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SENTENCE PATTERNS: FIVE BASIC PATTERNS*
Pattern 1:
S + V (Intransitive Verbs)
The dog is barking.
Pattern 2:
S + V + SC (Subjective Complement)
The child looks healthy. (Linking Verbs)
Pattern 3:
S + V + O (Transitive Verbs)
Mrs. Rowling writes Harry Porter.
Pattern 4:
S + V + IO + DO (Transitive Verbs)
My parents gave me a bicycle.
S + V + DO + Prep + IO (Transitive Verbs)
My parents gave a bicycle to me.
Pattern 5:
S + V + O + OC (Transitive Verbs)
They elected him their monitor.
™ Adverbials: An adverbial can be a prepositional phrase or an adverb.
We can add adverbials to all the five main structures.
- The dog is barking loudly.
- The child looks healthy at first.
- To my surprise, my parents gave me a bicycle on my birthday.
Tell which pattern the following sentences belongs to.
1. Only those with high marks can pass.
2. This old bread is as hard as rock.
3. I like to listen to the gentle sound of the wind in the leaves.
4. Will you please post this letter for me?
5. We consider that man a thief.
6. He went to the barber’s to get his hair cut.
7. His suspicion of a trap made him hesitate.
8. Ring me the manager of shop.
9. A furniture shop sells chairs, tables, cupboards, shelves, desks.
10. Fine clothes do not make the gentleman.
11. Sailor’s wives are always anxious during a storm.
12. I have never traveled in that country.
13. They told me about their argument on the way home.
14. Everybody speaks of him as a learned old man.
15. It’s too late to get a bus.
16. My secretary will book the seats for me.
17. You may say anything possible.
18. Can you supply us some more coal?
19. His mother made him wash his hands.
20. He speaks of her as being a good secretary.
*
Supplementary to Chapter 1
KEY
P1
P1
P2
P4
P2
P5
P1
P5
P3
P4
P3
P4
P4
P3
P5
P5
P5
P3
P2
P5
PARTS OF SPEECH *
Identify the part of speech of the highlighted word in each of the following sentences.
Write the letter of the answer on the line in each sentence.
a) Verb
b) Noun
c) Pronoun
d) Adjective
e) Adverb
f) Preposition
g) Conjunction h) Interjection
___ 1. The clown chased a dog around the ring and then fell flat on her face.
___ 2. The geese indolently waddled across the intersection.
___ 3. Yikes! I'm late for class.
___ 4. Bruno's shabby thesaurus tumbled out of the book bag when the bus suddenly
pulled out into traffic.
___ 5. Mr. Frederick angrily stamped out the fire that the local hooligans had started
on his verandah.
___ 6. Later that summer, she asked herself, "What was I thinking of?"
___ 7. She thought that the twenty zucchini plants would not be enough so she
planted another ten.
___ 8. Although she gave hundreds of zucchini away, the enormous mound left over
frightened her.
___ 9. Everywhere she went, she talked about the prolific veggies.
___ 10. The manager confidently made his presentation to the board of directors.
___ 11. Frankenstein is the name of the scientist, not the monster.
___ 12. Her greatest fear is that the world will end before she finds a comfortable
pair of panty-hose.
___ 13. That suitcase is hers.
___ 14. Everyone in the room cheered when the announcement was made.
___ 15. The sun was shining as we set out for our first winter camping trip.
___ 16. Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.
___ 17. Dust covered every surface in the locked bedroom.
___ 18. The census taker knocked loudly on all the doors but nobody was home.
___ 19. They wondered if there truly was honor among thieves.
___ 20. Exciting new products and effective marketing strategies will guarantee the
company's success.
*
Supplementary to Chapter 1
KEY
1.
2.
3.
4.
The clown chased a dog around the ring (n.) and then fell flat on her face.
The geese indolently (adv.) waddled across the intersection.
Yikes (Interj.) ! I'm late for class.
Bruno's shabby (adj.) thesaurus tumbled out of the book bag when the bus
suddenly pulled out into traffic.
5. Mr. Frederick angrily stamped (v.) out the fire that the local hooligans had started
on his verandah.
6. Later that summer, she asked herself, "What was I (pron.) thinking of?"
7. She thought that the twenty zucchini plants would (v.) not be (v.) enough so she
planted another ten.
8. Although (conj.) she gave hundreds of zucchini away, the enormous mound left
over frightened her.
9. Everywhere she went, she (pron.) talked about the prolific veggies.
10. The manager confidently (adv.) made his presentation to the board of directors.
11. Frankenstein is (v.) the name of the scientist, not the monster.
12. Her greatest fear is that the world will end before she finds a comfortable pair of
(prep.) panty-hose.
13. That suitcase is hers (pron.).
14. Everyone (pron.) in the room cheered when the announcement was made.
15. The sun was shining as we set (v.) out for our first winter camping trip.
16. Small (adj.) children often insist that they can do it by themselves.
17. Dust (n.) covered every surface in the locked bedroom.
18. The census taker knocked loudly (adv.) on all the doors but nobody was home.
19. They wondered if there truly was honor among (prep.) thieves.
20. Exciting new products and (conj.) effective marketing strategies will guarantee the
company's success.
GRAMMAR IN RHYMES *
Complete the blanks with appropriate parts of speech.
A _____________ is the name of anything,
as, School, Garden or Morning.
_____________ tell the kind of noun,
as Great, Small, Pretty, White or Brown.
Instead of noun the _____________ is,
as Mine, Yours, Ours, and His.
_____________ tell of something being done,
as Read, Count, Laugh, Carry or Run.
How things are done the _____________ tell,
as Slowly, Quickly, Ill or Well.
_____________ join the words together,
as men And women, wind And weather.
The _____________ stands before,
A noun as At or By the door.
The _____________ shows surprise,
as - Oh! How Pretty! Ah! How wise!
Three little words you often see.
are _____________: - A, An and The.
The whole are called PARTS OF SPEECH,
Which reading, writing, speaking teach.
Every sentence in English is made up of basic unit(s), called parts of speech. Read the
following passage and name the part of speech of each underline word.
