about stakeholders involvement
Conclusion
National framework development
START OF OPERATION
NUCLEAR FACILITIES
R2 R1
B1 B2
Clab
SFR
Bx = Barsebäck NPP
Fx = Forsmark NPP
Ox = Oskarshamn NPP
Rx = Ringhals NPP
1) Central interim storage for spent nuclear fuel
2) Repository for short-lived low- and intermediate
level radioactive operational waste
R3 R4
F1 F2
O1 O2
F3
O3
TIMELINE
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1981: Financing Act
Decision in 1980 to
phase out Nuclear
Power by 2010
(NPP:s Funding future costs)
1984: Act on Nuclear Activities
(NPPs: Responsibilities, RD&D-program)
Policy making
Basic principles:
1. Expenses for disposal of spent nuclear fuel
(SNF) and nuclear waste (NW) are to be covered
by revenues from the production of energy that
has resulted in these expenses.
2. The reactor owners are to safely dispose of SNF
and NW
3. The State has the ultimate responsibility for SNF
and NW. The long-term responsibility should rest
with the state
Policy making (cont’d)
Basic principles (cont’d)
4. Each country is to be responsible for SNF and
NW generated in that country. Disposal of SNF
and NW from other countries may not occur in
Sweden other than in an exceptional case.
Other prerequisites
Reprocessing will not take place. SNF is in practice
considered as waste, although not legally defined as
waste until emplaced in a repository
National framework development (cont’d)
Main legislative instruments
The Act (1984:3) on Nuclear Activities (“NAA”)
The Radiation Protection Act (1988:220)
The Act (2006:647) on Financing of
Management of Residual Products from
Nuclear Activities
The Environmental Code (1998:808)
Specific and general obligations
LICENSEE
BASIC REQUIREMENTS
SAFETY OF OPERATIONS
(Figure
NPP)
(Figure
NPP
LICENSEE
TRANSPORT
LICENSEE
(Figure
DISPOSAL)
TREATMENT,
STORAGE FACILITY
LICENSEE
NPP LICENSEE
GENERAL OBLIGATIONS
IMPLEMENTATION
NPP LICENSEES IN COOPERATION – ACTION!
NPP LICENSEE
GENERAL OBLIGATIONS
FINANCING
NPP LICENSEES IN COOPERATION – PAY!
TRANSPORT
LICENSEE
DISPOSAL FACILITY
LICENSEE
RD&D-PROGRAM, MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SPENT FUEL & NUCLEAR WASTE
FUNDING OF COSTS FOR MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SPENT FUEL & NUCLEAR WASTE
Continuous Follow-Up of
Research & Development
RD&D 2010
National Approach
for SF and RW
RD&D-program
2010
1
2
PLANNED FACILITIES
1
= encapsulation plant
2
= repository for spent fuel
the KBS-3 system
= repository for long-lived waste
= repository for decommissioning waste
Site investigations
Early investigations
Locations where early site investigations
where conducted from mid-1970s until 1990
[SKB report R-11-07, Figure 3-2]
Municipalities where SKB has conducted or
held discussions about a feasibility study
[SKB report R-11-07, Figure 4-1]
Site investigations (cont’d)
Selection pool prior to the site
investigation phase
County-specific general siting studies: Rough
classification of judged suitability of bedrock
[SKB report R-11-07, Figure 4-2]
[SKB report R-11-07, Figure 4-3]
Selected site for application
Principal layout of final repository in
Forsmark, Östhammar municipality
[SKB report R-11-07, Figure 5-7]
Principal layout of final repository in
Laxemar, Oskarshamn municipality
[SKB report R-11-07, Figure 5-13]
Site investigation at two sites 2002 – 2008
In 2009, SKB decided that a future SF repository application
should be based on a location in Forsmark
Site selection in perspective
Final
[SKB report R-11-07]
17 years …
Openness and Transparency
– Licensing Prerequisites
Siting and licensing of waste repository
Participation of interested parties
Dialogue
Conclusions
National strategy developed at an early stage
Comprehensive legislative and regulatory
framework firmly established
– Clear definition and division of responsibilities
Important key elements (responsibility, national
plan/RD&D-program, financing, transparency)
Trans-generational project!
Challenges remain!
Thank you for your attention!