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ENGLISH TERMS
GENERAL TERMS
activities of daily living (ADLs): self-care activities including bathing, grooming,
dressing, eating, toileting, and bowel and bladder care
adaptive device: a type of assistive technology that is used to change the
environment or help the person to modify the environment (e.g., a ramp that can be
used in place of steps for someone in a wheelchair)
adaptation: a change or alteration designed to assist in adapting to a new situation or
environment
adherence: the process of faithfully following guidelines or directions
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): a hormone produced by the anterior lobe of
the pituitary gland that stimulates the secretion of cortisol and other hormones by the
adrenal cortex
ankylosis: fixation or immobility of a joint
antidiuretic hormone (ADH): a hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the
pituitary gland that constricts blood vessels, elevates blood pressure, and reduces the
excretion of urine
anxiety: an emotional state characterized by feelings of apprehension, discomfort,
restlessness, or worry
arthritis: inflammation of a joint
arthroplasty: replacement of a joint
assessment: the systematic collection of data to determine the patient’s health status
and any actual or potential health problems
assistive device: a type of assistive technology that helps people with disabilities
perform a given task (e.g., a lap board with pictures that is used to assist a person who
cannot talk to communicate)
assistive technology: any item, piece of equipment, or product system—whether
acquired commercially, off the shelf, modified, or customized—that is used to
improve the functional capabilities of individuals with dis- abilities; this term
encompasses both assistive devices and adaptive devices
auscultation: listening to sounds produced within different body structures created by
the movement of air or fluid
bereavement: feelings, thoughts, and responses that occur after a loss
body mass index (BMI): a calculation done to estimate the amount of body fat of a
person
catecholamines: any of the group of amines (such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, or
dopamine) that serve as neurotransmitters
chronic conditions: medical or health problems with associated symptoms or
disabilities that require long-term management (3 months or longer)
collaborative problems: specific pathophysiologic manifestations that nurses
monitor to detect onset or changes in status
community: an interacting population of individuals living together within a larger
society
coping: the cognitive and behavioral strategies used to man- age the stressors that tax
a person’s resources
critical thinking: a process of insightful thinking that utilizes multiple dimensions of
one’s cognition to develop conclusions, solutions, and alternatives that are appropriate
for the given situation
culture: the knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities
and habits acquired by humans as members of society
culturally competent nursing care: effective, individualized care that demonstrates
respect for the dignity, personal rights, preferences, beliefs, and practices of the
person receiving care, while acknowledging the biases of the caregiver and preventing
these biases from interfering with the care provided
cultural nursing assessment: a systematic appraisal or examination of individuals,
families, groups, and communities in terms of their cultural beliefs, values, and
practices
deontological or formalist theory: an ethical theory maintaining that ethical
standards or principles exist independently of the ends or consequences
depression: state in which a person feels sad, distressed, and hopeless, with little to
no energy for normal activities
disability: restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in a normal manner; the
consequences of impairment in terms of an individual’s functional performance and
activity. Disabilities represent disturbances at the level of the person (e.g., bathing,
dressing, communication, walking, grooming)
dysplasia: bizarre cell growth resulting in cells that differ in size, shape, or
arrangement from other cells of the same tissue type
ethics: the formal, systematic study of moral beliefs
evaluation: determination of the patient’s responses to the nursing interventions and
the extent to which the outcomes have been achieved
faith: belief and trust in God or a higher power
family: a group whose members are related by reciprocal caring, mutual
responsibilities, and loyalties
feedback: the return of information about the results of input given to a person or a
system
glucocorticoids: the group of steroid hormones, such as cortisol, that are produced by
the adrenal cortex; they are involved in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism and
have anti-inflammatory properties
gluconeogenesis: the formation of glucose by the liver from non-carbohydrate
sources, such as amino acids and the glycerol portion of fats
grief: a universal response to any loss
guided imagery: the mindful use of a word, phrase, or visual image to achieve
relaxation or direct attention away from uncomfortable sensations or situations
habilitation: making able; learning new skills and abilities to meet maximum
potential
health education: a variety of learning experiences designed to promote behaviors
that facilitate health
health history: a series of questions that provides an overview of the patient’s current
health status
health promotion: the art and science of assisting people to change their lifestyle
toward a higher state of wellness
holistic health: promotion of the total health of mind, body, and spirit
homeostasis: a steady state within the body; the stability of the internal environment
hyperplasia: an increase in the number of new cells of a tissue
hypoxia: inadequate supply of oxygen to the cell
impairment: loss or abnormality of psychological, physiologic, or anatomic structure
or function at the organ level (e.g., dysphagia, hemiparesis); an abnormality of body
structure, appearance, and organ or system function resulting from any cause
implementation: actualization or carrying out of the plan of care through nursing
interventions
inflammation: a localized, protective reaction of tissue to injury, irritation, or
infection, manifested by pain, redness, heat, swelling, and sometimes loss of function
inspection: visual assessment of different aspects of the patient
instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs): complex aspects of independence
including meal preparation, grocery shopping, household management, finances, and
transportation
learning: the act of gaining knowledge and skill
learning readiness: the optimum time for learning to occur; usually corresponds to
the learner’s perceived need and desire to obtain specific knowledge
mental disorder: a state in which a person has deficits in functioning, has a
distorted sense of self or the world, is unable to sustain relationships, or cannot handle
stress or conflict effectively
mental health: a state in which a person can meet basic needs, assume
responsibilities, sustain relationships, resolve conflicts, and grow throughout life
metaplasia: a cell transformation in which there is conversion of one type of mature
cell into another type of cell
minority: group of people whose physical or cultural characteristics differ from the
majority of people in a society
moral dilemma: situation in which a clear conflict exists between two or more moral
principles or competing moral claims
moral distress: conflict that arises within oneself when a person is aware of the
correct course of action but institutional constraints stand in the way of pursuing the
correct action
moral problem: competing moral claim or principle; one claim or principle is clearly
dominant
moral uncertainty: conflict that arises within a person when he or she cannot
accurately define what the moral situation is or what moral principles apply but has a
strong feeling that something is not right
morality: the adherence to informal personal values
negative feedback: feedback that decreases the output of a system
nursing diagnoses: actual or potential health problems that can be managed by
independent nursing interventions
nursing process: a deliberate problem-solving approach for meeting people’s health
care and nursing needs; common components are assessment, diagnosis, planning,
implementation, and evaluation
nutrition: the science that deals with food and nourishment in humans
osteoarthritis: degenerative joint disease
osteophyte: a bony outgrowth or protuberance; bone spur
palpation: examination of different organs of the body using the sense of touch
pannus: proliferation of newly formed synovial tissue infiltrated with inflammatory
cells
percussion: the use of sound to examine different organs of the body
physical fitness: the condition of being physically healthy as a result of proper
exercise and nutrition
planning: development of goals and outcomes, as well as a plan of care designed to
assist the patient in resolving the diagnosed problems and achieving the identified
goals and desired outcomes
positive feedback: feedback that increases the output of a system
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): the development of severe anxiety-type
symptoms after the experience of a traumatic life event
pressure ulcer: breakdown of the skin due to prolonged pressure and insufficient
blood supply, usually at bony prominences
rehabilitation: making able again; relearning skills or abilities or adjusting existing
functions
reinforcement: the process of strengthening a given response or behavior to increase
the likelihood that the behavior will continue
rheumatic diseases: numerous disorders affecting skeletal muscles, bones, cartilage,
ligaments, tendons, and joints
rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disease of unknown origin
secondary conditions or disorders: any physical, mental, or social disorders
resulting directly or indirectly from an initial disabling condition; a condition to
which a person with a disability is more susceptible because of having a primary
disabling condition
self-responsibility: personal accountability for one’s actions or behavior
spirituality: connectedness with self, others, a life force, or God that allows people
to find meaning in life
steady state: a stable condition that does not change over time, or when change in
one direction is balanced by change in an opposite direction
stress: a disruptive condition that occurs in response to adverse influences from the
internal or external environments
stress management: behaviors and techniques used to strengthen a person’s
resources against stress
subchondral bone: bony plate that supports the articular cartilage
subculture: relatively large groups of people who share characteristics that identify
them as a distinct entity
substance abuse: a maladaptive pattern of drug use that causes physical and
emotional harm with the potential for disruption of daily life
teaching: the imparting of knowledge
teleological theory or consequentialism: the theoretical basis of ethics, which
focuses on the ends or consequences of actions, such as utilitarianism
therapeutic regimen: a routine that promotes health and healing
tophi: accumulation of crystalline deposits in articular surfaces, bones, soft tissue,
and cartilage
transcultural nursing: nursing care to clients and families across cultural variations
utilitarianism: a teleological theory of ethics based on the concept of “the greatest
good for the greatest number”
wellness: a condition of good physical and emotional health sustained by a healthy
lifestyle
HEALTH CARE OF THE ADULT PATIENT
advance directive: a formal, legally endorsed document that provides instructions for
care (“living will”)
ageism: a bias that discriminates, stigmatizes, and disadvantages older people based
solely on their chronologic age
alopecia: loss of hair from any cause
comorbidity: having more than one illness at the same time (e.g., diabetes mellitus
and congestive heart failure)
delirium: an acute, confused state that begins with disorientation that if not
immediately evaluated and treated, can progress to changes in level of consciousness,
irreversible brain damage, and sometimes death
dementia: broad term for a syndrome characterized by a general decline in higher
brain functioning, such as reasoning, with a pattern of eventual decline in ability to
perform even basic activities of daily living, such as toileting and eating
depression: the most common affective (mood) disorder of old age; results from
changes in reuptake of the neurochemical serotonin in response to chronic illness and
emotional stresses related to the physical and social changes associated with the aging
process
dermatosis: any abnormal skin condition
durable power of attorney: a formal, legally endorsed document that identifies a
proxy decision maker who can make decisions if the signer becomes incapacitated
elder abuse: the physical, emotional, or financial harm to an elderly person by one or
more of the individual’s children, caregivers, or others; includes neglect
erythema: redness of the skin caused by congestion of the capillaries
hirsutism: the condition of having excessive hair growth
hyperpigmentation: increase in the melanin of the skin, resulting in an increase in
pigmentation
hypopigmentation: decrease in the melanin of the skin, resulting in a loss of
pigmentation
keratin: an insoluble, fibrous protein that forms the outer layer of skin
Langerhans cells: dendritic clear cells in the epidermis that carry surface receptors
for immunoglobulin and complement and that are active participants in delayed
hypersensitivity of the skin
melanin: the substance responsible for coloration of the skin
melanocytes: cells of the skin that produce melanin
Merkel cells: cells of the epidermis that play a role in transmission of sensory
messages
orientation: a person’s ability to recognize who and where he or she is in a time
continuum; used to evaluate one’s basic cognitive status
polypharmacy: the administration of multiple medications at the same time; common
in older persons with several chronic illnesses
presbycusis: the decreased ability to hear high-pitched tones that naturally begins in
midlife as a result of irreversible inner ear changes
presbyopia: the decrease in visual accommodation that occurs with advancing age
petechiae: pinpoint red spots that appear on the skin as a result of blood leakage into
the skin
rete ridges: undulations and furrows that appear at the dermis–epidermis junction
and are responsible for cementing together the two layers
sebaceous glands: glands that exist within the epidermis and secrete sebum to keep
the skin soft and pliable
sebum: fatty secretion of the sebaceous glands
sundowning: increased confusion at night
telangiectases: red marks on the skin caused by distention of the superficial blood
vessels
vitiligo: a localized or widespread condition characterized by destruction of the
melanocytes in circumscribed areas of the skin, resulting in white patches
Wood’s light: a blue light used for diagnosing skin conditions
PAIN MANAGEMENT
addiction: a behavioral pattern of substance use characterized by a compulsion to
take the substance (drug or alcohol) primarily to experience its psychic effects
agonist: a substance that when combined with the receptor produces the drug effect
or desired effect. Endorphins and morphine are agonists on the opioid receptors
algogenic: causing pain
antagonist: a substance that blocks or reverses the effects of the agonist by occupying
the receptor site without producing the drug effect
balanced analgesia: using more than one form of analgesia concurrently to obtain
more pain relief with fewer side effects
breakthrough pain: a sudden and temporary increase in pain occurring in a patient
being managed with opioid analgesia
dependence: occurs when a patient who has been taking opioids experiences a
withdrawal syndrome when the opioids are discontinued; often occurs with opioid
tolerance and does not indicate an addiction
endorphins and enkephalins: morphine like substances produced by the body.
Primarily found in the central nervous system, they have the potential to reduce pain
nociception: activation of sensory transduction in nerves by thermal, mechanical, or
chemical energy impinging on specialized nerve endings; the nerves involved convey
information about tissue damage to the central nervous system
nociceptor: a receptor preferentially sensitive to a noxious stimulus
non-nociceptor: nerve fiber that usually does not transmit pain
opioid: a morphine like compound that produces bodily effects including pain relief,
sedation, constipation, and respiratory depression
pain: an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience resulting from actual or
potential tissue damage
pain threshold: the point at which a stimulus is perceived as painful
pain tolerance: the maximum intensity or duration of pain that a person is able to
endure
patient-controlled analgesia (PCA): self-administration of analgesic agents by a
patient instructed about the procedure
placebo effect: analgesia that results from the expectation that a substance will work,
not from the actual substance itself
prostaglandins: chemical substances that increase the sensitivity of pain receptors by
enhancing the pain-provoking effect of bradykinin
referred pain: pain perceived as coming from an area different from that in which
the pathology is occurring
sensitization: a heightened response seen after exposure to a noxious stimulus.
Response to the same stimulus is to feel more pain
tolerance: occurs when a person who has been taking opioids becomes less sensitive
to their analgesic properties (and usually side effects); characterized by the need for
increasing doses to maintain the same level of pain relief
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
acidosis: an acid–base imbalance characterized by an increase in H+ concentration
(decreased blood pH). A low arterial pH due to reduced bicarbonate concentration is
called metabolic acidosis; a low arterial pH due to increased PCO2 is respiratory
acidosis
active transport: physiologic pump that moves fluid from an area of lower
concentration to one of higher concentration; active transport requires adenosine
triphosphate for energy
alkalosis: an acid–base imbalance characterized by a reduction in H+ concentration
(increased blood pH). A high arterial pH with increased bicarbonate concentration is
called metabolic alkalosis; a high arterial pH due to reduced PCO2 is respiratory
alkalosis
diffusion: the process by which solutes move from an area of higher concentration to
one of lower concentration; does not require expenditure of energy
homeostasis: maintenance of a constant internal equilibrium in a biologic system that
involves positive and negative feedback mechanisms
hydrostatic pressure: the pressure created by the weight of fluid against the wall that
contains it. In the body, hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels results from the weight
of fluid itself and the force resulting from cardiac contraction
hypertonic solution: a solution with an osmolality higher than that of serum
hypotonic solution: a solution with an osmolality lower than that of serum
isotonic solution: a solution with the same osmolality as serum and other body fluids.