SWIMMING: Almost all animals and many birds can swim naturally even those that
are not accustomed to water. Human beings, however, have to learn or be taught how to
swim, though it is said that the children of the natives on the west coast of Africa and in
the South Seas often swim before they can walk. Learning to swim is an important part
of one’s education especially in modern times when there is so much more travel than
formerly. Sometimes an airplane is forced to come down on the sea, and those who can
swim have a better chance of being saved than those who can’t. Similarly, in a shipwreck,
many a man owes his life to the fact that he has been able to keep afloat until a boat has
come along and picked him up. And there is a danger of being caught in a flood, or of
falling into the water accidentally. Not only may skill in swimming result in the saving of
one’s own life, but in the rescuing of others who are in danger of drowning.
*
Supplementary to Chapter 1
KEY
SWIMMING: Almost (adv.) all (adj.) animals and (conj.) many birds can swim
naturally (adv.) even those that are not accustomed to (prep.) water. Human beings
(n.), however (conj.), have to learn or be taught how to swim, though it is said that the
children of (prep.) the natives (n.) on the west coast of Africa and in the South Seas
often (adv.) swim (v.) before they can walk. Learning to swim is an (art.) important
(adj.) part of one’s education especially (adv.) in modern (adj.) times when there is so
much more travel than formerly. Sometimes an airplane is forced to come down on
(prep.) the sea, and those (pron.) who can swim (v.) have a better chance of being (v.)
saved than those who can’t. Similarly, in a shipwreck, many a man owes (v.) his life to
the fact that he has been able to keep afloat (adj.) until a boat has come along and
picked him (pron.) up. And there is a danger (n.) of being caught in a flood, or of
falling into (prep.) the water accidentally. Not only may skill in swimming result (v.)
in the saving of one’s own life, but in the rescuing of others who (pron.) are in danger
of drowning.
WORD ORDER *
1. Choose the most natural order.
a. Do you play every week tennis? b. Every week do you play tennis?
c. Do you every week play tennis? d. Do you play tennis every week?
2. Choose the most natural order.
a. I'm going to see him on Monday. b. I'm going on Monday to see him.
c. I'm on Monday going to see him. c. I'm going to on Monday see him.
3. Choose the most natural order.
a. Here she has worked for a very long time.
b. For a very long time she has worked here.
c. She has worked for a very long time here.
d. She has worked here for a very long time.
4. Choose the most natural order.
a. I want to speak English fluently really.
b. I fluently want to speak English really.
c. I really want to speak English fluently.
d. I want to speak really English fluently.
5. Choose the most natural order.
Sally took to "The Bistrot" for lunch the auditors.
Sally took the auditors to "The Bistrot" for lunch.
Sally took for lunch the auditors to "The Bistrot".
Sally took to "The Bistrot" the auditors for lunch.
6. Choose the most natural order.
a. He has been in California since February 1997 working.
b. He has been working since February 1997 in California.
c. He has since February 1997 been working in California.
d. He has been working in California since February 1997.
7. Choose the most natural order.
a. Please fill out with the details this form.
b. Please with your details fill out this form.
c. Please fill out your details with this form.
d. Please fill out this form with your details.
8. Choose the most natural order.
a. I've heard some interesting information about our competitors.
b. I've heard about our competitors some interesting information.
c. I've heard some information interesting about our competitors.
d. I've some interesting information about our competitors heard.
9. Choose the most natural order.
a. Tom goes to work by car always.
b. Tom goes always to work by car.
c. Tom always goes to work by car.
d. Tom always by car goes to work.
10. Choose the most natural order.
a. I probably won't take the early train tomorrow.
b. I won't take probably the early train tomorrow.
*
Supplementary to Chapter 1
c. I won't take the early train probably tomorrow.
d. I won't take the probably early train tomorrow.
11. Choose the most natural order.
a. I have always to remind her to send in the figures.
b. I have to remind her to send always in the figures.
c. Always I have to remind her to send in the figures.
d. I always have to remind her to send in the figures.
12. Choose the most natural order.
a. She has spoken never to me about it.
b. She has spoken to me never about it.
c. She has never spoken to me about it.
d. She never has spoken to me about it.
13. Choose the most natural order.
I haven't heard anything recently about them.
I haven't heard anything about them recently.
I haven't heard recently anything about them.
I recently haven't heard anything about them.
14. Choose the most natural order.
a. I him met on the plane home.
b. I met him on the plane home.
c. I him on the plane home met.
d. I met on the plane him home.
15. Choose the most natural order.
We found the solution to your problem soon.
We soon found the solution to your problem.
We found soon the solution to your problem.
We found the solution soon to your problem.
16. Choose the most natural order.
She ever hardly remembers to call.
She remembers hardly ever to call.
She hardly ever remembers to call.
She remembers to call hardly ever.
17. Choose the most natural order.
a. Jim has always been a joker.
b. Jim has been always a joker.
c. Jim has been a joker always.
d. Jim always has been a joker.
18. Choose the most natural order.
a. I would have agreed never to that if I'd known.
b. I would have agreed to that never if I'd known.
c. I would never have agreed to that if I'd known.
d. If I'd known, never would I have agreed to that.
19. Choose the most natural order.
a. I've been many times there.
b. I've been there many times.
c. I've there been many times.
d. I've been many there times.
20. Choose the most natural order.
a. You always are quick to criticize me.
b. You are always quick to criticize me.
c. You are quick always to criticize me.
d. You are quick to criticize always me.
KEY
1.d; 2a; 3.d; 4.c; 5.b; 6.d; 7.d; 8.a; 9.c; 10.a
11.d; 12.c; 13.b; 14.b; 15.c; 16.a; 17.a; 18.c; 19.b; 20.b
WORD ORDER *
Most word order errors consist of two words in reverse order. Some of the most
common examples of this type of error are given below.
ERROR
EXAMPLE
CORRECTION
noun + adjective
drivers careful
careful drivers
noun + possessive
clothing women’s
women’s clothing
main verb + auxiliary
finished are
are finished
adjective + adverb
a basic extremely idea
an extremely basic idea
verb + subject (in an
Tell me where is it. I
Tell me where it is. I
indirect question or
spoke to John when was spoke to John when he
other wh-clause)
he here.
was here.
preposition + adverb
after immediately
immediately after
participle + adverb
baked freshly bread
freshly baked bread
relative pronoun +
the house which in she
the house in which she
preposition
lives in
lives
adverb, adjective, or
totally almost, late
almost totally, almost
quantifier + almost
almost, all almost
late, almost all
enough + adjective
enough good
good enough
(enough can correctly be used before nouns: enough money, enough time. Enough may
also be used before an adjective when the adjective comes before a noun: There weren’t
enough good seats at the concert.)
