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1 Name: Lab Day/Time: The Muscular System Clinical Applications and Diagrams, Chapter 8 Part I. Clinical Applications 1. Chris, who works at a pesticide factory, comes to the clinic complaining of muscle spasms that interfere with his movement and breathing. A blood test shows that he has been contaminated with organophosphate pesticide, which is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. How would you explain to Chris what this means. The pesticide is a chemical that inhibits the enzyme that destroys acetycholine. Acetycholine remains in the synapse and continually stimulates muscle activity - spasms 2. You return home to find your little sister crying about her dead hamster Sparky, who is very stiff. In an effort to cheer your sister up you decide to teach her about why Sparky is so stiff. What are the details of this condition that causes the stiffness. The condition is known as rigor mortis and usually occurs several hours after death. It is caused by a lack of ATP in muscles to allow cross-bridges to release. Upon death, muscle cells are unable to prevent calcium entry. This allows myosin to bind to actin. Since there is no ATP made postmortem, the myosin cannot unbind and the body remains in a state of muscular rigidity for a day or two. 3. A friend of yours returns from the doctor and says that they were diagnosed with Myasthenia Gravis. She isn’t sure what the condition is and asks you, a brilliant young anatomist, to explain it to her. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease where antibodies attack the ACh receptors on the neuromuscular junctions. It results in progressive weakening of the skeletal muscles. Treatment usually involves anticholinesterases such as neostigmine or physostigmine. These decrease the activity of acteylcholinesterase and help to restore muscle strength. 4. Your grandmother wants to get rid of her facial wrinkles by using BOTOX. She doesn’t understand what it is and why it works. Give an explanation for the details about BOTOX. BOTOX is a trade name that stands for botulinum toxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The Toxin inhibits acetylcholine release by motor neurons at the neuromuscular junctions resulting in muscle paralysis. Paralyzed muscles do not contract to wrinkle the skin and thus help to eliminate wrinkles – as well as certain facial expressions. 2 Part II 1. Perimysium 2. epimysium 3. sarcomere 4. myofiber 5. endomysium 6. sarcolemma 7. myofibril 8. myofilament 9. tendon 10. fascicle 11. tendon Part III 1. Motor unit 2. axon terminals 3. synaptic cleft 4. acetylcholine Part IV 1. 1 2. 4 3. 7 4. 2 5. 5 6. 3 7. 6 8. contraction 9. epimysium 10. fascicles 11. tendon 12. sarcolemma 13. T tubules 14. sarcomeres 15. cross-bridges 16. action potentials 17. troponin 18. motor unit 19. ATP 20. smooth muscle 21. sphincter muscles 12. epimysium 13. endomysium 14. myofiber 15. myofibril 16. perimysium 17. fascicle 18. epimysium 19. perimysium 20. endomysium 21. tendon 22. mitochondrion 23. transverse tubule 24. sardoplasmic reticulum 25. nucleus 26. myofibril 27. sarcolemma 28. sarcomere 29. thin filament 30. thick filament 31. I band 32. A bind 33. Z disc (line) 5. nerve impulse (action potential) 6. depolarization 7. T tubule 8. synaptic vesicles 9. acetylcholine receptors 10. mitochondrion 11. synaptic cleft 12. sarcomere