Osmolality falls within normal range for serum (280 to 300 mOsm/kg)
osmolality: the number of osmoles (the standard unit of osmotic pressure) per
kilogram of solution. Expressed as mOsm/kg, osmolality is used more often than the
term osmolality to evaluate serum and urine
osmolality: the number of osmoles (the standard unit of osmotic pressure) per liter of
solution. It is expressed as milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L); describes the
concentration of solutes or dissolved particles
osmosis: the process by which fluid moves across a semipermeable membrane from
an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration; the
process continues until the solute concentrations are equal on both sides of the
membrane
tonicity: fluid tension within the extracellular fluid or intracellular fluid that describes
the relationship between the solutes and water, primarily determined by fluid
osmolality
SHOCK AND MULTIPLE ORGAN DYSFUNCTION
anaphylactic shock: circulatory shock state resulting from a severe allergic reaction
producing an overwhelming systemic vasodilation and relative hypovolemia
biochemical mediators: messenger substances that may be released by a cell to
create an action at that site or be carried by the bloodstream to a distant site before
being activated; also called cytokines
cardiogenic shock: shock state resulting from impairment or failure of the
myocardium
circulatory shock: shock state resulting from displacement of blood volume creating
a relative hypovolemia and inadequate delivery of oxygen to the cells; also called
distributive shock
colloids: intravenous solutions that contain molecules that are too large to pass
through capillary membranes
crystalloids: intravenous electrolyte solutions that move freely between the
intravascular compartment and interstitial spaces
hypovolemic shock: shock state resulting from decreased intravascular volume due
to fluid loss
multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: presence of altered function of two or more
organs in an acutely ill patient such that interventions are necessary to support
continued organ function
neurogenic shock: shock state resulting from loss of sympathetic tone causing
relative hypovolemia
septic shock: circulatory shock state resulting from overwhelming infection causing
relative hypovolemia
shock: physiologic state in which there is inadequate blood flow to tissues and cells
of the body
systemic inflammatory response syndrome: overwhelming inflammatory response
in the absence of infection causing relative hypovolemia and decreased tissue
perfusion
ONCOLOGY AND END-OF-LIFE CARE
anaplasia: cells that lack normal cellular characteristics and differ in shape and
organization with respect to their cells of origin; usually, anaplastic cells are
malignant
apoptosis: programmed cell death
assisted suicide: use of pharmacologic agents to hasten the death of a terminally ill
patient; illegal in most states
autonomy: self-determination; in the health care context, the right of the individual to
make choices about the use and discontinuation of medical treatment
benign: not cancerous; benign tumors may grow but are unable to spread to other
areas
bereavement: period during which mourning for a loss takes place
biologic response modifier (BRM) therapy: use of agents or treatment methods that
can alter the immunologic relationship between the tumor and the host to provide a
therapeutic benefit
biopsy: a diagnostic procedure to remove a small sample of tissue to be examined
microscopically to detect malignant cells
brachytherapy: delivery of radiation therapy through internal implants
cancer: a disease process whereby cells proliferate abnormally, ignoring growthregulating signals in the environment surrounding the cells
carcinogenesis: process of transforming normal cells into malignant cells
chemotherapy: use of medications to kill tumor cells by interfering with cellular
functions and reproduction
control: containment of the growth of cancer cells
cure: prolonged survival and disappearance of all evidence of disease so that the
patient has the same life expectancy as anyone else in his or her age group
cytokines: substances produced by cells of the immune system to enhance production
and functioning of components of the immune system
dysplasia: bizarre cell growth resulting in cells that differ in size, shape, or
arrangement from other cells of the same type of tissue
euthanasia: Greek for “good death”; has evolved to mean the intentional killing by
act or omission of a dependent human being for his or her alleged benefit
extravasation: leakage of medication from the veins into the subcutaneous tissues
grading: identification of the type of tissue from which the tumor originated and the
degree to which the tumor cells retain the functional and structural characteristics of
the tissue of origin
graft-versus-host disease (GVHD): an immune response initiated by T lymphocytes
of donor tissue against the recipient’s tissues (skin, gastrointestinal tract, liver); an
undesirable response
graft-versus-tumor effect: the donor cell response against the malignancy; a
desirable response
grief: the personal feelings that accompany an anticipated or actual loss
hospice: a coordinated program of interdisciplinary care and services provided
primarily in the home to terminally ill patients and their families
hyperplasia: increase in the number of cells of a tissue; most often associated with
periods of rapid body growth
interdisciplinary collaboration: communication and cooperation among members of
diverse health care disciplines jointly to plan, implement, and evaluate care
malignant: having cells or processes that are characteristic of cancer
Medicare Hospice Benefit: a Medicare entitlement that provides for comprehensive,
interdisciplinary palliative care and services for eligible beneficiaries who have a
terminal illness and a life expectancy of less than 6 months
metaplasia: conversion of one type of mature cell into another type of cell
metastasis: spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant sites
mourning: individual, family, group, and cultural expressions of grief and
associated behaviors
myelosuppression: suppression of the blood cell–producing function of the bone
marrow
nadir: lowest point of white blood cell depression after therapy that has toxic effects
on the bone marrow
neoplasia: uncontrolled cell growth that follows no physiologic demand
neutropenia: abnormally low absolute neutrophil count
oncology: field or study of cancer
palliation: relief of symptoms and promotion of comfort and quality of life
palliative care: comprehensive care for patients whose disease is not responsive to
cure; care also extends to patients’ families
palliative sedation: use of pharmacologic agents, at the request of the terminally ill
patient, to induce sedation when symptoms have not responded to other management
measures; the purpose is not to hasten the patient’s death but to relieve intractable
symptoms
prognosis: the expected course of an illness and the chance for recovery
radiation therapy: use of ionizing radiation to interrupt the growth of malignant
cells
spirituality: personal belief systems that focus on a search for meaning and purpose
in life, intangible elements that impart meaning and vitality to life, and a
connectedness to a higher or transcendent dimension
staging: process of determining the extent of disease, including tumor size and spread
or metastasis to distant sites
stomatitis: inflammation of the oral tissues, often associated with some
chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy to the head and neck region
targeted therapies: cancer treatments that seek to minimize the negative effects on
healthy tissues by disrupting specific cancer cell functions, such as malignant
transformation, communication pathways, processes for growth and metastasis, and
genetic coding
terminal illness: progressive, irreversible illness that despite cure-focused medical
treatment will result in the patient’s death
thrombocytopenia: decrease in the number of circulating platelets; associated with
the potential for bleeding
tumor-specific antigen (TSA): protein on the membrane of cancer cells that
distinguishes the malignant cell from a benign cell of the same tissue type
vesicant: substance that can cause tissue necrosis and damage, particularly when
extravasated
xerostomia: dry oral cavity resulting from decreased function of salivary glands
PRE-INTRA-OPERATIVE:
ambulatory surgery: includes outpatient, same-day, or short-stay surgery that does
not require an overnight hospital stay
anesthesia: a state of narcosis, analgesia, relaxation, and loss of reflexes
anesthesiologist: physician trained to deliver anesthesia and to monitor the patient’s
condition during surgery
anesthetic agent: the substance, such as a chemical or gas, used to induce anesthesia
anesthetist: health care professional, such as a nurse anesthetist, who is trained to
deliver anesthesia and to monitor the patient’s condition during surgery
circulating nurse (or circulator): registered nurse who coordinates and documents
patient care in the operating room
dehiscence: partial or complete separation of wound edges
epidural anesthesia: state of narcosis, analgesia, relaxation, and loss of reflexes
achieved by injecting an anesthetic agent into the epidural space of the spinal cord
evisceration: protrusion of organs through the surgical incision
first-intention healing: method of healing in which wound edges are surgically
approximated and integumentary continuity is restored without granulation
general anesthesia: state of narcosis, analgesia, relaxation, and loss of reflexes
produced by pharmacologic agents
informed consent: the patient’s autonomous decision about whether to undergo a
surgical procedure, based on the nature of the condition, the treatment options, and
the risks and benefits involved
intraoperative phase: period of time that begins with transfer of the patient to the
operating room table and continues until the patient is admitted to the post-anesthesia
care unit
local anesthesia: injection of a solution containing the anesthetic agent into the
tissues at the planned incision site
malignant hyperthermia: a rare life-threatening condition triggered by exposure to
most anesthetic agents inducing a drastic and uncontrolled increase in skeletal muscle
oxidative metabolism that can overwhelm the body’s capacity to supply oxygen,
remove carbon dioxide, and regulate body temperature, eventually leading to
circulatory collapse and death if untreated. Malignant hyperthermia is often inherited
as an autosomal dominant disorder
moderate sedation: previously referred to as conscious sedation, involves use of
sedation to depress the level of consciousness without altering the patient’s ability to
maintain a patent airway and to respond to physical stimuli and verbal commands
monitored anesthesia care: moderate sedation administered by an anesthesiologist
or anesthetist
perioperative phase: period of time that constitutes the surgical experience; includes
the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases of nursing care
Phase I PACU: area designated for care of surgical patients immediately after
surgery and for patients whose condition warrants close monitoring
Phase II PACU: area designated for care of surgical patients who have been
transferred from a phase I PACU because their condition no longer requires the close
monitoring provided in a phase I PACU
Phase III PACU: setting in which the patient is cared for in the immediate
postoperative period and then prepared for discharge from the facility
Post-anesthesia care unit (PACU): area where postoperative patients are monitored
as they recover from anesthesia; formerly referred to as the recovery room or postanesthesia recovery room
postoperative phase: period of time that begins with the admission of the patient to
the post-anesthesia care unit and ends after follow-up evaluation in the clinical setting
or home
preadmission testing: diagnostic testing performed before admission to the hospital
preoperative phase: period of time from when the decision for surgical intervention
is made to when the patient is transferred to the operating room table
regional anesthesia: an anesthetic agent is injected around nerves so that the area
supplied by these nerves is anesthetized
restricted zone: area in the operating room where scrub attire and surgical masks are
required; includes operating room and sterile core areas
scrub role: registered nurse, licensed practical nurse, or surgical technologist who
scrubs and dons sterile surgical attire, prepares instruments and supplies, and hands
instruments to the surgeon during the procedure
semi restricted zone: area in the operating room where scrub attire is required; may
include areas where surgical instruments are processed
spinal anesthesia: achieved when a local anesthetic agent is introduced into the
subarachnoid space of the spinal cord
surgical asepsis: absence of microorganisms in the surgical environment to reduce
the risk for infection
unrestricted zone: area in the operating room that interfaces with other departments;
includes patient reception area and holding area
second-intention healing: method of healing in which wound edges are not
surgically approximated and integumentary continuity is restored by the process
known as granulation
third-intention healing: method of healing in which surgical approximation of
wound edges is delayed and integumentary continuity is restored by apposing areas of
granulation
GENETICS:
carrier: person who is heterozygous; possessing two different alleles of a gene pair
chromosome: microscopic structures in the cell nucleus that contain genetic
information and are constant in number in a species (e.g., humans have 46
chromosomes)
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): the primary genetic material in humans consisting of
nitrogenous bases, a sugar group, and phosphate combined into a double helix
dominant: a genetic trait that is normally expressed when a person has a gene
mutation on one of a pair of chromosomes and the “normal” form of the gene is on
the other chromosome
genetics: the scientific study of heredity; how specific traits or predispositions are
transmitted from parents to offspring
genome: the total genetic complement of an individual genotype
genomics: the study of the human genome, including gene sequencing, mapping, and
function
genotype: the genes and the variations therein that a person inherits from his or her
parents
Human Genome Project: an international research effort aimed at identifying and
characterizing the order of every base in the human genome
mutation: a heritable alteration in the genetic material
nondisjunction: the failure of a chromosome pair to separate appropriately during
meiosis, resulting in abnormal chromosome numbers in reproductive cells
(gametes)
pedigree: a diagrammatic representation of a family history
phenotype: a person’s entire physical, biochemical, and physiologic makeup, as
determined by the person’s genotype and environmental factors
predisposition testing: testing that is used to determine the likelihood that a
healthy person with or without a family history of a condition will develop a
disorder
prenatal screening: testing that is used to identify whether a fetus is at risk for a birth
defect such as Down syndrome or spina bifida (e.g., multiple marker maternal serum
screening in pregnancy)
presymptomatic testing: genetic testing that is used to determine whether persons
with a family history of a disorder, but no current symptoms, have the gene mutation
(e.g., testing for Huntington disease)
recessive: a genetic trait that is expressed only when a person has two copies of a
mutant autosomal gene or a single copy of a mutant X-linked gene in the absence of
another X chromosome
variable expression: variation in the degree to which a trait is manifested; clinical
severity
X-linked: located on the X chromosome
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
acute lung injury: an umbrella term for hypoxemic, respiratory failure; acute
respiratory distress syndrome is a severe form of acute lung injury
acute respiratory distress syndrome: nonspecific pulmonary response to a variety
of pulmonary and non-pulmonary insults to the lung; characterized by interstitial
infiltrates, alveolar hemorrhage, atelectasis, decreased compliance, and refractory
hypoxemia
air trapping: incomplete emptying of alveoli during expiration due to loss of lung
tissue elasticity (emphysema), bronchospasm (asthma), or airway obstruction
airway pressure release ventilation (APRV): mode of mechanical ventilation that
allows unrestricted, spontaneous breaths throughout the ventilatory cycle; on
inspiration patient receives preset level of continuous positive airway pressure, and
pressure is periodically released to aid expiration
alaryngeal communication: alternative modes of speaking that do not involve the
normal larynx; used by patients whose larynx has been surgically removed
alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency: genetic disorder resulting from deficiency of alpha1
antitrypsin, a protective agent for the lung; increases patient’s risk for developing
panacinar emphysema even in the absence of smoking
aphonia: impaired ability to use one’s voice due to disease or injury to the larynx
apnea: cessation of breathing
asbestosis: diffuse lung fibrosis resulting from exposure to asbestos fibers
assist–control ventilation (A/C): mode of mechanical ventilation in which the
patient’s breathing pattern may trigger the ventilator to deliver a preset tidal volume;
in the absence of spontaneous breathing, the machine delivers a controlled breath at a
preset minimum rate and tidal volume
asthma: a disease with multiple precipitating mechanisms resulting in a common
clinical outcome of reversible air- flow obstruction; no longer considered a category
of COPD
atelectasis: collapse or airless condition of the alveoli caused by hypoventilation,
obstruction to the airways, or compression
bronchiectasis: chronic dilation of a bronchus or bronchi; the dilated airways become
saccular and are a medium for chronic infection; no longer considered a category of
COPD
bronchitis: a disease of the airways defined as the presence of cough and sputum
production for at least a combined total of 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years; a
category of COPD
bronchophony: abnormal increase in clarity of transmitted voice sounds
bronchoscopy: direct examination of larynx, trachea, and bronchi using an
endoscope
carcinogen: agent that can cause cancer; carcinogens can be chemicals, viruses,
hormones, ionizing radiation, or solid materials
central cyanosis: bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to
hemoglobin carrying reduced amounts of oxygen
chest drainage system: use of a chest tube and closed drainage system to re-expand
the lung and to remove excess air, fluid, and blood
chest percussion: manually cupping over the chest wall to mobilize secretions by
mechanically dislodging viscous or adherent secretions in the lungs
chest physiotherapy (CPT): therapy used to remove bronchial secretions, improve
ventilation, and increase the efficiency of the respiratory muscles; types include
postural drainage, chest percussion, and vibration
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: disease state characterized by airflow
limitation that is not fully reversible; sometimes referred to as chronic airway
obstruction or chronic obstructive lung disease
cilia: short hairs that provide a constant whipping motion that serves to propel mucus
and foreign substances away from the lung toward the larynx
compliance: measure of the force required to expand or inflate the lungs
consolidation: lung tissue that has become more solid in nature due to collapse of
alveoli or infectious process (pneumonia)
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP): positive pressure applied throughout
the respiratory cycle to a spontaneously breathing patient to promote alveolar and
airway stability; may be administered with endotracheal or tracheostomy tube or by
mask
controlled ventilation: mode of mechanical ventilation in which the ventilator
completely controls the patient’s ventilation according to preset tidal volumes and
respiratory rate; because of problems with synchrony, it is rarely used except in
paralyzed or anesthetized patients
cor pulmonale: ”heart of the lungs”; enlargement of the right ventricle from
hypertrophy or dilation or as a secondary response to disorders that affect the lungs
crackles: soft, high-pitched, discontinuous popping sounds during inspiration caused
by delayed reopening of the airways
diffusion: exchange of gas molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low
concentration
dysphagia: difficulties in swallowing
dyspnea: labored breathing or shortness of breath
egophony: abnormal change in tone of voice that is heard when auscultating lungs
emphysema: a disease of the airways characterized by destruction of the walls of
over-distended alveoli; a category of COPD
empyema: accumulation of purulent material in the pleural space
endotracheal intubation: insertion of a breathing tube through the nose or mouth
into the trachea
epistaxis: hemorrhage from the nose due to rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the
mucous membrane of any area of the nose
fine-needle aspiration: insertion of a needle through the chest wall to obtain cells of
a mass or tumor; usually performed under fluoroscopy or chest computed tomography
guidance
fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2): concentration of oxygen delivered (1.0 = 100%
oxygen)
fremitus: vibrations of speech felt as tremors of chest wall during palpation
hemoptysis: the coughing up of blood from the lower respiratory tract
hemothorax: partial or complete collapse of the lung due to blood accumulating in
the pleural space; may occur after surgery or trauma
herpes simplex: cold sore (cutaneous viral infection with painful vesicles and
erosions on the tongue, palate, gingiva, buccal membranes, or lips)
hypoxemia: decrease in arterial oxygen tension in the blood
hypoxia: decrease in oxygen supply to the tissues and cells
incentive spirometry: method of deep breathing that provides visual feedback to
help the patient inhale deeply and slowly and achieve maximum lung inflation
induration: an abnormally hard lesion or reaction, as in a positive tuberculin skin test
intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV): mode of mechanical ventilation that
provides a combination of mechanically assisted breaths and spontaneous breaths
laryngectomy: surgical removal of all or part of the larynx and surrounding
structures
laryngitis: inflammation of the larynx; may be caused by voice abuse, exposure to
irritants, or infectious organisms
mechanical ventilator: a positive- or negative-pressure breathing device that
supports ventilation and oxygenation
medicamentosa: rebound nasal congestion commonly associated with overuse of
over-the-counter nasal decongestants
metered-dose inhaler: patient-activated medication canister that provides
aerosolized medication that the patient inhales into the lungs
nosocomial: pertaining to or originating from a hospitalization; not present at the
time of hospital admission
nuchal rigidity: stiffness of the neck or inability to bend the neck
obstructive sleep apnea: temporary absence of breathing during sleep secondary to
transient upper airway obstruction
open lung biopsy: biopsy of lung tissue performed through a limited thoracotomy
incision
orthopnea: shortness of breath when reclining or in the supine position
orthopnea: inability to breathe easily except in an upright position