Exercise 1: Decide which of the four underlined words or phrases - (A), (B), (C), or (D)
– would not be considered correct. .
1. During pioneer times, the Allegheny Mountains were a barrier major
(A)
(B)
(C)
to transportation.
(D)
2. In Philadelphia’s Franklin Institute, there is a working model of
(A)
(B)
human heart enough large for visitors to walk through.
(C)
(D)
3. The task of the cartographer is to represent the Earth’s surface at a
(A)
(B)
(C)
reduced greatly scale.
(D)
4. Mutualism is a relationship between animal species which in both benefit.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
5. To grow well, a tree must be well-suited to the area where is it planted.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
*
Supplementary to Chapter 1
6. The development of transistors made possible it to reduce the size of many
(A)
(B)
(C)
electronic devices.
(D)
7. Twelve drawings usually have to be prepared for second each of
(A)
(B)
(C)
animated film.
(D)
8. Goods such as flowers fresh and seafood are often shipped by air.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
9. Sloths are moving slow, shaggy mammals that are often seen hanging
(A)
(B)
upside down from tree limbs.
(C)
(D)
10. Carbohydrates as such sugar or starches are important energy sources for
(A)
(B)
(C)
humans and animals.
(D)
11. An umbra is a shadow’s darkest central part where is light totally excluded.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
12. Frank Lloyd Wright is known for his original highly methods of
(A)
(B)
harmonizing buildings with their surroundings.
(C)
(D)
13. Some algae are microscopic and consist of one only cell, but others are
(A)
(B)
large plants containing many cells.
(C)
(D)
14. A fully grown male mountain lion may be eight long feet.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
15. Stone fruit are fruits such as peaches and plums in which a hard pit
(A)
(B)
surrounded is by soft pulp.
(C)
(D)
16. Job enrichment is a technique used to increase satisfaction workers’ by
(A)
(B)
giving them more responsibilities.
(C)
(D)
17. The first permanent European settlement in what is now Mississippi was a
(A)
(B)
(C)
center trading in Biloxi.
(D)
18. In the early 1800s, a dispute developed among geologists how about rocks are
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
formed.
19. Visitors to Vancouver often comment on how beautiful its setting is and on how clean
(A)
(B)
(C)
is it.
(D)
20. On nights when is the sky clear and the air calm, the Earth’s surface
(A)
(B)
(C)
rapidly radiates heat into the atmosphere.
(D)
-THE END-
KEY
1(C); 2(D); 3(D); 4(C); 5(D); 6(B); 7(C); (B); 9(A); 10(A)
11(C); 12(B); 13(B); 14(D); 15(C); 16(B); 17(D); 18(C); 19(D); 20(A)
Getting to know each other*
(move around the classroom and talk to as many new friends as possible.)
Find someone who …
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−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
usually gets up early. (before 5 o’clock)
often has breakfast before going to work / school.
goes shopping at weekends.
never completes homework of English lessons.
has the same number of brother(s) or sister(s).
likes the same color.
watched TV last night.
traveled to a resort area (Nha Trang, Vung Tau, Da Lat, etc.) last summer.
has ever spoken English with foreigner(s).
has used computer.
has lived in Can Tho for over 10 years.
had gone to bed by 10 last night.
had attended some English classes before registering this course.
is going out tonight.
Report to the class about your interview.
*
Supplementary to Chapters 1, 2, 3
VERB TENSE REVISION *
Choose the correct answer to complete the each sentence.
1. ‘May I speak to Dr. Paine, please?’ ~ ‘I’m sorry, he ________ a patient at the
moment. Can I help you?’
A) is seeing
B) sees
C) has been seeing D) was seeing
2. ‘When are you going to ask your boss for a raise?’ ~ ‘________ to her twice
already! I don’t think she wants to give me one.’
A) I’ve talked
B) I’ve been talking
C) I was talking
D) I’d talked
3. ‘Do you think Harry will want something to eat after he gets here?’ ~ ‘I hope not.
It’ll probably be after midnight, and we ________.’
A) are sleeping
B) will be sleeping
C) have been sleeping
D) be sleeping
4. ‘Paul, could you please turn off the stove? The potatoes ________ for at least
thirty minutes.’ ~ I can’t. I’m feeding the baby.’
A) are boiling B) boiling
C) have been boiling D) were boiling
5. ‘Is it true that spaghetti didn’t originate in Italy?’ ~ ‘Yes. The Chinese ________
spaghetti dishes for a long time before Marco Polo brought it back to Italy.’
A) have been making
B) have made
C) had been making
D) make
6. ‘I once saw a turtle that had wings. The turtle flew into the air to catch insects.’ ~
‘Stop kidding. I ________ in you!’
A) don’t believe
B) am not believing
C) didn’t believe
D) wasn’t believing
7. ‘Could someone help me lift the lawnmower into the pickup truck?’ ~ ‘I’m not
busy. I ________ you.’ ~ ‘Thanks.’
A) help
B) will help
C) am going to help
D) am helping
8. ‘Hurry up! We’re waiting for you. What’s taking you so long?’ ~ ‘I ________ for
an important phone call. Go ahead and leave without me.’
A) wait
B) will wait
C) am waiting
D) have waited
9. ‘Robert is going to be famous someday. He ________ in three movies already.’ ~
‘I’m sure he’ll be a star.’
A) has been appearing
B) had appeared
C) has appeared
D) appeared
10. ‘Where’s Polly?’ ~ ‘She ________.’
A) is in her room studying
B) in her room is studying
C) studies in her room
D) has in her room studied
*
Supplementary to Chapters 1, 2, 3
11. ‘Hello? Alice? This is Jeff. How are you?’ ~ ‘Jeff? What a coincidence! I
________ about you when the phone rang.’
A) was just thinking
B) just thought
C) have just been thinking
D) was just thought
12. ‘What ________ about the new simplified tax law?’ ~ ‘It’s more confusing than
the old one.’
A) are you thinking
B) do you think
C) have you thought
D) have you been thinking
13. ‘When is Mr. Fields planning to retire?’ ~ ‘Soon, I think. He ________ here for a
long time. He’ll probably retire either next year or the year after that.’