oxygen saturation: percentage of hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen
pharyngitis: inflammation of the throat; usually viral or bacterial in origin
physiologic dead space: portion of the tracheobronchial tree that does not participate
in gas exchange
pleural effusion: abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
pleural friction rub: localized grating or creaking sound caused by the rubbing
together of inflamed parietal and visceral pleurae
pleural space: the area between the parietal and visceral pleurae; a potential space
pneumothorax: partial or complete collapse of the lung due to positive pressure in
the pleural space
polycythemia: increase in the red blood cell concentration in the blood; in COPD, the
body attempts to improve oxygen carrying capacity by producing increasing amounts
of red blood cells
positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP): positive pressure maintained by the
ventilator at the end of exhalation (instead of a nor- mal zero pressure) to increase
functional residual capacity and open collapsed alveoli; improves oxygenation with
lower fraction of inspired oxygen
postural drainage: positioning the patient to allow drainage from all the lobes of the
lungs and airways
pressure support ventilation (PSV): mode of mechanical ventilation in which preset
positive pressure is delivered with spontaneous breaths to decrease work of breathing
proportional assist ventilation (PAV): mode of mechanical ventilation that provides
partial ventilatory support in proportion to the patient’s inspiratory efforts; decreases
the work of breathing
pulmonary edema: increase in the amount of extravascular fluid in the lung
pulmonary embolism: obstruction of the pulmonary vasculature with an embolus;
embolus may be due to blood clot, air bubbles, or fat droplets
purulent: consisting of, containing, or discharging pus
pulmonary perfusion: blood flow through the pulmonary vasculature
respiration: gas exchange between atmospheric air and the blood and between the
blood and cells of the body
respiratory weaning: process of gradual, systematic withdrawal or removal of
ventilator, breathing tube, and oxygen
restrictive lung disease: disease of the lung that causes a decrease in lung volumes
rhinitis: inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose; may be infectious,
allergic, or inflammatory in origin
rhinorrhea: drainage of a large amount of fluid from the nose
rhinosinusitis: inflammation of the nares and paranasal sinuses, including frontal,
ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid sinuses; replaces the term “sinusitis”
rhonchi: low-pitched wheezing or snoring sound associated with partial airway
obstruction, heard on chest auscultation
synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV): mode of mechanical
ventilation in which the ventilator allows the patient to breathe spontaneously while
providing a preset number of breaths to ensure adequate ventilation; ventilated breaths
are synchronized with spontaneous breathing
spirometry: pulmonary function tests that measure specific lung volumes (e.g.,
FEV1, FVC) and rates (FEF25–75%); may be measured before and after
bronchodilator administration
stridor: harsh high-pitched sound heard on inspiration, usually without need of
stethoscope, secondary to upper airway obstruction
tachypnea: abnormally rapid respirations
tension pneumothorax: pneumothorax characterized by increasing positive
pressure in the pleural space with each breath; this is an emergency situation and the
positive pressure needs to be decompressed or released immediately
thoracentesis: insertion of a needle into the pleural space to remove fluid that has
accumulated and decrease pressure on the lung tis- sue; may also be used
diagnostically to identify potential causes of a pleural effusion
thoracotomy: surgical opening into the chest cavity
tidal volume: volume of air inspired and expired with each breath during normal
breathing
tonsillitis: inflammation of the tonsils, usually due to an acute infection
tracheostomy tube: indwelling tube inserted directly into the trachea to assist with
ventilation
tracheotomy: surgical opening into the trachea
transbronchial: through the bronchial wall, as in a transbronchial lung biopsy
ventilation: movement of air in and out of airways
ventilation–perfusion ratio: the ratio between ventilation and per- fusion in the lung;
matching of ventilation to perfusion optimizes gas exchange
vibration: a type of massage administered by quickly tapping the chest with the
fingertips or alternating the fingers in a rhythmic manner, or by using a mechanical
device to assist in mobilizing lung secretions
wheezes: continuous musical sounds associated with airway narrowing or partial
obstruction
xerostomia: dryness of the mouth from a variety of causes
COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CRP - C‐reactive protein
FEV1 - forced expiratory volume in 1 second
LABA - long acting inhaled β2 agonist
LABD - long acting bronchodilator
MDI - metered dose inhaler
NIV - non‐invasive ventilation
PEFR - peak expiratory flow rate
SABA - short acting β2 agonist
SABD - short acting bronchodilator
SAMA - short acting muscarinic antagonist
Sao2 - arterial oxygen saturation
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:
ablation: purposeful destruction of heart muscle cells, usually in an attempt to control
a dysrhythmia
acute coronary syndrome: refers to rupture of an atheromatous plaque in a diseased
coronary artery, which rapidly forms an obstructive thrombus. Signs and symptoms
that indicate unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction
afterload: the amount of resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
angina pectoris: chest pain brought about by myocardial ischemia
antiarrhythmic medication: a medication that suppresses or prevents a dysrhythmia
apical impulse (also called point of maximum impulse): impulse normally palpated
at the fifth intercostal space, left mid-clavicular line; caused by contraction of the left
ventricle
atheroma: fibrous cap composed of smooth muscle cells that forms over lipid
deposits within arterial vessels and protrudes into the lumen of the vessel, narrowing
the lumen and obstructing blood flow; also called plaque
atherosclerosis: abnormal accumulation of lipid deposits and fibrous tissue within
arterial walls and the lumen
atrioventricular (AV) node: secondary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right
atrial wall near the tricuspid valve
automaticity: ability of the cardiac cells to initiate an electrical impulse
baroreceptors: nerve fibers located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that are
responsible for reflex control of the blood pressure
cardiac catheterization: an invasive procedure used to measure cardiac chamber
pressures and assess patency of the coronary arteries
cardiac conduction system: specialized heart cells strategically located throughout
the heart that are responsible for methodically generating and coordinating the
transmission of electrical impulses to the myocardial cells
cardiac output: amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in liters per minute
cardiac stress test: a test used to evaluate the functioning of the heart during a period
of increased oxygen demand
cardioversion: electrical current administered in synchrony with the patient’s own
QRS complex to stop a dysrhythmia
chronotropy: rate of impulse formation
conduction: transmission of electrical impulses from one cell to another
contractility: ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical
impulse
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG): a surgical procedure in which a blood vessel
from another part of the body is grafted onto the occluded coronary artery below the
occlusion in such a way that blood flow bypasses the blockage
creatine kinase (CK): an enzyme found in human tissues; one of the three types of
CK is specific to heart muscle and may be used as an indicator of heart muscle injury
defibrillation: electrical current administered to stop a dysrhythmia, not
synchronized with the patient’s QRS complex
depolarization: process by which cardiac muscle cells change from a more
negatively charged to a more positively charged intracellular state
. electrical
activation of a cell caused by the influx of sodium into the cell while potassium exits
the cell
diastole: period of ventricular relaxation resulting in ventricular filling
dromotropy: conduction velocity
dyslipidemia: abnormal blood lipid levels, including high total, low-density
lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels as well as low high-density lipoprotein levels
dysrhythmia: disorder of the formation or conduction (or both) of the electrical
impulse within the heart, altering the heart rate, heart rhythm, or both and potentially
causing altered blood flow (also referred to as arrhythmia)
ejection fraction: percentage of the end-diastolic blood volume ejected from the
ventricle with each heartbeat
elective replacement indicator (ERI): a signal produced by a pace-maker when it is
interrogated to indicate a near-depleted battery
glomerular filtration rate (GFR): flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney, an
indicator of renal function
hemodynamic monitoring: use of pressure monitoring devices to directly measure
cardiovascular function
high-density lipoprotein (HDL): a protein-bound lipid that transports cholesterol to
the liver for excretion in the bile; composed of a higher proportion of protein to lipid
than low-density lipoprotein; exerts a beneficial effect on the arterial wall
hypertension: blood pressure that is persistently greater than 140/90 mm Hg
hypertensive emergency: a situation in which blood pressure is severely elevated
and there is evidence of actual or probable target organ damage
hypertensive urgency: a situation in which blood pressure is severely elevated but
there is no evidence of target organ damage
hypotension: a decrease in blood pressure to less than 100/60 mm Hg that
compromises systemic perfusion
implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD): a device implanted into the chest to
treat dysrhythmias
inhibited: in reference to pacemakers, term used to describe the pacemaker
withholding an impulse (not firing)
inotropy: force of myocardial contraction
ischemia: insufficient tissue oxygenation
isolated systolic hypertension: a condition mostly commonly seen in the elderly in
which the systolic pressure is greater than 140 mm Hg and the diastolic pressure is
within normal limits (less than 90 mm Hg)
low-density lipoprotein (LDL): a protein-bound lipid that transports cholesterol to
tissues in the body; composed of a lower proportion of protein to lipid than highdensity lipoprotein; exerts a harmful effect on the arterial wall
metabolic syndrome: a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including insulin
resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension that increase the risk of
cardiovascular disease
monotherapy: medication therapy with a single medication
murmurs: sounds created by abnormal, turbulent flow of blood in the heart
myocardial infarction (MI): death of heart tissue caused by lack of oxygenated
blood flow
myocardial ischemia: condition in which heart muscle cells receive less oxygen than
needed
myocardium: muscle layer of the heart responsible for the pumping action of the
heart
normal heart sounds: sounds produced when the valves close; normal heart sounds
are S1 (atrioventricular valves) and S2 (semi- lunar valves)
opening snaps: abnormal diastolic sound generated during opening of a rigid AV
valve leaflet
P wave: the part of an electrocardiogram (ECG) that reflects conduction of an
electrical impulse through the atrium; atrial depolarization
paroxysmal dysrhythmia: a dysrhythmia that has a sudden onset and/or termination
and is usually of short duration
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI): an invasive procedure in which a
catheter is placed in a coronary artery, and one of several methods is employed to
remove or reduce a blockage within the artery
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA): a type of percutaneous
coronary intervention in which a balloon is inflated within a coronary artery to break
an atheroma and open the vessel lumen, improving coronary artery blood flow
postural (orthostatic) hypotension: a significant drop in blood pressure (usually 10
mm Hg systolic or more) after an upright posture is assumed
PP interval: the duration between the beginning of one P wave and the beginning of
the next P wave; used to calculate atrial rate and rhythm
PR interval: the part of an ECG that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse from
the sino-atrial (SA) node through the atrio-ventricular (AV) node
preload: degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole
primary hypertension: also called essential hypertension; denotes high blood
pressure from an unidentified cause
proarrhythmic: an agent (e.g., a medication) that causes or exacerbates a
dysrhythmia
pulmonary vascular resistance: resistance to right ventricular ejection of blood
QRS complex: the part of an ECG that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse
through the ventricles; ventricular depolarization
QT interval: the part of an ECG that reflects the time from ventricular depolarization
through repolarization
radioisotopes: unstable atoms that emit small amounts of energy in the form of
gamma rays; used in cardiac nuclear medicine studies
rebound hypertension: blood pressure that is controlled with medication and that
becomes uncontrolled (abnormally high) with the abrupt discontinuation of
medication
repolarization: return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into
the cell while sodium exits the cell. process by which cardiac muscle cells return to a
more negatively charged intracellular condition, their resting state
RR interval: the duration between the beginning of one QRS complex and the
beginning of the next QRS complex; used to calculate ventricular rate and rhythm
S1: the first heart sound produced by closure of the atrio-ventricular (mitral and
tricuspid) valves
S2: the second heart sound produced by closure of the semilunar (aortic and
pulmonic) valves
S3: an abnormal heart sound detected early in diastole as resistance is met to blood
entering either ventricle; most often due to volume overload associated with heart
failure
S4: an abnormal heart sound detected late in diastole as resistance is met to blood
entering either ventricle during atrial contraction; most often caused by hypertrophy
of the ventricle
secondary hypertension: high blood pressure from an identified cause, such as
renal disease
sensitivity: the level that the intra-cardiac electrical activity must exceed in order to
be sensed by a pacemaker
sinoatrial (SA) node: primary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium
sinus rhythm: electrical activity of the heart initiated by the sinoatrial (SA) node
ST segment: the part of an ECG that reflects the end of the QRS complex to the
beginning of the T wave
stent: a woven mesh that provides structural support to a coronary vessel, preventing
its closure
stroke volume: amount of blood ejected from the ventricle per heartbeat
sudden cardiac death: abrupt cessation of effective heart activity
summation gallop: the abnormal sound created during tachycardia by the presence of
an S3 and S4
supraventricular tachycardia (SVT): a rhythm that originates in the conduction
system above the ventricles
systemic vascular resistance: resistance to left ventricle ejection
systole: period of ventricular contraction resulting in ejection of blood from the
ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta
systolic click: abnormal systolic sound created by the opening of a calcified aortic or
pulmonic valve during ventricular contraction
telemetry: the process of continuous electrocardiographic monitoring by the
transmission of radio waves from a battery-operated transmitter worn by the patient
T wave: the part of an ECG that reflects repolarization of the ventricles
thrombolytic: an agent or process that breaks down blood clots
TP interval: the part of an ECG that reflects the time between the end of the T wave
and the beginning of the next P wave; used to identify the isoelectric line
triggered: in reference to pacemakers, term used to describe the release of an impulse
in response to some stimulus
troponin: myocardial protein; measurement is used to assess heart muscle injury
U wave: the part of an ECG that may reflect Purkinje fiber repolarization; usually it is
not seen unless a patient’s serum potassium level is low
Valsalva maneuver: forcible exhalation against a closed glottis followed by a rise in
intrathoracic pressure and subsequent possible dramatic rise in arterial pressure; may
occur during straining at stool
ventricular tachycardia (VT): a rhythm that originates in the ventricles
INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
allograft: heart valve replacement made from a human heart valve (synonym:
homograft)
annuloplasty: repair of a cardiac valve’s outer ring
aortic valve: semilunar valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta
autograft: heart valve replacement made from the patient’s own heart valve (e.g., the
pulmonic valve is excised and used as an aortic valve)
cardiomyopathy: disease of the heart muscle
chordae tendineae: nondistensible fibrous strands connecting papillary muscles to
atrioventricular (mitral, tricuspid) valve leaflets
chordoplasty: repair of the chordae tendineae
commissurotomy: splitting or separating fused cardiac valve leaflets
heterograft: heart valve replacement made of tissue from an animal heart valve
(synonym: xenograft)
homograft: heart valve replacement made from a human heart valve (synonym:
allograft)
leaflet repair: repair of a cardiac valve’s movable “flaps” (leaflets)
mitral valve: atrioventricular valve located between the left atrium and left
ventricle
orthotopic transplantation: the recipient’s heart is removed and a donor heart is
grafted into the same site; the patient has one heart
prolapse (of a valve): stretching of an atrio-ventricular heart valve leaflet into the
atrium during systole
pulmonic valve: semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and the
pulmonary artery
regurgitation: backward flow of blood through a heart valve
stenosis: narrowing or obstruction of a cardiac valve’s orifice
total artificial heart: mechanical device used to aid a failing heart, assisting the right
and left ventricles
tricuspid valve: atrio-ventricular valve located between the right atrium and right
ventricle
valve replacement: insertion of a device at the site of a malfunctioning heart valve
to restore blood flow in one direction through the heart
valvuloplasty: repair of a stenosed or regurgitant cardiac valve by
commissurotomy, annuloplasty, leaflet repair, or chordoplasty (or a combination of
procedures)
ventricular assist device: mechanical device used to aid a failing right or left
ventricle
xenograft: heart valve replacement made of tissue from an animal heart valve
(synonym: heterograft)
HEART DISEASES
acute decompensated heart failure: acute exacerbation of heart failure, with signs
and symptoms resulting in markedly lower systemic perfusion
afterload: the resistance to ejection of blood from a ventricle
anastomosis: junction of two vessels
aneurysm: a localized sac or dilation of an artery formed at a weak point in the
vessel wall
angioplasty: an invasive procedure that uses a balloon-tipped catheter to dilate a
stenotic area of a blood vessel
ankle-brachial index (ABI) or ankle-arm index (AAI): ratio of the ankle systolic
pressure to the arm systolic pressure; an objective measurement of arterial disease that
provides quantification of the degree of stenosis
anuria: urine output of less than 50 mL/24 h
arteriosclerosis: diffuse process whereby the muscle fibers and the endothelial lining
of the walls of small arteries and arterioles thicken
ascites: an accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
atherosclerosis: inflammatory process involving the accumulation of lipids, calcium,
blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue on the intimal layer of a large or
medium-sized artery
bruit: sound produced by turbulent blood flow through an irregular, tortuous,
stenotic, or dilated vessel
cardiac output (CO): the amount of blood pumped out of the heart in 1 minute
cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT): a treatment for heart failure in which a
device paces both ventricles to synchronize contractions
compliance: the elasticity or amount of “give” when blood enters the ventricle
congestive heart failure (CHF): a fluid overload condition (congestion) associated
with heart failure
contractility: the force of ventricular contraction; related to the number and state of
myocardial cells
diastolic heart failure: the inability of the heart to pump sufficiently because of an
alteration in the ability of the heart to fill; current term used to describe a type of heart
failure
dissection: separation of the weakened elastic and fibromuscular elements in the
medial layer of an artery
duplex ultrasonography: combines B-mode gray-scale imaging of tissue, organs,
and blood vessels with capabilities of estimating velocity changes by use of a pulsed
Doppler
ejection fraction (EF): percentage of blood volume in the ventricles at the end of
diastole that is ejected during systole; a measurement of contractility
heart failure (HF): the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the
needs of the tissues for oxygen and nutrients; signs and symptoms of pulmonary and
systemic congestion may or may not be present
intermittent claudication: a muscular, cramp-like pain in the extremities
consistently reproduced with the same degree of exercise or activity and relieved by
rest
ischemia: deficient blood supply
left-sided heart failure (left ventricular failure): inability of the left ventricle to fill
or pump (empty) sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for oxygen and
nutrients; traditional term used to describe patient’s symptoms of heart failure
oliguria: diminished urine output; less than 500 mL/24 h
orthopnea: shortness of breath when laying flat
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND): shortness of breath that occurs suddenly
during sleep
pericardiocentesis: procedure that involves aspiration of fluid from the pericardial
sac
pericardiotomy: surgically created opening of the pericardium
preload: the amount of myocardial stretch just before systole caused by the volume
of blood presented to the ventricle
pulmonary edema: abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces and
alveoli of the lungs
pulseless electrical activity (PEA): condition in which electrical activity is present
but there is not an adequate pulse or blood pressure
pulsus paradoxus: systolic blood pressure that is more than 10 mm Hg higher during
exhalation than during inspiration; difference is normally less than 10 mm Hg
rest pain: persistent pain in the foot or digits when the patient is resting, indicating a
severe degree of arterial insufficiency
right-sided heart failure (right ventricular failure): inability of the right ventricle
to fill or pump (empty) sufficient blood to the pulmonary circulation
rubor: reddish blue discoloration of the extremities; indicative of severe peripheral
arterial damage in vessels that remain dilated and unable to constrict
stenosis: narrowing or constriction of a vessel
stroke volume (SV): amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each
contraction
systolic heart failure: inability of the heart to pump sufficiently because of an
alteration in the ability of the heart to contract; current term used to describe a type of
heart failure.
HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS
absolute neutrophil count: a calculation of the number of circulating neutrophils,
derived from the total white blood cells (WBCs) and the percentage of neutrophils
counted in a microscope’s visual field
anemia: decreased red blood cell (RBC) count
anergy: diminished reactivity to antigens (transient or complete)
angiogenesis: formation of new blood vessels
angular cheilosis: cracking sore at corner of mouth
aplasia: lack of cellular development (e.g., of cells within the bone marrow)
band cell: slightly immature neutrophil
blast cell: primitive WBC
cytokines: hormones produced by leukocytes that are vital to regulation of
hematopoiesis, apoptosis, and immune responses
D-dimer: test to measure fibrin breakdown; considered more specific than fibrin
degradation products in the diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation
differentiation: development of functions and characteristics that are different from
those of the parent stem cell
erythrocyte: see red blood cell
erythrocyte sedimentation rate: laboratory test that measures the rate of settling of
RBCs; elevation is indicative of inflammation; also called the “sed rate”
erythroid cells: any cell that is or will become a mature RBC
erythropoiesis: process of formation of RBCs
erythropoietin: hormone produced primarily by the kidney; necessary for
erythropoiesis
fibrin: filamentous protein; basis of thrombus and blood clot
fibrinogen: protein converted into fibrin to form thrombus and clot
fibrinolysis: process of breakdown of fibrin clot
granulocyte: granulated WBC (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil); sometimes used
synonymously with neutrophil
haptoglobin: blood protein synthesized by liver; binds free hemoglobin released from
erythrocytes, which is then removed by the reticuloendothelial system
hematocrit: percentage of total blood volume consisting of RBCs
hematopoiesis: complex process of the formation and maturation of blood cells
hemoglobin: iron-containing protein of RBCs; delivers oxygen to tissues
hemolysis: destruction of RBCs; can occur within or outside of the vasculature
hemosiderin: iron-containing pigment derived from breakdown of hemoglobin
hemostasis: intricate balance between clot formation and clot dissolution
histiocytes: cells present in all loose connective tissue, capable of phagocytosis
hypochromia: pallor within the RBC caused by decreased hemoglobin content
left shift, or shift to the left: increased release of immature forms of WBCs from the
bone marrow in response to need
leukocyte: see white blood cell
leukemia: uncontrolled proliferation of WBCs, often immature
leukopenia: less-than-normal amount of WBCs in circulation
lymphocyte: form of WBC involved in immune functions
lymphoid: pertaining to lymphocytes
lysis: destruction of cells
macrophage: reticuloendothelial cells capable of phagocytosis
microcytosis: smaller-than-normal RBCs
monocyte: large WBC that becomes a macrophage when it leaves the circulation and
moves into body tissues
myeloid: pertaining to non-lymphoid blood cells that differentiate into RBCs,
platelets, macrophages, mast cells, and various WBCs
myelopoiesis: formation and maturation of cells derived from myeloid stem cell
neutropenia: lower-than-normal number of neutrophils
neutrophil: fully mature WBC capable of phagocytosis; primary defense against
bacterial infection
normochromic: normal RBC color, indicating normal amount of hemoglobin
normocytic: normal size of RBC
nucleated RBC: immature form of RBC; portion of nucleus remains within the RBC
oxyhemoglobin: combined form of oxygen and hemoglobin; found in arterial
blood
pancytopenia: abnormal decrease in WBCs, RBCs, and platelets
petechiae: tiny capillary hemorrhages
phagocytosis: process of cellular ingestion and digestion of foreign bodies
plasma: liquid portion of blood
plasminogen: protein converted to plasmin to dissolve thrombi and clots
platelet: thrombocyte; a cellular component of blood involved in blood coagulation
poikilocytosis: variation in shape of RBCs
polycythemia: excess RBCs
red blood cell (RBC): erythrocyte; a cellular component of blood involved in the
transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
reticulocytes: slightly immature RBCs, usually only 1% of total circulating RBCs
reticuloendothelial system: complex system of cells throughout body capable of
phagocytosis
serum: portion of blood remaining after coagulation occurs
stem cell: primitive cell, capable of self-replication and differentiation into myeloid
or lymphoid stem cell
thrombin: enzyme necessary to convert fibrinogen into fibrin clot
thrombocyte: see platelet
thrombocytopenia: lower-than-normal platelet count
thrombocytosis: higher-than-normal platelet count
white blood cell (WBC): leukocyte; one of several cellular components of blood
involved in defense of the body; subtypes include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils,
monocytes, and lymphocytes
DIGESTIVE AND GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
abscess: localized collection of purulent material surrounded by inflamed tissues,
typically associated with signs of infection
absorption: phase of the digestive process that occurs when small molecules,
vitamins, and minerals pass through the walls of the small and large intestine and into
the bloodstream
achalasia: absent or ineffective peristalsis (wavelike contraction) of the distal
esophagus accompanied by failure of the esophageal sphincter to relax in response to
swallowing resulting in difficulty swallowing, regurgitation, and sometimes pain
achlorhydria: lack of hydrochloric acid in digestive secretions of the stomach
amylase: pancreatic enzyme; aids in the digestion of carbohydrates (starch)
antireflux valve: valve that prevents return or backward flow of fluid
antrectomy: removal of the pyloric (anrum) portion of the stomach with anastomosis
(surgical connection) to the duodenum (gastro-duodenostomy or Billroth I) or
anastomosis to the jejunum (gastro-jejunostomy or Billroth II)
anus: last section of the GI tract; outlet for waste products from the system
aspiration: removal of substance by suction; breathing of fluids or foods into the
trachea and lungs
bariatric: relating to obesity; term derives from two Greek words meaning ‘weight’
and ‘treatment’
bolus: a feeding administered into the stomach in large amounts and at designated
intervals
borborygmus: rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas through the intestines
central venous access device (CVAD): a device designed and used for long-term
administration of medications and fluids into central veins
cholecystectomy: removal of the gallbladder
cholecystitis: inflammation of the gallbladder
cholecystojejunostomy: anastomosis of the jejunum to the gallbladder to divert bile
flow
cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ): hormone; major stimulus for digestive
enzyme secretion; stimulates contraction of the gallbladder
cholecystostomy: opening and drainage of the gallbladder
choledochojejunostomy: anastomosis of common duct to jejunum
choledocholithiasis: stones in the common duct
choledocholithotomy: incision of common bile duct for removal of stones
choledochostomy: opening into the common duct
cholelithiasis: calculi in the gallbladder
chyme: mixture of food with saliva, salivary enzymes, and gastric secretions that is
produced as the food passes through the mouth, esophagus, and stomach
colostomy: surgical opening into the colon by means of a stoma to allow drainage of
bowel contents; one type of fecal diversion
constipation: subjectively described infrequency or irregularity of defecation, with or
without an abnormal hardening of feces that makes their passage difficult and
sometimes painful, with or without a decrease in fecal volume
cyclic feeding: periodic infusion of feedings given over a short period (8 to 18 hours)
decompression (intestinal): removal of gastric or intestinal contents to prevent gas
and fluid distention
digestion: phase of the digestive process that occurs when digestive enzymes and
secretions mix with ingested food and when proteins, fats, and sugars are broken
down into their component smaller molecules
dissolution therapy: use of medications to break up/dissolve gallstones
diverticulitis: inflammation of a diverticulum from obstruction (by fecal matter),
resulting in abscess formation
diverticulosis: presence of several diverticula in the intestine; common in middle age
diverticulum: saclike out pouching of the lining of the bowel protruding through the
muscle of the intestinal wall, usually caused by high intraluminal pressure
dumping syndrome: physiologic response to rapid emptying of gastric contents into
the jejunum, manifested by nausea, weakness, sweating, palpitations, syncope and
possibly diarrhea; occurs in patients who have had partial gastrectomy and
gastrojejunostomy
duodenum: the first part of the small intestine, which arises from the pylorus of the
stomach and extends to the jejunum
dyspepsia: indigestion; upper abdominal discomfort associated with eating
dysphagia: difficulty swallowing
dysplasia: abnormal change in cells
elimination: phase of digestive process that occurs after digestion and absorption,
when waste products are evacuated from the body
endocrine: secreting internally; hormonal secretion of a ductless gland
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): an endoscopic
procedure using fiber optic technology to visualize the biliary system
enteral nutrition: nutritional formula feedings introduced through a tube directly into
the gastrointestinal tract
enteroclysis: fluoroscopic x-ray of the small intestine; a tube is placed from the nose
or mouth through the esophagus and the stomach to the duodenum, a barium-based
liquid contrast material is infused through the tube, and x-rays are taken as it travels
through the duodenum
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD): passage of a fiber optic tube through the
mouth and throat into the digestive tract for visualization of the esophagus, stomach,
and small intestine; biopsies can be performed
esophagus: collapsible tube connecting the mouth to the stomach, through which
food passes as it is ingested
exocrine: secreting externally; hormonal secretion from excretory ducts
fecal incontinence: involuntary passage of feces
fibroscopy (gastrointestinal): intubation of a part of the GI system with a flexible,
lighted tube to assist in diagnosis and treatment of diseases of that area
fissure: normal or abnormal fold, groove, or crack in body tissue
fistula: anatomically abnormal tract that arises between two internal organs or
between an internal organ and the body surface
gastric: refers to the stomach
gastric outlet obstruction: any condition that mechanically impedes normal gastric
emptying; there is obstruction of the channel of the pylorus and duodenum through
which the stomach empties
gastritis: inflammation of the stomach
gastroesophageal reflux: back-flow of gastric or duodenal contents into the
esophagus
gastrostomy: surgical creation of an opening into the stomach for the purpose of
administering foods and fluids
helicobacter pylori: a spiral-shaped gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the
gastric mucosa; is involved in most cases of peptic ulcer disease
hematemesis: vomiting of blood
hemorrhoids: dilated portions of the anal veins; can occur internal or external to the
anal sphincter
hernia: protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that
normally contains it
histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist: a pharmacologic agent that inhibits histamine
action at the H2 receptors of the stomach, resulting in inhibition of gastric acid
secretion
hydrochloric acid: acid secreted by the glands in the stomach; mixes with chyme to
break it down into absorbable molecules and to aid in the destruction of bacteria
ileostomy: surgical opening into the ileum by means of a stoma to allow drainage
of bowel contents; one type of fecal diversion
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): group of chronic disorders (most common are
ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease) that result in inflammation or ulceration (or
both) of the bowel lining; associated with abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, and weight
loss
ingestion: phase of the digestive process that occurs when food is taken into the GI
tract via the mouth and esophagus
intravenous fat emulsion (IVFE): an oil-in-water emulsion of oils, egg
phospholipids, and glycerin
intrinsic factor: a gastric secretion that combines with vitamin B12 so that the
vitamin can be absorbed
intubation: the insertion or placement of a tube into a body structure or passageway
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): functional disorder that affects frequency of
defecation and consistency of stool; is associated with no specific structural or
biochemical alterations; associated with crampy abdominal pain and bloating
jejunum: second portion of the small intestine, which extends from the duodenum to
the ileum
Kock pouch: type of continent ileal reservoir created surgically by making an
internal pouch with a portion of the ileum and placing a nipple valve flush with the
stoma
laparoscopic cholecystectomy: removal of gallbladder through an endoscopic
procedure
large intestine: the portion of the GI tract into which waste material from the small
intestine passes as absorption continues and elimination begins; consists of several
parts—ascending segment, transverse segment, descending segment, sigmoid colon,
and rectum
lavage: flushing of the stomach with water or other fluids with a gastric tube to clear
it
ligament of Treitz: suspensory ligament of the duodenum; important anatomic
landmark used to divide the gastrointestinal tract into an upper and lower portion
lipase: pancreatic enzyme; aids in the digestion of fats
lithotripsy: use of shock waves to break up or disintegrate stones (in both the
gallbladder and urinary tract)
lumen: the channel within a tube or catheter
malabsorption: impaired transport across the mucosa
melena: tarry or black stools; indicative of blood in stools
morbid obesity: more than twice ideal body weight, 100 pounds or more over ideal
body weight, or body mass index exceeding 40 kg/m2
nasoduodenal tube: tube inserted through the nose into the proximal portion of the
small intestine (i.e., duodenum)
nasoenteric tube: tube inserted through the nose into the stomach and beyond the
pylorus into the small intestine
nasogastric (NG) tube: tube inserted through the nose into the stomach
nasojejunal tube: tube inserted through the nose into the second portion of the small
intestine (i.e., jejunum)
odynophagia: pain on swallowing
omentum: fold of the peritoneum that surrounds the stomach and other organs of the
abdomen
orogastric tube: tube inserted through the mouth into the stomach
osmolality: ionic concentration of fluid
pancreaticojejunostomy: joining of the pancreatic duct to the jejunum by side-toside anastomosis; allows drainage of the pancreatic secretions into the jejunum
pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas; may be acute or chronic
parenteral nutrition (PN): method of supplying nutrients to the body by an
intravenous route
parotitis: inflammation of the parotid gland
pepsin: a gastric enzyme that is important in protein digestion
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG): a feeding tube inserted
endoscopically into the stomach
periapical abscess: abscessed tooth
peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC): a device used for intermediate-term
intravenous therapy
peristalsis: wavelike movement that occurs involuntarily in the alimentary canal
peritoneum: thin membrane that lines the inside of the wall of the abdomen and
covers all the abdominal organs
peritonitis: inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity, usually as a result of
a bacterial infection of an area in the gastrointestinal tract with leakage of contents
into the abdominal cavity
pH: the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance or solution
proton pump inhibitors: pharmacologic agents that block acid secretion by
irreversibly binding to and inhibiting the hydrogen-potassium adenoside
triphosphatase pump system at the secretory surface of gastric parietal cells; most
potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion
pyloroplasty: surgical procedure to increase the opening of the pyloric orifice
pyrosis: heartburn
pulorus: opening between the stomach and the duodenum
pyrosis: heartburn
radiopaque: can be easily localized on x-ray
secretin: hormone responsible for stimulating secretion of pancreatic juice; also
used as an aid in diagnosing pancreatic exocrine disease and in obtaining
desquamated pancreatic cells for cytological examination
serosa: thin membrane that covers the outer surface of the stomach; visceral
peritoneum covering the outer surface of the stomach
sialadenitis: inflammation of the salivary glands
small intestine: longest portion of the GI tract, consisting of three parts—duodenum,
jejunum, and ileum— through which food mixed with all secretions and enzymes
passes as it continues to be digested and begins to be absorbed into the bloodstream
steatorrhea: frothy, foul-smelling stools with a high fat content; results from
impaired digestion of proteins and fats due to a lack of pancreatic juice in the
intestine. Fat present in both feces and/or urine
stenosis: narrowing or tightening of an opening or passage in the body
stoma: artificially created opening between a body cavity (e.g., intestine) and the
body surface
stomach: distensible pouch into which the food bolus passes to be digested by gastric
enzymes
stomatitis: inflammation of the oral mucosa
stylet: a stiff wire placed in a catheter or other tube that allows the tube to maintain its
shape during insertion
temporomandibular disorders: a group of conditions that cause pain or dysfunction
of the temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) and surrounding structures
tenesmus: ineffective and sometimes painful straining to eliminate either feces or
urine
total nutrient admixture (TNA): an admixture of lipid emulsions, proteins,
carbohydrates, electrolytes, vitamins, trace minerals, and water
trypsin: pancreatic enzyme; aids in digestion of proteins
vagotomy syndrome: dumping syndrome; gastrointestinal symptoms, such as
diarrhea and abdominal cramping, resulting from rapid gastric emptying
Valsalva maneuver: forcible exhalation against a closed glottis followed by a rise in
intrathoracic pressure and subsequent possible dramatic rise in arterial pressure; may
occur during straining at stool
xerostomia: dry mouth
wound-ostomy-continence (WOC) nurse: nurse specially educated in the
appropriate management of fecal and urinary diversions; guides patients, their
families, surgeons, and nurses by recommending appropriate use of skin, wound,
ostomy, and continence products; formerly called enterostomal therapist
Zollinger-Ellison tumor: hyper secretion of gastric acid that produces peptic ulcers
as a result of a non–beta-cell tumor of the pancreatic islets
METABOLIC AND ENDOCRINE
acromegaly: disease process resulting from excessive secretion of somatotropin;
causes progressive enlargement of peripheral body parts
addisonian crisis: acute adrenocortical insufficiency; characterized by hypotension,
cyanosis, fever, nausea/vomiting, and classic signs of shock; precipitated by stress or
abrupt withdrawal of therapeutic glucocorticoids
Addison’s disease: chronic adrenocortical insufficiency secondary to destruction of
the adrenal glands
adrenalectomy: surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary,
essential for growth and development
adrenogenital syndrome: masculinization in women, feminization in men, or
premature sexual development in children; result of abnormal secretion of
adrenocortical hormones, especially androgens
androgens: hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex; stimulate activity of
accessory male sex organs and development of male sex characteristics
basal metabolic rate: chemical reactions occurring when the body is at rest
c
alcitonin: hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland;
participates in calcium regulation
asterixis: involuntary flapping movements of the hands associated with metabolic
liver dysfunction
balloon tamponade: use of balloons placed within the esophagus and proximal
portion of the stomach and inflated to compress bleeding vessels (esophageal and
gastric varices)
Budd-Chiari syndrome: hepatic vein thrombosis resulting in non-cirrhotic portal
hypertension
Chvostek’s sign: spasm of the facial muscles produced by sharply tapping over the
facial nerve in front of the parotid gland and anterior to the ear; suggestive of latent
tetany in patients with hypocalcemia
cirrhosis: a chronic liver disease characterized by fibrotic changes and the formation
of dense connective tissue within the liver, subsequent degenerative changes, and loss
of functioning cells
constructional apraxia: inability to draw figures in two or three dimensions
corticosteroids: hormones produced by the adrenal cortex or their synthetic
equivalents; also referred to as adrenal-cortical hormone and adreno-corticosteroid;
consist of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens
cretinism: stunted body growth and mental development appearing during the first
year of life as a result of congenital hypothyroidism
Cushing’s syndrome: group of symptoms produced by an excess of free circulating
cortisol from the adrenal cortex; characterized by truncal obesity, “moon face,” acne,
abdominal striae, and hypertension
diabetes insipidus: condition in which abnormally large volumes of dilute urine are
excreted as a result of deficient production of vasopressin
dwarfism: generalized limited growth resulting from insufficient secretion of growth
hormone during childhood
endocrine: secreting internally; hormonal secretion of a ductless gland
euthyroid: state of normal thyroid hormone production
e
exophthalmos: abnormal protrusion of one or both eyeballs
fetor hepaticus: sweet, slightly fecal odor to the breath, presumed to be of intestinal
origin; prevalent with the extensive collateral portal circulation in chronic liver disease
fulminant hepatic failure: sudden, severe onset of acute liver failure that occurs
within 8 weeks after the first symptoms of jaundice
glucocorticoids: steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to
ACTH; produce a rise of liver glycogen and blood glucose
goiter: enlargement of the thyroid gland; usually caused by an iodine-deficient diet
Graves’ disease: a form of hyperthyroidism; characterized by a diffuse goiter and
exophthalmos
hepatic encephalopathy: central nervous system dysfunction resulting from liver
disease; frequently associated with elevated ammonia levels that produce changes in
mental status, altered level of consciousness, and coma
hormones: chemical transmitter substances produced in one organ or part of the body
and carried by the bloodstream to other cells or organs on which they have a specific
regulatory effect; produced mainly by endocrine glands
hypophysectomy: removal or destruction of all or part of the pituitary gland
mineralocorticoid: steroid of the adrenal cortex
myxedema: severe hypothyroidism characterized by an accumulation of
mucopolysaccharides in interstitial tissues, a masklike expression, puffy eyelids, loss
of eyebrow hair, thick lips, and a broad tongue
negative feedback: regulating mechanism in which an increase or decrease in the
level of a substance decreases or increases the function of the organ producing the
substance
orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT): grafting of a donor liver into the normal
anatomic location, with removal of the diseased native liver
oxytocin: hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary; causes myometrial contraction
at term and milk release during lactation
pheochromocytoma: chromaffin cell tumor, usually benign, located in the adrenal
medulla; characterized by secretion of catecholamines resulting in hypertension,
severe headache, profuse sweating, visual blurring, anxiety, and nausea
portal hypertension: elevated pressure in the portal circulation resulting from
obstruction of venous flow into and through the liver
sclerotherapy: the injection of substances into or around esophagogastric varices to
cause constriction, thickening, and hardening of the vessel and thus to stop bleeding
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion: excessive
secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland despite low serum
osmolality level
thyroidectomy: surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland
thyroiditis: inflammation of the thyroid gland; may lead to chronic hypothyroidism
or may resolve spontaneously
thyroid-stimulating hormone: released from the pituitary gland; causes
stimulation of the thyroid, resulting in release of T3 and T4
thyroid storm: severe life-threatening hyperthyroidism precipitated by stress;
characterized by high fever, extreme tachycardia, and altered mental state
thyrotoxicosis: condition produced by excessive endogenous or exogenous thyroid
hormone
thyroxine (T4): thyroid hormone; active iodine compound formed and stored in the
thyroid; deiodinated in peripheral tissues to form triiodothyronine; maintains body
metabolism in a steady state
triiodothyronine (T3): thyroid hormone; formed and stored in the thyroid; released
in smaller quantities, biologically more active and with faster onset of action than T4;
widespread effect on cellular metabolism
Trousseau’s sign: carpopedal spasm induced when blood flow to the arm is occluded
using a blood pressure cuff or tourniquet, causing ischemia to the distal nerves;
suggestive sign for latent tetany in hypocalcemia
variceal banding: procedure that involves the endoscopic placement of a rubber
band–like device over esophageal varices to ligate the area and stop bleeding
vasopressin: ADH secreted by the posterior pituitary; causes contraction of smooth
muscle, particularly blood vessels
xenograft: transplantation of organs from one species to another
xocrine: secreting externally; hormonal secretion from excretory ducts
DIABETES
continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS): a device worn for 72 hours that
continuously monitors blood glucose levels; the data are downloaded and analyzed for
blood glucose patterns for that time period; presently used diagnostically to elicit
patterns and tailor treatment
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, insulin pump: a small device that
delivers insulin on a 24-hour basis as basal insulin; it is also programmed by the
patient to deliver a bolus dose before eating a meal in an attempt to mimic normal
pancreatic function
diabetes mellitus: a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia
resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA): a metabolic derangement in type 1 diabetes that results
from a deficiency of insulin; highly acidic ketone bodies are formed, resulting in
acidosis; usually requires hospitalization for treatment and is usually caused by
nonadherence to the insulin regimen, concurrent illness, or infection
fasting plasma glucose (FPG): blood glucose determination obtained in the
laboratory after fasting for more than 8 hours
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): any degree of glucose intolerance with its
onset during pregnancy
glycated hemoglobin (glycosylated hemoglobin, Hgb A1C or A1C):a long-term
measure of glucose control that is a result of glucose attaching to hemoglobin for the
life of the red blood cell (120 days). The goal of diabetes therapy is a normal to nearnormal level of glycated hemoglobin, the same as in the non-diabetic population
hyperglycemia: elevated blood glucose level; fasting level greater than 110 mg/dL
(6.1 mmol/L); 2-hour postprandial level greater than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)
hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS): a metabolic disorder
of type 2 diabetes resulting from a relative insulin deficiency initiated by an
intercurrent illness that raises the demand for insulin; associated with polyuria and
severe dehydration
hypoglycemia: low blood glucose level (less than 60 mg/dL [less than 2.7 mmol/L])
impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT): a metabolic
stage intermediate between normal glucose homeostasis and diabetes; now referred to
as pre-diabetes
insulin: a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the
pancreas that is necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; a
deficiency of insulin results in diabetes mellitus
islet cell transplantation: an investigational procedure in which purified islet cells
from cadaver donors are injected into the portal vein of the liver, with the goal of
having these cells secrete insulin and cure type 1 diabetes
ketone: a highly acidic substance formed when the liver breaks down free fatty acids
in the absence of insulin; the result is diabetic ketoacidosis
medical nutrition therapy (MNT): nutritional therapy prescribed by the physician
for management of diabetes
nephropathy: a long-term complication of diabetes in which the kidney cells are
damaged; characterized by microalbuminuria in early stages and progressing to endstage renal disease
neuropathy: a long-term complication of diabetes resulting from damage to the
nerve cell
pre-diabetes: impaired glucose metabolism in which blood glucose concentrations
fall between normal levels and those considered diagnostic for diabetes; includes IFG
and IGT, not clinical entities in their own right but risk factors for future diabetes and
cardiovascular disease
retinopathy: a long-term complication of diabetes in which the microvascular system
of the eye is damaged
self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG): a method of capillary blood glucose
testing in which the patient pricks his or her finger and applies a drop of blood to a
test strip that is read by a meter
sulfonylurea: a classification of oral antidiabetic medication for treating type 2
diabetes; stimulates insulin secretion and insulin action
thiazolidinedione: a class of oral anti-diabetic medications that reduce insulin
resistance in target tissues, enhancing insulin action without directly stimulating
insulin secretion
type 1 diabetes: a metabolic disorder characterized by an absence of insulin
production and secretion from autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the islets of
Langerhans in the pancreas; formerly called insulin-dependent, juvenile, or type I
diabetes
type 2 diabetes: a metabolic disorder characterized by the relative deficiency of
insulin production and a decreased insulin action and increased insulin resistance;
Formerly called non–insulin-dependent, adult-onset, or type II diabetes
GENITO-URINARY TRACT
acute nephritic syndrome: type of renal failure with glomerular inflammation
acute renal failure: sudden rapid deterioration of kidney function that is sometimes
reversible
acute tubular necrosis: type of acute renal failure in which there is actual damage to
the kidney tubules
aldosterone: hormone synthesized and released by the ad- renal cortex; causes the
kidneys to reabsorb sodium
antidiuretic hormone: hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland; causes the
kidneys to reabsorb more water; also called vasopressin
anuria: total urine output less than 50 mL in 24 hours
arteriovenous fistula: type of vascular access for dialysis; created by surgically
connecting an artery to a vein
arteriovenous graft: type of surgically created vascular access for dialysis by which
a piece of biologic, semibiologic, or synthetic graft material connects the patient’s
artery to a vein
azotemia: abnormal concentration of nitrogenous wastes in the blood
bacteriuria: bacteria in the urine; bacterial count higher than 100,000 colonies/mL
(more than 105 colonies of bacteria per milliliter of urine)
chronic kidney disease: chronic progressive and irreversible diseases of the
kidneys
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: method of peritoneal dialysis whereby a
patient manually performs four or five complete exchanges or cycles throughout the
day
continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis: method of peritoneal dialysis in which a
peritoneal dialysis machine (cycler) automatically performs exchanges, usually while
the patient sleeps
continuous renal replacement therapy: variety of methods used to replace normal
kidney function by circulating the patient’s blood through a filter and returning it to
the patient
creatinine: endogenous waste product of muscle energy metabolism
cystectomy: removal of the urinary bladder
cystitis: inflammation of the urinary bladder
dialysate: solution that circulates through the dialyzer in hemodialysis and through
the peritoneal membrane in peritoneal dialysis
dialyzer: “artificial kidney” or dialysis machine; contains a semipermeable
membrane through which particles of a certain size can pass
diffusion: movement of solutes (waste products) from an area of higher concentration
to an area of lower concentration
diuresis: increased formation and secretion of urine
dysuria: painful or difficult urination
effluent: term used to describe the drained fluid from a peritoneal dialysis exchange
end-stage renal disease: final stage of renal failure that results in retention of uremic
waste products and the need for renal replacement therapies
exchange (peritoneal dialysis): complete cycle of peritoneal dialysis includes fill,
dwell, and drain phases
frequency: voiding more frequently than every 3 hours
glomerular filtration: plasma filtered at the glomerulus into the kidney tubules
glomerulonephritis: inflammation of the glomerular capillaries
glomerulus: tuft of capillaries forming part of the nephron through which filtration
occurs
hemodialysis: procedure during which a patient’s blood is circulated through a
dialyzer to remove waste products and excess fluid
hematuria: red blood cells in the urine
ileal conduit: transplantation of the ureters to an isolated section of the terminal
ileum, with one end of the ureters brought to the abdominal wall
interstitial cystitis: inflammation of the bladder wall that eventually causes
disintegration of the lining and loss of bladder elasticity
interstitial nephritis: inflammation within the renal tissue
micturition: urination or voiding
nephron: structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine
formation
nephrosclerosis: hardening of the renal arteries
nephrotic syndrome: type of renal failure with increased glomerular permeability
and massive proteinuria
nephrotoxic: any substance, medication, or action that destroys kidney tissue
neurogenic bladder: bladder dysfunction that results from a disorder or dysfunction
of the nervous system; may result in either urinary retention or bladder over-activity,
resulting in urinary urgency and urge incontinence
nocturia: awakening at night to urinate
oliguria: total urine output less than 500 mL in 24 hours
osmosis: movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of
lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
overflow incontinence: involuntary urine loss associated with over-distention of the
bladder due to mechanical or anatomic bladder outlet obstruction
peritoneal dialysis: procedure that uses the lining of the patient’s peritoneal cavity as
the semipermeable membrane for exchange of fluid and solutes
peritonitis: inflammation of the peritoneal membrane (lining of the peritoneal cavity)
prostatitis: inflammation of the prostate gland
proteinuria: protein in the urine
pyelonephritis: inflammation of the renal pelvis
pyuria: white blood cells in the urine
renal clearance: volume of plasma that the kidneys can clear of a specific solute
(e.g., creatinine); expressed in milliliters per minute
renal glycosuria: recurring or persistent excretion of glucose in the urine
residual urine: urine that remains in the bladder after voiding
specific gravity: reflects the weight of particles dissolved in the urine; expression of
the degree of concentration of the urine
suprapubic catheter: a urinary catheter that is inserted through a suprapubic incision
into the bladder
tubular reabsorption: movement of a substance from the kidney tubule into the
blood in the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta
tubular secretion: movement of a substance from the blood in the peritubular
capillaries or vasa recta into the kidney tubule
ultrafiltration: process whereby water is removed from the blood by means of a
pressure gradient between the patient’s blood and the dialysate
urea nitrogen: nitrogenous end product of protein metabolism
uremia: an excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood
ureterosigmoidostomy: transplantation of the ureters into the sigmoid colon,
allowing urine to flow through the colon and out the rectum
ureterovesical or vesicoureteral reflux: backward flow of urine from the bladder
into one or both ureters
urethritis: inflammation of the urethra
urethrovesical reflux: backward flow of urine from the urethra into the bladder
urinary casts: proteins secreted by damaged kidney tubules
urinary incontinence: involuntary or uncontrolled loss of urine from the bladder
sufficient to cause a social or hygienic problem
urosepsis: sepsis resulting from infected urine, most often a UTI
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