A) worked
B) had been working
C) has been working
D) is working
14. ‘Why did you buy all this sugar and chocolate?’ ~ ‘I ________ a delicious dessert
for dinner tonight.’
A) make
B) will make
C) am going to make D) will have made
15. ‘Let’s go! What’s taking you so long?’ ~ ‘I’ll be there as soon as I ________ my
keys.’
A) found
B) will find
C) find
D) am finding
16. My family loves this house. It ________ the family home ever since my
grandfather built it 60 years ago.
A) was
B) has been
C) is
D) will be
17. Here’s an interesting statistic: On a typical day, the average person ________
about 48,000 words. How many words did you speak today?
A) spoke
B) was speaking C) speaks
D) is speaking
18. I know you feel bad now, Tommy, but try to put it out of your mind. By the time
you’re an adult, you ________ all about it.
A) forget
B) will have forgotten
C) will be forgetting
D) forgot
19. It’s against the law to kill the black rhinoceros. They ________ extinct.
A) became
B) have become C) become
D) are becoming
20. After ten unhappy years, Janice finally quit her job. She ________ along with her
boss for a long time before she finally decided to look for a new position.
A) hadn’t been getting
B) isn’t getting
C) didn’t get
D) hasn’t been getting
21. The National Hurricane Center is closely watching a strong hurricane over the
Atlantic Ocean. When it ________ the coast of Texas sometime tomorrow
afternoon, it will bring with it great destructive force.
A) reaches
B) will reach
C) is reaching
D) reaching
22. At one time, huge prehistoric reptiles dominated the earth. This Age of Dinosaurs
________ much longer than the present Age of Mammals has lasted to date.
A) lasted
B) was lasting C) has lasted
D) had lasted
23. Jim, why don’t you take some time off? You ________ too hard lately. Take a
short vacation.
A) worked
B) work
C) were working
D) have been working
24. The city is rebuilding its dilapidated waterfront, transforming it into a pleasant
and fashionable outdoor mall. Next summer when the tourists arrive, they
________ 104 beautiful new shops and restaurants in the area where the old rundown waterfront properties used to stand.
A) find
B) will be finding
C) will have found
D) will find
25. A minor earthquake occurred at 2:07 A.M. on January 3. Most of the people in
the village ________ at the time and didn’t even know it had occurred until the
next morning.
A) slept
B) had slept
C) were sleeping
D) sleep
26. According to research reports, people usually ________ in the sleep 25 to 30 times
each night.
A) turn
B) are turnings C) have turned
D) turned
27. Jane’s eyes burned and her shoulders ached. She ________ at the computer for 5
straight hours. Finally, she took a break.
A) is sitting
B) has been sitting
C) was sitting
D) had been sitting
28. Next week when there ________ a full moon, the ocean tides will be higher.
A) is being
B) is
C) will be
D) will have been
29. While I ________ TV last night, a mouse ran across the floor.
A) watch
B) watched
C) was watching
D) am watching
30. Fish were among the earliest forms of live. Fish ________ on earth for ages and
ages.
A) existed
B) are existing C) exist
D) have existed
31. The phone ________ constantly since Jack announced his candidacy for president
this morning.
A) has been ringing
B) rang
C) had rung
D) had been ringing
32. The earth ________ on the sun for its heat and light.
A) is depending B) depended
C) has depended
D) depends
33. I don’t feel good. I ________ home from work tomorrow.
A) am staying B) stay
C) will have stayed D) stayed
34. To be able to qualify as an interpreter, many years of intensive language study
are required for non-native speakers. By the end of this year, Chen ________
English for three years, but he will still need more training and experience before
he masters the language.
A) will be studying
B) has studied
C) will have been studying
D) has been studying
35. Today there are weather satellites that beam down information about the earth’s
atmosphere. In the last two decades, space exploration ________ great
contributions to weather forecasting.
A) is making
B) has made
C) made
D) makes
KEY
1(A); 2(A); 3(B); 4(C); 5(C); 6(A); 7(B); 8(C); 9(C); 10(A); 11(A); 12(B);13(C)
14(C); 15(C); 16(B); 17(C); 18(B); 19(B); 20(A); 21(A); 22(A); 23(D); 24(B); 25(C)
26(A); 27(D); 28(B); 29(C); 30(D); 31(A); 32(D); 33(A); 34(C); 35(B)
Summary of Modal Auxiliaries and Related Structures *
Present/Future Time Frame
Modal
Function
Auxiliary
ability
can
possibility
informal request
permission
formal request
could
possibility
permission
may
possibility
possibility
might
obligation
must
probability
prohibition
must not
advice
ought to
expectation
suggestion
shall
intention
advice
should
expectation
intention
will
informal request
formal request
would
would rather preference
Past Time Frame
ability
could
habits
would
habits
used to
*
Can you touch your toes without bending your knees?
It can rain this evening.
Can you teach me to swim?
Can I smoke here?
Could you help me with this exercise?
Noriko could take you to the dentist this afternoon.
May I leave now? Yes, you may.
We may stop the lesson early today.
He might have the flu.
You must have B certificate to apply for this job.
He must be at home now because the light is on.
You must not touch electricity.
She ought to get more rest.
He ought to come here soon.
Shall I turn on the fan?
We shall probably go to school this Sunday.
I should study harder to pass the coming exam.
I should get check from my family this week.
I will get more exercise from now on!
Will you get me the pen, please?
Would you get me some papers please?
I would rather stay at home tonight.
states
need
I could run very fast when I was young.
I would get up early when I was a student.
She used to stay up late to study when she was at
school.
There used to be a river here 30 years ago.
We had to work hard last week.
advice
necessity
Are you able to swim 3 kilometers?
I was able to
You had better not smoke.
I have to study harder.
lack of need
We don't have to wait for him anymore.
had to
Related Structures
ability
be able to
had better
have to
(have got
to)
not have to
Examples
Supplementary to Chapter 4
MODALS *
Exercise 1: Write down the use of each question. Choose from the following.
(A) asking for information (x2), (B) requesting (x2), (C) asking permission, (D)
inviting, (E) making a suggestion, (F) offering
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Could you post this letter for me?
Can we get a number 35 bus from this stop?
Can I help you with those bags?
Shall we stop for a rest?
Could you wait a moment, please?
Would you like to have tea with us?
Will your friend be here next weekend?
May I sit down?
……….
……….
……….
……….
……….
……….
……….
……….
Exercise 2: Decide the following paraphrases correct. Circle the letter.
1. Little children can be very noisy.
(A) Noise is a POSSIBILITY when little children are around.
(B) Making noise is a SKILL that little children have.
2. The plane must arrive soon.
(A) I ORDER the plane to arrive soon.
(B) I am CERTAIN that the plane will arrive soon.
3. Customers may leave their cars in the car park behind the shop.
(A) Customers have PERMISSION to leave their cars in the car park behind the shop.
(B) There is a POSSIBILITY that customers will leave their cars in the car park
behind the shop.
4. Lady Clara could have committed the crime.
(A) There is a POSSIBILITY that Lady Clara committed the crime.
(B) Lady Clara had the SKILL to commit the crime.
5. Paul has a class until eight o’clock, so he may not get here in time for the start of
the film.
(A) He does not have PERMISSION to get here in time for the start of the film.
(B) There’s a POSSIBILITY he won’t get here in time for the start of the film.
Exercise 3: Choose the correct answer in the following sentences. Circle the letter.
1. You .......................... help me if you don’t have time.
a) are able to
b) don’t have to
c) aren’t going to.
2. .......................... you help me?
a) May
b) Shall
c) Will
3. You .......................... go into that room. It’s forbidden.
a) don’t have to
b) mustn’t
c) don’t know how to
4. It’s 2.20 and he said he would be here at 2.30. He .......................... be here soon.
a) should
b) can
c) would
*
Supplementary to Chapter 4
5. I have a headache. .......................... you buy some aspirin for me?
a) Shall
b) May
c) Could
6. There are no lights on and no one answers the doorbell. They .......................... be at
home.
a) must not
b) can not
c) will not
7. I ..........................come to your party. I have to work.
a. wouldn’t like to
b) don’t have to
c) can’t
8. .......................... I make some coffee? I’ll do it if you’ll drink a cup.
a. Must
b) Shall
c) Ought
Exercise 4: Add appropriate word(s) to complete the conversation.
Receptionist: Good afternoon. Doctor’s office. Would you mind holding for a minute?
Hello. Thank you for holding. ________ ________ help you?
Estela:
Hello. This is Estela Ortiz. I ________ ________ to make an appointment
to see Dr. Fox soon for a checkup.
Receptionist: Dr. Fox will be on vacation for the next three weeks. ________ ________
like ________ see one of the other doctors?
Estela:
No, I’d ________ wait to see Dr. Fox. When is the earliest that I ________
schedule an appointment?
Receptionist: He has openings during the week of September 12. Would ________
________ come in the morning or in the afternoon?
Estela:
I ________ ________ not come in the morning. ________ ________ give
me an appointment after 4.00 p.m. on either Tuesday or Thursday?
Receptionist: I ________ schedule you for 4:15, Tuesday afternoon.
Estela:
Thanks. That’ll be fine.
KEY
Exercise 1:
1.(B); 2.(A); 3.(F); 4.(E); 5.(B); 6.(D); 7.(A); 8.(C)
Exercise 2:
1.(A); 2.(B); 3.(A); 4.(A); 5.(B)
Exercise 3:
1.b; 2.c; 3.b; 4.a; 5.c; 6.a; 7.a; 8.b
Exercise 4:
Receptionist: Good afternoon. Doctor’s office. Would you mind holding for a minute?
Hello. Thank you for holding. (Can I/ May I) help you?
Estela:
Hello. This is Estela Ortiz. I (would like) to make an appointment to see Dr.
Fox soon for a checkup.
Receptionist: Dr. Fox will be on vacation for the next three weeks. (Would you) like to
see one of the other doctors?
Estela:
No, I’d (rather) wait to see Dr. Fox. When is the earliest that I (can)
schedule an appointment?
Receptionist: He has openings during the week of September 12. Would (you rather)
come in the morning or in the afternoon?
Estela:
I (would rather) not come in the morning. Could / Would you) give me
an appointment after 4.00 p.m. on either Tuesday or Thursday?
Receptionist: I (will/ can) schedule you for 4:15, Tuesday afternoon.
Estela:
Thanks. That’ll be fine.
FURHER MODAL EXERCISE *
Exercise 1: Analyze the use of the auxiliaries in these sentences.
1. May we smoke in this room ?
2. You'd better wear an overcoat. Otherwise, you may catch a cold.
3. You ought to have paid more attention to your study than you did.
4. Alice said she would rather live here than in her hometown.
5. It must rain soon. Look at those dark clouds.
6. Would you please slow down? I can't walk quite so fast.
7. If you can't control your temper, you shouldn't get into arguments.
8. You must not say a word about this to anyone.
9. Fortunately, we don't have to pay the money back right away.
10. Our guests should arrive almost any moment now.
11. I'd rather not go with you tonight. I have a great deal of work which I should do.
12. It must be quite late because everyone has already gone home.
13. You may use my car anytime you want to.
14. Do you want some coffee ? _ Yes, I would like some.
15. Don't you think that you should see a doctor immediately?
16. We must not forget to ask the teacher about that matter.
17. Hadn't you better wait until tomorrow and make your decision then?
18. I suppose I could do that kind of work if I had to.
19. Must we turn in our homework tomorrow morning?
20. The lesson is rather long now. We should stop this part here.
Exercise 2: Most of the sentences have an error in the use of modals. Underline the
errors and correct them. Write the correct form and check the correct sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
This course is optional. You mustn’t take it, but you can if you want to.
Could I speak to the manager, please?
May you please hold this for me?
NO SMOKING means that you don’t have to smoke.
Students may take four courses per semester.
He’s bleeding badly. You could call an ambulance. Hurry up!
You don’t have to enter here. It’s closed.
WATER SERVED ON REQUEST means that you can ask for water at this restaurant.
The server does not automatically bring it to your table.
9. You can try to go to work on time. Your boss gets very angry when you’re late.
10. You couldn’t use this toaster anymore. See! A lot of smoke is coming out of it.
11. You’ve been sneezing all morning. You should be sick.
12. Look at that house. I can barely recognize it. It should have been damaged in the fire
last week.
*
Supplementary to Chapter 4
Exercise 3: Write sentences of your own to respond to these situations, using Simple
Modal auxiliaries:
EX: He looks pale and tired → He must be sick, or → He should relax more.