abscess: a collection of purulent material
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): a disease transmitted by body fluids
that results in impaired immune response
adjuvant chemotherapy: use of anticancer medications in addition to other
treatments to delay or prevent a recurrence of the disease
adjuvant hormonal therapy: use of synthetic hormones or other medications given
after primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure by stopping or slowing the
growth of certain cancers that are affected by hormone stimulation (sometimes called
endocrine or antiestrogen therapy)
adnexa: the fallopian tubes and ovaries
amenorrhea: absence of menstrual flow
androgens: hormones produced by the ovaries and adrenals that affect many aspects
of female health, including follicle development, libido, oiliness of hair and skin, and
hair growth
aromatase inhibitors: medications that block the production of estrogens by the
adrenal glands
atypical hyperplasia: abnormal increase in the number of cells in a specific area
within the ductal or lobular areas of the breast; this abnormal proliferation increases
the risk for cancer
Bartholin’s cyst: a cyst in a paired vestibular gland in the vulva
benign proliferative breast disease: various types of atypical, yet noncancerous,
breast tissue that increase the risk for breast cancer
brachytherapy: radiation delivered by an internal device placed close to the tumor
(lumpectomy site)
BRCA1 and BRCA2: genes on chromosome 17 that, when damaged or mutated,
increase a woman’s risk for breast and/or ovarian cancer compared with women
without the mutation
breast conservation treatment: surgery to remove a breast tumor and a margin of
tissue around the tumor without removing any other part of the breast; may or may
not include lymph node removal and radiation therapy
candidiasis: infection caused by Candida species or yeast; also referred to as monilial
vaginitis or yeast infection
cervix: bottom (inferior) part of the uterus that is located in the vagina
chandelier sign: pain on gentle movement of the cervix; associated with pelvic
infection
colporrhaphy: repair of the vagina
condylomata: warty growths indicative of the human papillomavirus (HPV)
conization: procedure in which a cone-shaped piece of cervical tissue is removed as a
result of detection of abnormal cells; also called cone biopsy
corpus luteum: site of a follicle that changes after ovulation to produce
progesterone
cryotherapy: destruction of tissue by freezing (e.g., with liquid nitrogen)
cystocele: weakness of the anterior vaginal wall that allows the bladder to protrude
into the vagina, bulging of the bladder downward into the vagina
dose-dense chemotherapy: administration of chemotherapeutic agents at standard
doses with shorter time intervals between each cycle of treatment
douche: rinsing the vaginal canal with fluid
ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): cancer cells starting in the ductal system of the
breast not penetrating surrounding tissue
dysmenorrhea: painful menstruation
dyspareunia: difficult or painful sexual intercourse
dysplasia: term related to abnormal cell changes found on Pap smear and cervical
biopsy reports
endocervicitis: inflammation of the mucosa and the glands of the cervix
endometrial ablation: procedure performed through a hysteroscope in which the
lining of the uterus is burned away or ablated to treat abnormal uterine bleeding
endometriosis: condition in which endometrial tissue implants in other areas of the
pelvis; may cause pain with menstruation (dysmenorrhea), scarring, and possible
infertility
endometrium: lining of the uterus
enterocele: is a protrusion of the intestinal wall into the vagina
estrogen: hormone that develops and maintains the female reproductive system
estrogen and progesterone receptor assay: test to determine whether the breast
tumor is nourished by hormones; this information helps to determine prognosis and
treatment
fibrocystic breast changes: term used to describe certain benign changes in the
breast, typically associated with palpable nodularity, lumpiness, swelling, or pain
fibroid tumor: usually benign tumor of the uterus that may cause irregular bleeding;
also called myoma or leiomyoma
fine-needle aspiration (FNA): removal of fluid for diagnostic analysis from a cyst or
cells from a mass using a needle and syringe
fistula: abnormal opening between two organs or sites (e.g., vesico-vaginal, between
bladder and vagina; recto-vaginal, between rectum and vagina)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): hormone released by the pituitary gland to
stimulate estrogen production and ovulation
fornix: upper part of the vagina
fundus: body of the uterus
galactography: use of mammography after an injection of radiopaque dye to
diagnose problems in the ductal system of the breast
graafian follicle: cystic structure that develops on the ovary as ovulation begins
gynecomastia: overdeveloped breast tissue typically seen in adolescent boys
hymen: tissue that covers the vaginal opening partially or completely before vaginal
penetration
hyphae: microscopic findings that indicate monilia
hysterectomy: surgical removal of the uterus
hysteroscopy: a procedure performed using a long telescope-like instrument inserted
through the cervix to diagnose uterine problems
introitus: perineal opening to the vagina
lactobacilli: vaginal bacteria that limit the growth of other bacteria by producing
hydrogen peroxide
laparoscope: surgical device inserted through a periumbilical incision to facilitate
visualization and surgical procedures
lichen sclerosus: benign disorder of the vulva that usually occurs when estrogen
levels are low; characterized by itching
liposomal therapy: chemotherapy delivered in a liposome, a nontoxic drug carrier
lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): atypical change and proliferation of the lobular
cells of the breast; previously considered a premalignant condition but now
considered a marker of increased risk for invasive breast cancer
loop electrocautery excision procedure (LEEP): procedure in which laser energy is
used to remove a portion of cervical tissue after abnormal biopsy findings
luteal phase: stage in the menstrual cycle in which the endometrium becomes thicker
and more vascular
luteinizing hormone (LH): hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates
progesterone production
lymphedema: chronic swelling of an extremity due to interrupted lymphatic
circulation, typically from an axillary lymph node dissection
mammoplasty: surgery to reconstruct or change the size or shape of the breast; can
be performed for reduction or augmentation
mastalgia: breast pain, usually related to hormonal fluctuations or irritation of a
nerve
mastitis: inflammation or infection of the breast
menarche: beginning of menstrual function
menopause: permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from the loss of ovarian
follicular activity
menstruation: sloughing and discharge of the lining of the uterus if conception does
not take place
modified radical mastectomy: removal of the breast tissue, nipple–areola complex,
and a portion of the axillary lymph nodes
mucopurulent cervicitis: inflammation of the cervix with exudate; almost always
related to a chlamydial infection
myomectomy: removal of uterine fibroids though an abdominal incision
oophorectomy: surgical removal of an ovary
ovaries: almond-shaped reproductive organs that produce eggs at ovulation and play
a major role in hormone production
ovulation: discharge of a mature ovum from the ovary
Paget’s disease: form of breast cancer that begins in the ductal system and involves
the nipple, areola, and surrounding skin
pelvic exenteration: major surgical procedure in which the pelvic organs are
removed
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): infection of uterus and fallopian tubes, usually
from a sexually transmitted disease
perimenopause: the period immediately prior to menopause and the first year after
menopause
perineorrhaphy: surgical repair of perineal lacerations
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): disorder in the hypothalamic-pituitary and
ovarian network, resulting in chronic anovulation, androgen excess, and polycystic
ovaries
polyp (cervical or endometrial): growth of tissue on the cervix or endometrial
lining; usually benign
progesterone: hormone produced by the corpus luteum
proliferative phase: stage in the menstrual cycle before ovulation when the
endometrium proliferates
prophylactic mastectomy: removal of the breast to reduce the risk of breast cancer in
women considered to be at high risk
rectocele: weakness of the posterior vaginal wall that allows the rectal cavity to
protrude into the submucosa of the vagina, bulging of the rectum into the vagina
salpingitis: inflammation of the fallopian tube
salpingo-oophorectomy: removal of the ovary and its fallopian tube (removal of the
fallopian tube alone is a salpingectomy)
secretory phase: stage of the menstrual cycle in which the endometrium becomes
thickened, more vascular, and edematous
sentinel lymph node: first lymph node(s) in the lymphatic basin that receives
drainage from the primary tumor in the breast; identified by a radioisotope and/or blue
dye
stereotactic core biopsy: computer-guided method of core needle biopsy that is
useful when masses in the breast cannot be felt but can be visualized using
mammography
surgical biopsy: Surgical removal of all or a portion of a mass for microscopic
examination by a pathologist
tissue expander followed by permanent implant: series of breast-reconstructive
surgeries after a mastectomy; involves stretching the skin and muscle before inserting
the permanent implant
total mastectomy: removal of the breast tissue and nipple–areola complex
transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap: method of breast
reconstruction in which a flap of skin, fat, and muscle from the lower abdomen, with
its attached blood supply, is rotated to the mastectomy site
ultrasonography: imaging method using high-frequency sound waves to diagnose
whether masses are solid or fluid filled
uterine prolapse: relaxation of pelvic tone that allows the cervix and uterus to
descend into the lower vagina
vaginal vault: term used to describe the vagina following a hysterectomy, which
involves removal of the uterus including the cervix
vaginitis: inflammation of the vagina, usually secondary to infection
vestibulitis: inflammation of the vulvar vestibule, or tissue around the opening of the
vagina, that often causes pain with intercourse (dyspareunia)
vestibulodynia: most common type of vulvodynia, characterized by sharp pain in
response to pressure applied to the vestibular area of the vulva.
vulvar dystrophy: thickening or lesions of the vulva; usually causes itching and may
require biopsy to exclude malignancy
vulvectomy: removal of the tissue of the vulva
vulvitis: inflammation of the vulva, usually secondary to infection or irritation
vulvodynia: painful condition that affects the vulva
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
androgen deprivation therapy (ADT): surgical (orchiectomy) or medical castration
(e.g., with luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone agonists)
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): noncancerous enlargement or hypertrophy of
the prostate; the most common pathologic condition in older men
brachytherapy: delivery of radiation therapy through internal implants called seeds
to a localized area of tissue
circumcision: excision of the foreskin, or prepuce, of the glans penis
cryosurgery of the prostate: localized treatment of the prostate by application of
freezing temperatures
cystostomy: surgical creation of an opening into the urinary bladder
cryptorchidism: most common congenital defect in males; characterized by failure
of one or both of the testes to descend into the scrotum
epididymitis: infection of the epididymis that usually descends from an infected
prostate or urinary tract; also may develop as a complication of gonorrhea
erectile dysfunction: also called impotence; the inability to either achieve or
maintain an erection sufficient to accomplish sexual intercourse
hydrocele: a collection of fluid, generally in the tunica vaginalis of the testis,
although it also may collect within the spermatic cord
minimally invasive therapy: treatments such as laparoscopic and robotic
prostatectomy, cryotherapy, and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU); are less
invasive than other procedures with less morbidity, lower blood loss, and more rapid
recovery
orchiectomy: surgical removal of one or both of the testes
orchitis: inflammation of the testes (testicular congestion) caused by pyogenic, viral,
spirochetal, parasitic, traumatic, chemical, or unknown factors
penile cancer: malignancy that can involve the glans, the body of the penis, the
urethra, and regional or distant lymph nodes
Peyronie’s disease: buildup of fibrous plaques in the sheath of the corpus
cavernosum, causing curvature of the penis when it is erect
phimosis: condition in which the foreskin is constricted so that it cannot be
retracted over the glans; can occur congenitally or from inflammation and edema
priapism: an uncontrolled, persistent erection of the penis from either neural or
vascular causes, including medications, sickle cell thrombosis, leukemic cell
infiltration, spinal cord tumors, and tumor invasion of the penis or its vessels
prostate cancer: A common type of cancer in men; involves the prostate gland
prostatectomy: open or laparoscopic surgical removal of the entire prostate, the
prostate urethra, the attached seminal vesicles plus the ampulla of the vas deferens
prostate-specific antigen (PSA): substance that is produced by the prostate gland; is
used in combination with digital rectal examination to screen for prostate cancer
prostatism: obstructive and irritative symptom complex that includes increased
frequency and hesitancy in starting urination, a decrease in the volume and force of
the urinary stream, acute urinary retention, and recurrent urinary tract infections
prostatitis: inflammation of the prostate gland caused by infectious agents (bacteria,
fungi, mycoplasma) or various other problems (e.g., urethral stricture, prostatic
hyperplasia)
spermatogenesis: production of sperm in the testes
testicular cancer: cancer of one or both testes
testosterone: male sex hormone secreted by the testes; induces and preserves the
male sex characteristics
transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP): resection of the prostate through
endoscopy; the surgical and optical instrument is introduced directly through the
urethra to the prostate, and the gland is then removed in small chips with an electrical
cutting loop
varicocele: an abnormal dilation of the veins of the pampiniform venous plexus in the
scrotum (the network of veins from the testis and the epididymis, which constitute
part of the spermatic cord)
vasectomy: also called male sterilization; ligation and transection of part of the vas
deferens, with or without removal of a segment of the vas, to prevent the passage of
the sperm from the testes
IMMUNE SYSTEM AND INFECIOUS DISEASES
agammaglobulinemia: disorder marked by an almost complete lack of
immunoglobulins or antibodies
agglutination: clumping effect occurring when an antibody acts as a cross-link
between two antigens
allergen: substance that causes manifestations of allergy
allergy: inappropriate and often harmful immune system response to substances that
are normally harmless
alpha-interferon: protein substance that the body produces in response to infection
anaphylaxis: clinical response to an immediate immunologic reaction between a
specific antigen and antibody
angioneurotic edema: condition marked by development of urticaria and an
edematous area of skin, mucous membranes, or viscera
antibody: a protein substance developed by the body in response to and interacting
with a specific antigen
antigen: substance that induces the production of antibodies
antigenic determinant: the specific area of an antigen that binds with an antibody
combining site and determines the specificity of the antigen–antibody reaction
antihistamine: medication that opposes the action of histamine
apoptosis: programmed cell death that results from the digestion of deoxyribonucleic
acid by endonucleases
ataxia: loss of muscle coordination
ataxia-telangiectasia: autosomal recessive disorder affecting T and B cell
immunity primarily seen in children and resulting in a degenerative brain disease
atopic dermatitis: type I hypersensitivity involving inflammation of the skin
evidenced by itching, redness, and a variety of skin lesions
atopy: term often used to describe immunoglobulin E–mediated diseases (i.e.,
atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis) with a genetic component
B cells: cells that are important for producing a humoral immune response
B-cell lymphoma: common malignancy in patients with HIV/AIDS
B lymphocytes: cells that are important in producing circulating antibodies
bacteremia: laboratory-proven presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
bradykinin: a substance that stimulates nerve fibers and causes pain
candidiasis: yeast infection of skin or mucous membrane
carrier: person who has an organism without apparent signs and symptoms; one who
is able to transmit an infection to others
CCR5: along with the CD4+ receptor, this cell surface molecule is used by HIV to
fuse with the host’s cell membranes
cellular immune response: the immune system’s third line of defense, involving the
attack of pathogens by T cells
colonization: microorganisms present in or on a host, without host interference or
interaction and without eliciting symptoms in the host
community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA):
a strain of MRSA infecting per- sons who have not been treated in a health care
setting
complement: series of enzymatic proteins in the serum that, when activated, destroy
bacteria and other cells
cytokines: generic term for non-antibody proteins that act as intercellular mediators,
as in the generation of immune response
cytomegalovirus: a species-specific herpes virus that may cause retinitis in people
with AIDS
cytotoxic T cells: lymphocytes that lyse cells infected with virus; also play a role in
graft rejection
EIA (enzyme immunoassay): a blood test that can determine the presence of
antibodies to HIV in the blood or saliva; also referred to as
emerging infectious diseases: human infectious diseases with incidence increased
within the past two decades or potential increase in the near future
eosinophil: granular leukocyte
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positive results must be validated,
usually with Western blot test.