1. It's possible that Jane will put more money in the bank.
2. I expect to get a check from my family this week.
3. The students seem happy after taking the exam.
4. He has passed the exam!
5. It's impossible that he's married.
6. They are very good at learning languages
7. Permit me to explain.
8. It's necessary for me to have English certificate.
Exercise 4: Rewrite the following sentences, using modal verbs:
1. David is absent from class. He looked very tired yesterday.
2. I have to go to school today, but I like to spend the time at home.
3. He looks pale and tired.
4. These people look familiar to me.
5. The students appear happy after taking the exam.
6. Your sister is only sixteen. She's still too young!
7. I am going to buy a house.
8. The Nelsons are coming here for dinner around 6:00. It's 5:45 now.
9. The food at the dorm was so bad today that I couldn't eat anything.
10. Perhaps our friends will come this evening. Be prepared some more food.
11. It is likely that his girlfriend will accompany him to our party.
12. I'm sure that they are very much in love.
13. It's six o'clock, but he isn't home yet! I'm so worried.
14. My boss is angry with me.
15. It's forbidden for soldiers to call officers by first names.
16. We expect the doctor to give you good medicine.
17. Perhaps you're right.
18. It is impossible that he refuses your request.
19. The light in her room has gone out.
20. Oh, look. The front door of our house is open!
KEY
Exercise 1:
1. May we smoke in this room ? (asking for permission)
2. You'd better wear an overcoat. Otherwise, you may catch a cold. (advice / possibility)
3. You ought to have paid more attention to your study than you did. (advice)
4. Alice said she would rather live here than in her hometown. (preference)
5. It must rain soon. Look at those dark clouds. (probability)
6. Would you please slow down? I can't walk quite so fast. (request)
7. If you can't control your temper, you shouldn't get into arguments. (inability / advice)
8. You must not say a word about this to anyone. (prohibition)
9. Fortunately, we don't have to pay the money back right away. (lack of necessity)
10. Our guests should arrive almost any moment now. (expectation)
11. I am not able to go with you tonight. I have a great deal of work which I must do.
(advice / obligation)
12. It must be quite late because everyone has already gone home. (probability)
13. You may use my car anytime you want to. (giving permission)
14. Do you want some coffee ? _ Yes, I would like some. (preference)
15. Don't you think that you should see a doctor immediately? (advice)
16. We must not forget to ask the teacher about that matter. (prohibition)
17. Hadn't you better wait until tomorrow and make your decision then? (advice)
18. Shall we meet again sometime next week? (suggestion)
19. Must we turn in our homework tomorrow morning? (
20. She is only sixteen. She can’t drive yet. (impossibility)
21. When I was in college, I would ride every day to school. (past repeated action / habit)
22. The lesson is rather long now. We should stop this part here. (advice)
Exercise 2:
1. This course is optional. You mustn’t take it, but you can if you want to. (don’t have
to)
2. Could I speak to the manager, please? (correct)
3. May you please hold this for me? (Could)
4. NO SMOKING means that you don’t have to smoke. (mustn’t)
5. Students may take four courses per semester.
6. He’s bleeding badly. You could call an ambulance. Hurry up! (must)
7. You don’t have to enter here. It’s closed. (can’t)
8. WATER SERVED ON REQUEST means that you can ask for water at this restaurant.
The server does not automatically bring it to your table. (correct)
9. You can try to go to work on time. Your boss gets very angry when you’re late.
(should/ must)
10. You couldn’t use this toaster anymore. See! A lot of smoke is coming out of it. (can’t/
shouldn’t)
11. You’ve been sneezing all morning. You should be sick. (must)
12. Look at that house. I can barely recognize it. It should have been damaged in the fire
last week. (could/ might have been)
Exercise 3:
1. Possible answer: Jane may put more money in the bank.
2. Possible answer: I should get a check from my family this week.
3. Possible answer: They must pass the exam.
4. Possible answer: He must be very happy.
5. Possible answer: He can’t be married.
6. Possible answer: They can learn languages very well.
7. Possible answer: May I explain?
8. Possible answer: I have to have English certificate.
Exercise 4:
1. David is absent from class. He looked very tired yesterday. Possible answer: He
must be sick.
2. I have to go to school today, but I like to spend the time at home. Possible answer:
I would rather stay home today.
3. He looks pale and tired. Possible answer: He should go to see a doctor.
4. These people look familiar to me. Possible answer: I must have met them before.
5. The students appear happy after taking the exam. Possible answer: They must
have done the exam very well.
6. Your sister is only sixteen. She's still too young! Possible answer: She can’t take
a driver’s license.
7. I am going to buy a house. Possible answer: You must be very excited.
8. The Nelsons are coming here for dinner around 6:00. It's 5:45 now. Possible
answer: They should be here soon.
9. The food at the dorm was so bad today that I couldn't eat anything. Possible
answer: You must be very hungry now.
10. Perhaps our friends will come this evening. Be prepared some more food. Possible
answer: Our friends may come this evening.
11. It is likely that his girlfriend will accompany him to our party. Possible answer:
His girlfriend may accompany him to our party.
12. I'm sure that they are very much in love. Possible answer: They must get married
soon.
13. It's six o'clock, but he isn't home yet! I'm so worried. Possible answer: He may get
an accident.
14. My boss is angry with me. Possible answer: You should have worked harder.
15. It's forbidden for soldiers to call officers by first names. Possible answer: Soldiers
must not call their officers by first names.
16. We expect the doctor to give you good medicine. Possible answer: The doctor
should give you good medicine.
17. Perhaps you're right. Possible answer: You can/ may be right.
18. It is impossible that he refuses your request. Possible answer: He can’t refuse
your request.
19. The light in her room has gone out. Possible answer: She must go to bed.
20. Oh, look. The front door of our house is open! Possible answer: Someone might
have broke into the house.
PRACTICE WITH MODALS *
Work in small groups. Share your ideas about the following topic.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
*
Your future plan(s) in 5 years.
Your expectation(s) of study in a foreign country.
How to be popular.
How do you understand the saying ‘An apple a day keeps the doctor away’?
Our earth in 50 years.
Necessary regulations for a well-organized office.
Your abilities / special skills.
Your leisure activities.