epitope: any component of an antigen molecule that functions as an antigenetic
determinant by permitting the attachment of certain antibodies
erythema: diffuse redness of the skin
fungemia: a bloodstream infection caused by a fungal organism
genetic engineering: emerging technology designed to enable replacement of missing
or defective genes
hapten: incomplete antigen
health care–associated infection (HAI): an infection not present or incubating at the
time of admission to the health care setting; this term is replacing the term
“nosocomial infection,” which refers only to those infections acquired in a hospital
helper T cells: lymphocytes that attack foreign invaders (antigens) directly
histamine: substance in the body that causes increased gastric secretion, dilation of
capillaries, and constriction of the bronchial smooth muscle
HIV-1: retrovirus isolated and recognized as the etiologic agent of AIDS
HIV-2: retrovirus identified in 1986 in AIDS patients in West Africa
HIV encephalopathy: degenerative neurologic condition characterized by a group of
clinical presentations including loss of coordination, mood swings, loss of inhibitions,
and widespread cognitive dysfunctions; formerly referred to as AIDS dementia
complex (ADC)
host: an organism that provides living conditions to support a microorganism
human papillomavirus (HPV): viruses that cause various warts, including plantar
and genital warts; some strains of HPV can also cause cervical cancer
humoral immune response: the immune system’s second line of defense; often
termed the antibody response
hypersensitivity: abnormal heightened reaction to a stimulus of any kind
hypogammaglobulinemia: lack of one or more of the five immunoglobulins; caused
by B-cell deficiency
immune: person with protection from a previous infection or immunization who
resists reinfection when re- exposed to the same agent
immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a syndrome that results from
rapid restoration of pathogen-specific immune responses to opportunistic infections;
most often occurs after starting antiretroviral therapy
immune response: the coordinated response of the components of the immune
system to a foreign agent or organism
immune system: the collection of organs, cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate
the immune response
immunity: the body’s specific protective response to a foreign agent or organism;
resistance to disease, specifically infectious diseases
immunocompromised host: person with a secondary immunodeficiency and
associated immunosuppression
immunoglobulins: a family of closely related proteins capable of acting as
antibodies
immunopathology: study of diseases resulting in dysfunctions within the immune
system
immunoregulation: complex system of checks and balances that regulates or
controls immune responses
incubation period: time between contact and onset of signs and symptoms
infection: condition in which the host interacts physiologically and immunologically
with a microorganism
infectious disease: the consequences that result from invasion of the body by
microorganisms that can produce harm to the body and potentially death
interferons: proteins formed when cells are exposed to viral or foreign agents;
capable of activating other components of the immune system
Kaposi’s sarcoma: malignancy that involves the epithelial layer of blood and
lymphatic vessels
latency: time interval after primary infection when a microorganism lives within the
host without producing clinical evidence
latent reservoir: the integrated HIV provirus within the CD4+ T cell during the
resting memory state; does not express viral proteins and is invisible to the immune
system and antiviral medications.
leukotrienes: a group of chemical mediators that initiate the inflammatory response
lymphokines: substances released by sensitized lymphocytes when they come in
contact with specific antigens
macrophage: large immune cell that devours invading pathogens and other intruders;
can harbor large quantities of HIV without being killed, acting as a reservoir of the
virus
mast cells: connective tissue cells that contain heparin and histamine in their
granules
memory cells: cells that are responsible for recognizing anti- gens from previous
exposure and mounting an immune response
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Staphylococcus aureus
bacterium that is not susceptible to extended-penicillin antibiotic formulas, such as
methicillin, oxacillin, or nafcillin; MRSA may occur in a health care or in a
community setting
monocyte: large white blood cell that ingests microbes or other cells and foreign
particles. When a monocyte enters tissues, it develops into a macrophage.
Mycobacterium avium complex: opportunistic infection caused by mycobacterial
organisms that commonly causes a respiratory illness but can also infect other body
systems
natural killer (NK) cells: lymphocytes that defend against microorganisms and
malignant cells
normal flora: persistent nonpathogenic organisms colonizing a host
null lymphocytes: lymphocytes that destroy antigens already coated with the
antibody
opportunistic infection: illness caused by various organisms, some of which usually
do not cause disease in people with normal immune systems
opsonization: the coating of antigen–antibody molecules with a sticky substance to
facilitate phagocytosis
p24 antigen: blood test that measures viral core protein; accuracy of test is limited
because the p24 antibody binds with the anti- gen and makes it undetectable
panhypoglobulinemia: general lack of immunoglobulins in the blood
peripheral neuropathy: disorder characterized by sensory loss, pain, muscle
weakness, and wasting of muscles in the hands or legs and feet
phagocytic cells: cells that engulf, ingest, and destroy foreign bodies or toxins
phagocytic immune response: the immune system’s first line of defense, involving
white blood cells that have the ability to ingest foreign particles
Pneumocystis pneumonia or Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP): common
opportunistic lung infection caused by an organism, believed to be a fungus based on
its structure
polymerase chain reaction: a sensitive laboratory technique that can detect and
quantify HIV in a person’s blood or lymph nodes
primary infection: 4 to 7 week period of rapid viral replication immediately
following infection; also known as acute HIV infection
progressive multifocal leuko-encephalopathy: opportunistic infection that infects
brain tissue and causes damage to the brain and spinal cord
prostaglandins: unsaturated fatty acids that have a wide assortment of biologic
activity
protease inhibitor: medication that inhibits the function of protease, an enzyme
needed for HIV replication
provirus: viral genetic material in the form of DNA that has been integrated into the
host genome. When it is dormant in human cells, HIV is in a proviral form.
reservoir: any person, plant, animal, substance, or location that provides living
conditions for microorganisms and that enables further dispersal of the organism
retrovirus: a virus that carries genetic material in RNA instead of DNA and contains
reverse transcriptase
reverse transcriptase: enzyme that transforms single-stranded RNA into a doublestranded DNA
rhinitis: inflammation of the nasal mucosa
serotonin: chemical mediator that acts as a potent vasoconstrictor and
bronchoconstrictor
severe combined immunodeficiency disease: disorder involving a complete absence
of humoral and cellular immunity resulting from an X-linked or autosomal genetic
abnormality
Standard Precautions: strategy of assuming all patients may carry infectious agents
and using appropriate barrier precautions for all health care worker–patient
interactions
stem cells: precursors of all blood cells; reside primarily in bone marrow
suppressor T cells: lymphocytes that decrease B-cell activity to a level at which the
immune system is compatible with life
susceptible: not possessing immunity to a particular pathogen
T cells: cells that are important for producing a cellular immune response
telangiectasia: vascular lesions caused by dilated blood vessels
thymic hypoplasia: T-cell deficiency that occurs when the thymus gland fails to
develop normally during embryogenesis; also known as DiGeorge syndrome
T lymphocytes: cells that can cause graft rejection, kill foreign cells, or suppress
production of antibodies
transient flora: organisms that have been recently acquired and are likely to be shed
in a relatively short period
Transmission-Based Precautions: precautions used in addition to Standard
Precautions when contagious or epidemiologically significant organisms are
recognized; the three types of Transmission-Based Precautions are Air- borne,
Droplet and Contact Precautions
urticaria: hives
vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE): Enterococcus bacterium that is resistant
to the antibiotic vancomycin
vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA): Staphylococcus aureus
bacterium that is not susceptible to vancomycin
viral load test: measures the quantity of HIV RNA in the blood
viral set point: amount of virus present in the blood after the initial burst of viremia
and the immune response that follows
virulence: degree of pathogenicity of an organism
wasting syndrome: involuntary weight loss of 10% of baseline body weight with
chronic diarrhea or chronic weakness and documented fever
Western blot assay: a blood test that identifies antibodies to HIV and is used to
confirm the results of an EIA (ELISA) test
window period: time from infection with HIV until seroconversion detected on HIV
antibody test
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: immunodeficiency characterized by thrombocytopenia
and the absence of T and B cells
DERMATOLOGY
acantholysis: separation of epidermal cells from each other due to damage or
abnormality of the intracellular substance
AlloDerm: processed dermis from human cadaver skin; can be used as dermal layer
for skin grafts
autograft: a graft derived from one part of a patient’s body and used on another part
of that same patient’s body
balneotherapy: a bath with therapeutic additives
Biobrane: synthetic dressing composed of a nylon, Silastic membrane combined with
a collagen derivative
carboxyhemoglobin: a compound of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin, formed in
the blood with exposure to carbon monoxide
carbuncle: localized skin infection involving several hair follicles
cheilitis: inflammation of the lips (when dry, cracking, inflamed skin occurs at the
corners of the mouth it is called angular cheilitis; when caused by sun exposure it is
called solar cheilitis)
collagen: a protein present in skin, tendon, bone, cartilage, and connective tissue
comedones: the primary lesions of acne, caused by sebum blockage in the hair
follicle
contracture: shrinkage of burn scar through collagen maturation
cultured epithelial autograft (CEA): autologous epidermal cells that proliferate in
culture and then are regrafted onto the patient
cytotoxic: destructive of cells
débridement: removal of necrotic or dead tissue by mechanical, surgical, or autolytic
means until surrounding healthy tissue is exposed
dermatitis: any inflammation of the skin
dermatosis: any abnormal skin lesion
donor site: the area from which skin is taken to provide a skin graft for another part
of the body
epidermopoiesis: development of epidermal cells
eschar: devitalized tissue resulting from a burn
escharotomy: a linear excision made through eschar to release constriction of
underlying tissue
excision: surgical removal of tissue
fasciotomy: an incision made through the fascia to release constriction of
underlying muscle
fibrinolytic: a substance that acts to break up fibrin, the fine filaments of blood clots
furuncle: localized skin infection of a single hair follicle
heterograft: graft (i.e., pigskin) obtained from an animal of a species other than that
of the recipient; also called a xenograft
homograft: a graft transferred from one human (living or cadaveric) to another
human; also called allograft
hypertrophic scar: excessive scar formation that rises above the level of the skin
hydrophilic: a material that absorbs moisture
hydrophobic: a material that repels moisture
hydrotherapy: cleansing of wounds through use of bath, shower, shower cart table,
or immersion
hygroscopic: a material that absorbs moisture from the air
Integra: synthetic dermal substitute
lichenification: thickening of the horny layer of the skin
liniments: lotions with added oil for increased softening of the skin
mitogenic: a substance that stimulates mitosis or cell division and reproduction
plasmapheresis: removal of whole blood from the body, separation of its cellular
elements by centrifugation, and reinfusion of them suspended in saline or some other
plasma substitute, thereby depleting the body’s own plasma without depleting its cells
pyodermas: bacterial skin infections
rule of nines: method for calculating body surface area burned by dividing the
body into multiples of nine
striae: band like streaks on the skin, distinguished by color, texture, depression, or
elevation from the tissue in which they are found; usually purplish or white
suspensions: liquid preparations in which powder is suspended, requiring shaking
before use
tinea: a superficial fungal infection on the skin or scalp
xerosis: overly dry skin
NEUROLOGY
accommodation: process by which the eye adjusts for near distance (e.g., reading) by
changing the curvature of the lens to focus a clear image on the retina
akathisia: restlessness, urgent need to move around, and agitation
anterior chamber: space in the eye bordered anteriorly by the cornea and posteriorly
by the iris and pupil
aphakia: absence of the natural lens
aqueous humor: watery fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the
eye
astigmatism: refractive error in which light rays are spread over a diffuse area
rather than sharply focused on the retina, a condition caused by differences in the
curvature of the cornea and lens
binocular vision: normal ability of both eyes to focus on one object and fuse the two
images into one
blindness: inability to see, usually defined as corrected visual acuity of 20/400 or
less, or a visual field of no more than 20 degrees in the better eye
bradykinesia: very slow voluntary movements and speech
bullous keratopathy: corneal edema with painful blisters in the epithelium due to
excessive corneal hydration
chemosis: edema of the conjunctiva
chorea: rapid, jerky, involuntary, purposeless movements of the extremities or facial
muscles, including facial grimacing
cones: retinal photoreceptor cells essential for visual acuity and color discrimination
dementia: a progressive organic mental disorder characterized by personality
changes, confusion, disorientation, and deterioration of intellect associated with
impaired memory and judgment
diplopia: seeing one object as two; double vision
dyskinesia: impaired ability to execute voluntary movements
dysphonia: abnormal voice quality caused by weakness and incoordination of
muscles responsible for speech
emmetropia: absence of refractive error
enucleation: complete removal of the eyeball and part of the optic nerve
evisceration: removal of the intraocular contents through a corneal or scleral incision;
the optic nerve, sclera, extraocular muscles, and sometimes, the cornea are left intact
exenteration: surgical removal of the entire contents of the orbit, including the
eyeball and lids
hyperemia: “red eye” resulting from dilation of the vasculature of the conjunctiva
hyperopia: farsightedness; a refractive error in which the focus of light rays from a
distant object is behind the retina
hyphema: blood in the anterior chamber
hypopyon: collection of inflammatory cells that has the appearance of a pale layer
in the inferior anterior chamber of the eye
injection: congestion of blood vessels
keratoconus: cone-shaped deformity of the cornea
limbus: junction of the cornea and sclera
micrographia: small and often illegible handwriting
miotics: medications that cause pupillary constriction
mydriatics: medications that cause pupillary dilation
myopia: nearsightedness; a refractive error in which the focus of light rays from a
distant object is anterior to the retina
neovascularization: growth of abnormal new blood vessels
neurodegenerative: a disease, process, or condition that leads to deterioration of
normal cells or function of the nervous system
nystagmus: involuntary oscillation of the eyeball
papilledema: swelling (edema) of the optic disc (nerve) due to increased intracranial
pressure
paresthesia: a sensation of numbness, tingling, or a “pins and needles” sensation
photophobia: ocular pain on exposure to light
posterior chamber: space between the iris and vitreous
proptosis: downward displacement of the eyeball resulting from an inflammatory
condition of the orbit or a mass within the orbital cavity
ptosis: drooping eyelid
radiculopathy: disease of a spinal nerve root, often resulting in pain and extreme
sensitivity to touch
refraction: determination of the refractive errors of the eye and correction by lenses
rods: retinal photoreceptor cells essential for bright and dim light
sciatica: inflammation of the sciatic nerve, resulting in pain and tenderness along
the nerve through the thigh and leg
scotomas: blind or partially blind areas in the visual field
spondylosis: ankylosis or stiffening of the cervical or lumbar vertebrae
strabismus: a condition in which there is deviation from perfect ocular alignment
sympathetic ophthalmia: an inflammatory condition created in the fellow eye by the
affected eye (without useful vision); the condition may become chronic and result in
blindness (of the fellow eye)
trachoma: a bilateral chronic follicular conjunctivitis of childhood that leads to
blindness during adulthood, if left untreated
vitreous humor: gelatinous material (transparent and colorless) that fills the eyeball
behind the lens
HEARING AND BALANCE DISORDERS
acute otitis media: inflammation in the middle ear lasting less than 6 weeks
agnosia: loss of ability to recognize objects through a particular sensory system; may
be visual, auditory, or tactile
akinetic mutism: unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no
movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes
altered level of consciousness: condition of being less responsive to and aware of
environmental stimuli
aneurysm: a weakening or bulge in an arterial wall
aphasia: inability to express oneself or to understand language
apraxia: inability to perform previously learned purposeful motor acts on a
voluntary basis
ataxia: inability to coordinate muscle movements, resulting in difficulty in walking,
talking, and performing self-care activities