Supplementary to Chapter 4
VOICES *
CARTOON DESCRIPTION
*
Supplementary to Chapter 5
VOICES *
SENTENCE PATTERNS: FIVE BASIC PATTERNS
Pattern 1:
Pattern 2:
Pattern 3: ∗
Pattern 4: ∗
Pattern 5: ∗
S + V (Intransitive Verbs) The dog is barking.
S + V (Linking Verbs) + SC (Subjective Complement)
The child looks healthy.
S + V + O (Transitive Verbs)
Mrs. Rowling writes Harry Porter.
S + V + IO + DO (Transitive Verbs)
My parents gave me a bicycle.
S + V + DO + Prep + IO (Transitive Verbs)
My parents gave a bicycle to me.
S + V + O + OC (Transitive Verbs)
They elected him their monitor.
∗ These sentence structures may be transformed into passive structures.
Forming the passive:
A: The cat is chasing a mouse.
P: A mouse is being chased by
the cat.
A: An accident happened.
P: (None)
In the passive, the subject of an active verb
becomes the subject of the passive verb: "the
cat" becomes the subject of the passive verb.
Only transitive verbs are used in the passive. It
is not possible to use intransitive verbs in the
passive.
Special Uses of The Passive Voice
Anticipatory It + Passive voice / Infinitive structure.
Active:
People believed that the earth was flat.
Æ Passive: It was believed that the earth was flat.
Æ Passive: The earth was believed to be flat.
Active:
Æ Passive:
Causative verbs:
Active:
Æ Passive:
It is necessary to study this lesson.
It is necessary for this lesson to be studied.
I have my friend fix the bike.
I have the bike fixed by my friend.
The Passive Gerund: Being + Passive Participle.
Active:
I remember my father taking me to the zoo.
Æ Passive: I remember being taken to the zoo by my father.
*
Supplementary to Chapter 5
Prepositions with passive verbs. (The passive form here deals with the materials, not
with the agents.)
Active:
Smoke filled the room.
Æ Passive: The room was filled with smoke.
Active:
Paint covered the lock.
Æ Passive: The lock was covered with the paint.
Intransitive verb + preposition + object
Active:
We never dreamed of such success.
Æ Passive: Such success was never dreamed of.
When a verb + preposition + object combination is put into the passive, the preposition
will remain immediately after the verb.
Active:
We must write to him.
Æ Passive: He must be written to.
Active:
You can play with these cubs quite safety.
Æ Passive: These cubs can be played with quite safety.
Imperative sentence.
Active:
Do this exercise at once.
Æ Passive: Let the work be done at once.
Æ Passive: You are requested to do the work at once.
Passive participle as an adjective.
He likes smoked salmon.
Æ He likes salmon which is smoked.
Adverb + Passive participle as compound adjective.
She is a well-educated girl.
Æ She is a girl who is well-educated.
Noun + Passive participle as compound adjective.
Foreign customers like hand-made clothes.
Æ Foreign customers like clothes which are hand- made.
VOICES *
1. ‘Can’t we do something about the situation?’ ~ ‘Something ________ right now.’
(A) is doing
(B) is done
(C) is being done
(D) has been doing
2. ‘Are you interested in scuba diving?’ ~ ‘Very. Undersea life is ________.’
(A) fascinated
(B) fascinating
(C) being fascinating
(D) being fascinated
3. The university ________ by private funds as well as by tuition income and grants.
(A) is supported
(B) supports
(C) is supporting
(D) has supported
4. My car made strange noises, sputtered to stop, and then wouldn’t start again.
Fortunately, the mechanic at my garage ________ the source of the problem.
(A) has been discovered
(B) discovered
(C) was discovered
(D) was discover
5. ‘Ms. Jones, please type those letters before noon.’ ~ ‘They’ve already ________,
sir. They’re on your desk.’
(A) been being typed
(B) been typed
(C) being typed
(D) typed
6. ‘Has the committee made its decision yet?’ ~ ‘Not yet. They are still ________ the
proposal.’
(A) considering
(B) been considered (C) being considered (D) considered
7. In some rural areas of the United States, health care ________ by only a small
number of doctors, nurses, and other health professionals. It’s often more than
they can handle.
(A) is providing
(B) is being provided (C) provides
(D) provided
8. ‘How did that window ________?’ ~ ‘I don’t know.’
(A) get broken
(B) broke
(C) got broken
(D) broken
9. Renoir is one of the most popular French impressionist painters. His paintings
________ masterpieces all over the world.
(A) had considered (B) are considering (C) are considered
(D) consider
10. As the fairy tale goes, the prince ________ into a frog by an evil magician, and
only a kiss from a beautiful princess could restore him to his original state.
(A) had been turning
(B) was turning
(C) was turned
(D) turned
11. When I woke up and looked outside, the landscape had changed. The ground had
been lightly ________ with a dusting of snow during the night.
(A) covering
(B) cover
(C) covers
(D) covered
12. We can’t even walk in this storm. Let’s wait in the hallway where we’ll be
________ the strong winds until things quiet down.
(A) protected from (B) protected by
(C) protecting from (D) protecting by
13. ‘________ about the eight o’clock flight to Chicago?’
(A) Has been an announcement made
(B) Has an announcement made
(C) Has an announcement been made
(D) Has been made an announcement
*
Supplementary to Chapter 5
14. Last night a tornado swept through Rockville. It ________ everything in its path.
(A) destroyed
(B) was destroyed
(C) was being destroyed
(D) had been destroyed
15. Be sure to watch these vegetables thoroughly. A lot of pesticide residue ________
on unwashed produce.
(A) can find
(B) can found
(C) can be found
(D) can be finding
KEY
1.(A); 2.(B); 3.(A); 4.(B); 5.(B); 6.(A); 7.(B); 8.(A); 9.(C); 10.(C)
11.(D); 12.(A); 13.(C); 14.(A); 15.(C)
NOUNS *
Exercise 1: Identify and correct errors involving singular and plural nouns.
1. As childs grow older, their bones become thicker and longer.
(A)
(B) (C)
(D)
2. One of the most beautiful state capitol is the Utah State Capitol, located in Salt
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Lake City.
3. Mauna Loa, an active volcano on the island of Hawaii, usually has one
(A)
(B)
(C)
eruptions every three years.
(D)
4. Some encyclopedias deal with specific fields, such as music or philosophy, and
(A)
(B)
(C)
provide informations only on subject.