autonomic dysreflexia: a life-threatening emergency in spinal cord injury patients
that causes a hypertensive emergency; also called autonomic hyperreflexia
autonomic nervous system: division of the nervous system that regulates the
involuntary body functions
autoregulation: ability of cerebral blood vessels to dilate or constrict to maintain
stable cerebral blood flow despite changes in systemic arterial blood pressure
axon: portion of the neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body
Babinski reflex (sign): a reflex action of the toes, indicative of abnormalities in the
motor control pathways leading from the cerebral cortex
brain death: irreversible loss of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain
stem
brain injury: an injury to the skull or brain that is severe enough to interfere with
normal functioning
brain injury, closed (blunt): occurs when the head accelerates and then rapidly
decelerates or collides with another object and brain tissue is damaged, but there is no
opening through the skull and dura
brain injury, open: occurs when an object penetrates the skull, enters the brain, and
damages the soft brain tissue in its path (penetrating injury), or when blunt trauma to
the head is so severe that it opens the scalp, skull, and dura to expose the brain
bulbar paralysis: immobility of muscles innervated by cranial nerves with their cell
bodies in the lower portion of the brain stem
cholesteatoma: tumor of the middle ear or mastoid, or both, that can destroy
structures of the temporal bone
chronic otitis media: repeated episodes of acute otitis media causing irreversible
tissue damage and persistent tympanic membrane perforation
clonus: abnormal movement marked by alternating contraction and relaxation of a
muscle occurring in rapid succession
coma: prolonged state of unconsciousness
complete spinal cord lesion: a condition that involves total loss of sensation and
voluntary muscle control below the lesion
concussion: a temporary loss of neurologic function with no apparent structural
damage to the brain
conductive hearing loss: loss of hearing in which efficient sound transmission to the
inner ear is interrupted by some obstruction or disease process
contusion: bruising of the brain surface
craniectomy: a surgical procedure that involves removal of a portion of the skull
craniotomy: a surgical procedure that involves entry into the cranial vault
Cushing’s response: the brain’s attempt to restore blood flow by increasing arterial
pressure to overcome the increased intracranial pressure
Cushing’s triad: three classic signs—bradycardia, hypertension, and bradypnea—
seen with pressure on the medulla as a result of brain stem herniation
deafness: partial or complete loss of the ability to hear
decerebration: an abnormal body posture associated with a severe brain injury,
characterized by extreme extension of the upper and lower extremities
decortication: an abnormal posture associated with severe brain injury, characterized
by abnormal flexion of the upper extremities and extension of the lower extremities
delirium: transient loss of intellectual function, usually due to systemic problems
dendrite: portion of the neuron that conducts impulses toward the cell body
diplopia: double vision, or the awareness of two images of the same object occurring
in one or both eyes
dizziness: altered sensation of orientation in space
dysarthria: defects of articulation due to neurologic causes
dyskinesia: impaired ability to execute voluntary movements
dysphagia: difficulty swallowing, causing the patient to be at risk for aspiration
dysphonia: voice impairment or altered voice production
endolymphatic hydrops: dilation of the endolymphatic space of the inner ear; the
pathologic correlate of Ménière’s disease
epidural monitor: a sensor placed between the skull and the dura to monitor
intracranial pressure
epilepsy: a group of syndromes characterized by paroxysmal transient disturbances of
brain function
exostoses: small, hard, bony protrusions in the lower posterior bony portion of the ear
canal
expressive aphasia: inability to express oneself; often associated with damage to
the left frontal lobe area
fiberoptic monitor: a system that uses light refraction to determine intracranial
pressure
flaccidity: displaying lack of muscle tone; limp, floppy
halo vest: a lightweight vest with an attached halo that stabilizes the cervical spine
head injury: an injury to the scalp, skull, and/or brain
hemianopsia: blindness of half of the field of vision in one or both eyes
hemiplegia/hemiparesis: weakness/paralysis of one side of the body, or part of it,
due to an injury in the motor area of the brain
herniation: abnormal protrusion of tissue through a defect or natural opening
incomplete spinal cord lesion: a condition in which there is preservation of the
sensory or motor fibers, or both, below the lesion
infarction: a zone of tissue deprived of blood supply
intracranial pressure: pressure exerted by the volume of the intracranial contents
within the cranial vault
Korsakoff’s syndrome: disorder characterized by psychosis, disorientation, delirium,
insomnia, and hallucinations
labyrinthitis: inflammation of the labyrinth of the inner ear
locked-in syndrome: condition resulting from a lesion in the pons in which the
patient lacks all distal motor activity (paralysis) but cognition is intact
Ménière’s disease: condition of the inner ear characterized by a triad of symptoms:
episodic vertigo, tinnitus, and fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss
middle ear effusion: fluid in the middle ear without evidence of infection
microdialysis: procedure in which an intracranial catheter is inserted near an injured
area of brain to measure lactate, pyruvate, glutamate, and glucose levels
migraine headache: a severe, unrelenting headache often accompanied by symptoms
such as nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances
Monro-Kellie hypothesis: theory that states that due to limited space for expansion
within the skull, an increase in any one of the cranial contents—brain tissue, blood, or
cerebrospinal fluid—causes a change in the volume of the others
myringotomy (i.e., tympanotomy): incision in the tympanic membrane
neurogenic bladder: bladder dysfunction that results from a disorder or dysfunction
of the nervous system; may result in either urinary retention or bladder over activity
neuropathy: general term indicating a disorder of the nervous system
nystagmus: involuntary rhythmic eye movement
ossiculoplasty: surgical reconstruction of the middle ear bones to restore hearing
otalgia: sensation of fullness or pain in the ear
otitis externa (i.e., external otitis): inflammation of the external auditory canal
otorrhea: drainage from the ear
otosclerosis: a condition characterized by abnormal spongy bone formation around
the stapes
paraplegia: paralysis of the lower extremities with dysfunction of the bowel and
bladder from a lesion in the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral region of the spinal cord
parasympathetic nervous system: division of the autonomic nervous system active
primarily during non-stressful conditions, controlling mostly visceral functions
paresthesia: a sensation of numbness or tingling or a “pins and needles”
sensation
penumbra region: area of low cerebral blood flow
persistent vegetative state: condition in which the patient is wakeful but devoid of
conscious content, without cognitive or affective mental function
photophobia: inability to tolerate light
position (postural) sense: awareness of position of parts of the body without looking
at them; also referred to as proprioception
presbycusis: progressive hearing loss associated with aging
primary headache: a headache for which no specific organic cause can be found
primary injury: initial damage to the brain that results from the traumatic event
prion: a particle smaller than a virus that is resistant to standard sterilization
procedures
receptive aphasia: inability to understand what someone else is saying; often
associated with damage to the temporal lobe area
reflex: an automatic response to stimuli
rhinorrhea: drainage from the nose
rigidity: increase in muscle tone at rest characterized by increased resistance to
passive stretch
Romberg test: test for cerebellar dysfunction requiring the patient to stand with feet
together, eyes closed and arms extended; inability to maintain the position, with either
significant stagger or sway, is a positive test
secondary headache: headache identified as a symptom of another organic disorder
(e.g., brain tumor, hypertension)
secondary injury: an insult to the brain subsequent to the original traumatic event
seizures: paroxysmal transient disturbance of the brain resulting from a discharge of
abnormal electrical activity
sensorineural hearing loss: loss of hearing related to damage of the end organ for
hearing or cranial nerve VIII, or both
spasticity: muscular hyper tonicity with increased resistance to stretch often
associated with weakness, increased deep tendon reflexes, and diminished superficial
reflexes (sustained increase in tension of a muscle when it is passively lengthened or
stretched)
spinal cord injury: an injury to the spinal cord, vertebral column, supporting soft
tissue, or intervertebral disks caused by trauma
spongiform: having the appearance or quality of a sponge
status epilepticus: episode in which the patient experiences multiple seizure bursts
with no recovery time in between
subarachnoid screw or bolt: device placed into the subarachnoid space to measure
intracranial pressure
sympathetic nervous system: division of the autonomic nervous system with
predominantly excitatory responses; the “fight-or-flight” system
tetraplegia (quadriplegia): paralysis of both arms and legs, with dysfunction of
bowel and bladder from a lesion of the cervical segments of the spinal cord
tinnitus: subjective perception of sound with internal origin; unwanted noises in the
head or ear
transection: severing of the spinal cord itself; transection can be complete (all the
way through the cord) or incomplete (partially through)
transsphenoidal: surgical approach to the pituitary via the sphenoid sinuses
tympanoplasty: surgical repair of the tympanic membrane
ventriculostomy: a catheter placed in one of the lateral ventricles of the brain to
measure intracranial pressure and allow for drainage of fluid
vertigo: an illusion of movement in which the individual or the surroundings are
sensed as moving (usually rotation)
MUSCULOSKELETAL FUNCTION
abduction: movement away from the center or median line of the body
adduction: movement toward the center or median line of the body
allograft: tissue harvested from a donor for use in another person
amputation: removal of a body part, usually a limb or part of a limb
arthroscope: surgical scope injected into the joint to examine or repair
atonic: without tone; denervated muscle that atrophies
atrophy: shrinkage-like decrease in the size of a muscle
autograft: tissue harvested from one area of the body and used for transplantation to
another area of the same body
avascular necrosis: death of tissue secondary to a decrease or lack of perfusion
brace: externally applied device to support the body or a body part, control
movement, and prevent injury
bursa: fluid-filled sac found in connective tissue, usually in the area of joints
bursitis: inflammation of a fluid-filled sac in a joint
callus: cartilaginous/fibrous tissue at fracture site
cancellous bone: lattice-like bone structure; trabecular bone
cartilage: tough, elastic, avascular tissue at ends of bone
cast: rigid external immobilizing device molded to contours of body part
cast syndrome: psychological (claustrophobic reaction) or physiologic (superior
mesenteric artery syndrome) responses to confinement in body cast
clonus: rhythmic contraction of muscle
continuous passive motion (CPM) device: a device that promotes range of
motion, circulation, and healing
contracture: abnormal shortening of muscle or fibrosis of joint structures
contusion: blunt force injury to soft tissue
cortical bone: compact bone
crepitus: grating or crackling sound or sensation; may occur with movement of ends
of a broken bone or irregular joint surface
débridement: surgical removal of contaminated and devitalized tissues and foreign
material
delayed union: prolongation of expected healing time for a fracture
diaphysis: shaft of long bone
disarticulation: amputation through a joint
dislocation: complete separation of joint surfaces
edema: soft tissue swelling due to fluid accumulation
effusion: excess fluid in joint
endosteum: a thin, vascular membrane covering the marrow cavity of long bones and
the spaces in cancellous bone
epiphysis: end of long bone
external fixator: external metal frame attached to bone fragments to stabilize
them
fascia (epimysium): fibrous tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles
fasciculation: involuntary twitch of muscle fibers
flaccid: limp; without muscle tone
fracture: a break in the continuity of a bone
fracture reduction: restoration of fracture fragments into anatomic alignment
heterotopic ossification: misplaced formation of bone
hypertrophy: enlargement; increase in size of muscle
involucrum: new bone growth around a sequestrum
isometric contraction: muscle tension increased, length unchanged, no joint motion
isotonic contraction: muscle tension unchanged, muscle shortened, joint moved
joint: area where bone ends meet; provides for motion and flexibility
joint capsule: fibrous tissue that encloses bone ends and other joint surfaces
kyphosis: increase in the convex curvature of the spine
lamellae: mature compact bone structures that form concentric rings of bone matrix;
lamellar bone
ligament: fibrous band connecting bones
lordosis: increase in lumbar curvature of the spine
malunion: healing of a fractured bone in a malaligned position
neurovascular status: neurologic (motor and sensory components) and circulatory
functioning of a body part
nonunion: failure of fractured bones to heal together
open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF): open surgical procedure to repair
and stabilize a fracture
ossification: process in which minerals (calcium) are deposited in bone matrix
osteoblast: bone-forming cell
osteoclast: bone resorption cell
osteocyte: mature bone cell
osteogenesis: bone formation
osteomyelitis: infection of the bone
osteon: microscopic functional bone unit
osteotomy: surgical cutting of bone
paresthesia: abnormal sensation (e.g., burning, tingling, numbness)
pastic: having greater-than-normal muscle tone
periosteum: fibrous connective tissue covering bone
phantom limb pain: pain perceived in an amputated section
radiculopathy: disease of a nerve root
remodeling: process that ensures bone maintenance through simultaneous bone
resorption and formation
resorption: removal/destruction of tissue, such as bone
RICE: acronym for rest, ice, compression, elevation sprain: an injury to ligaments
and muscles and other soft tissues at a joint
sciatica: sciatic nerve pain; pain travels down back of thigh into foot
scoliosis: lateral curving of the spine
s
sequestrum: dead bone in abscess cavity
sling: bandage used to support an arm
splint: device designed specifically to support and immobilize a body part in a
desired position
strain: a musculotendinous stress injury
subluxation: partial separation of joint surfaces
synovium: membrane in joint that secretes lubricating fluid
tendinitis: inflammation of muscle tendons
tendon: cord of fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone
tone (tonus): normal tension (resistance to stretch) in resting muscle
trabeculae: lattice-like bone structure; cancellous bone
traction: application of a pulling force to a part of the body
trapeze: overhead assistive device to promote patient mobility in bed
EMERGENCY
antivenin: antitoxin manufactured from venom of poisonous snakes to assist the
patient’s immune system response to an envenomation
biological warfare: use of a biological agent, such as anthrax, as a WMD
carboxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin that is bound to carbon monoxide and therefore is
unable to bind with oxygen, resulting in hypoxemia
chemical warfare: use of a chemical agent, such as chlorine, as a WMD
corrosive poison: alkaline or acidic agent; causes tissue destruction after contact
cricothyroidotomy: surgical opening of the cricothyroid membrane to obtain an
airway that is maintained with a tracheostomy or endotracheal tube
decontamination: process of removing, or rendering harmless, contaminants that
have accumulated on personnel, patients, and equipment
diagnostic peritoneal lavage: instillation of lactated Ringer’s or normal saline
solution into the abdominal cavity to detect red blood cells, white blood cells, bile,
bacteria, amylase, or gastrointestinal contents indicative of abdominal injury
emergent: triage category signifying potentially life-threatening injuries or illnesses
requiring immediate treatment
envenomation: injection of a poisonous material by sting, spine, bite, or other means
fasciotomy: surgical incision of the extremity to the level of the fascia to relieve
pressure and restore neurovascular function to the extremity
Hare traction: portable in-line traction applied to the lower extremity to manage
femur or hip fractures or dislocations
mass casualty incident (MCI): situation in which the number of casualties exceeds
the number of resources
material safety data sheet (MSDS): provides information to employees and health
care providers regarding specific chemical agents; includes chemical name, physical
data, chemical ingredients, fire and explosive hazard data, health and reactive data,
spill or leak procedures, special protection information, and special precautions; also
known as the Worker’s Right to Know
minor: triage category signifying non–life-threatening injuries or illnesses that can be
routinely managed in a clinic or physician’s office or that require no medical care
nonurgent: triage category signifying episodic or minor injury or illness in which
treatment may be delayed several hours or longer without increased morbidity
nuclear warfare: use of nuclear contamination as a WMD
personal protective equipment (PPE): equipment beyond standard precautions; may
include level A, B, C, and D equipment
resuscitation: triage category signifying life-threatening injuries or illnesses
requiring immediate intervention
terrorism: unlawful use of violence or threats of violence against people in order to
coerce or intimidate
triage: process of assessing patients to determine management priorities
urgent: triage category signifying serious illness or injury that is not immediately
life-threatening
weapons of mass destruction (WMD): weapons used to cause widespread death and
destruction