(D)
5. Raymond Chandler’s detectives stories are admired both by critics and general
(A)
(B)
(C)
readers.
(D)
6. The electric toaster was one of the earliest appliance to be developed for the kitchen.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
7. The male mandril baboon is one of the most colorful of all mammal.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
8. Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted to humans beings by animals.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
9. The major source of air pollution vary from city to city.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
10. The mathematician and astronomer David Rittenhouse was one of the first man
(A)
(B)
(C)
of science in the American colonies.
(D)
11. Adult humans have more than a trillions cells in their bodies.
(A)
(B) (C)
(D)
12. Tornadoes can pick up objects as heavy as automobiles and carry them for
(A)
(B)
hundreds of foot.
(C)
(D)
*
Supplementary to Chapter 6
Exercise 2: Identify and correct errors involving singular and plural nouns.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
We signed up for a three-hours lab.
There were so much campus police at the football game that there was no trouble.
She bought less than ten items.
The instructions are on the six page.
He had few winter clothing when he arrived.
My mother bought some five-dollars-a-pound cheese.
Intelligence is the ability to use thought and knowledges to understand things and
solve problems.
8. He scored the least points in the basketball game.
9. We are supposed to read the chapter seven for homework.
10. Pick up your boarding passes at gate the fifth.
11. The brain uses 25 percents of the blood’s oxygen.
12. Most animal are not able to rely on learning and memory.
Exercise 3: Rewrite the following sentences, correcting ONE mistake in each :
1. Most of the students in our class is very smart.
2. She usually gets a lot of works to do on Sunday.
3. I've just come into a new class. I don't have much friends.
4. How much words are there in this dictionary?
5. Each of the student in the class has certain work to prepare for the picnic.
6. There is too many sugar in the coffee.
7. It's impossible for anyone to know every languages in the world.
8. Most of the children likes to go to the zoo.
9. One of the country I like to visit is France.
10. I don't have no fun in the party. It is very boring.
11. Few of my old friend come to the party. Maybe, they have some problems.
12. Look at this water! Some of them is on my book.
13. I think she wears too many makeup when she goes to school.
14. There aren't any sunshine in this region during the winter months.
15. Gold are very expensive, so only some rich people can buy it.
KEY
Exercise 1:
1(A); 2(C); 3(D); 4(D); 5(A); 6(C); 7(D); 8(C); 9(B); 10(C); 11(B); 12(D)
Exercise 2:
1. We signed up for a three-hours lab. (hour)
2. There were so much campus police at the football game that there was no trouble. (so
many)
3. She bought less than ten items. (fewer)
4. The instructions are on the six page. (the sixth or page six)
5. He had few winter clothing when he arrived.
6. My mother bought some five-dollars-a-pound cheese.
7. Intelligence is the ability to use thought and knowledges to understand things and
solve problems.
8. He scored the least points in the basketball game.
9. We are supposed to read the chapter seven for homework.
10. Pick up your boarding passes at gate the fifth.
11. The brain uses 25 percents of the blood’s oxygen.
12. Most animal are not able to rely on learning and memory.
Exercise 3:
1. Most of the students in our class is very smart. (are)
2. She usually gets a lot of works to do on Sunday. (work)
3. I've just come into a new class. I don't have much friends. (many)
4. How much words are there in this dictionary? (many)
5. Each of the student in the class has certain work to prepare for the picnic. (students)
6. There is too many sugar in the coffee. (much)
7. It's impossible for anyone to know every languages in the world. (language)
8. Most of the children likes to go to the zoo. (like)
9. One of the country I like to visit is France. (countries)
10. I don't have no fun in the party. It is very boring. (any)
11. Few of my old friend come to the party. Maybe, they have some problems. (friends)
12. Look at this water! Some of them is on my book. (are)
13. I think she wears too many makeup when she goes to school. (much)
14. There aren't any sunshine in this region during the winter months. (isn’t)
15. Gold are very expensive, so only some rich people can buy it. (is)
SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT *
Singular subjects take singular verbs. Plural subjects take plural verbs.
The secretary in this office comes to work at eight.
The secretaries in this office come to work at eight.
Problems in determining the subject:
_____ 1. Subjects are never found in prepositional phrases.
The price of all these items is twenty dollars.
The characters in this story are well developed.
_____ 2. Here and there are not subjects. Look after the verb to find the subject.
Here comes the bus.
There are many good reasons to study language.
_____ 3. Expressions introduced with words such as along with, besides, like, as well as,
and including do not change the number of the subject.
Mr. Jones, along with his wife and six children, is going to Paris.
The weather, as well as economic conditions, is a consideration.
Several candidates, including John Baker, are going.
_____ 4. When two subjects are joined by either … or or neither … nor, the subject
closer to the verb determines its number.
Neither Mary nor her sisters are going to the party.
Either my sister or my mother is going to the wedding.
_____ 5. Some words look plural but are singular. Among these words are economics,
mathematics, physics, news, and politics.
The news is good.
Mathematics is a challenging field.
_____ 6. The subject of a relative clause, who, which, or that, is singular or plural
depending on its antecedent.
The students who come to class every day generally progress rapidly.
Bob is one of my friends who are helping me paint my house.
Bob is the only one of my friends who is helping me paint my house.
*
Supplementary to Chapter 6
Exercise 1: Identify the error in the following sentences. Match the sentence with its
case of error above.
___a.
___b.
___c.
___d.
___e.
___f.
___g.
___h.
His influence over the last ten years have grown considerably.
Over the fireplace hangs several small paintings.
Neither the moon nor the stars is visible.
A study of all possible causes of these multiple fractures are in order.
There occurs to me a few possible explanations for his behavior.
His furniture, including a dining room table and six chairs, are being sold.
I asked all the students who was willing to help to meet me at the school.
Either the students or the teacher were mistaken.
Exercise 2: Choose the correct form in each sentence.
1. Both the book and the notebook on the table (is / are) mine.
2. The fly is an insect that (lives / live) in people’s homes.
3. The sugar maple tree, from which maple sugar (is / are) made, (grows / grow) in New
England.
4. Either her uncle or her cousins (is / are) coming to pick her up.
5. Linguistics, sociology, and anthropology (is / are) social sciences concerned with the
study of humankind.
6. A number of students (wants / want) to go to Boston this weekend.
7. The motorcycle, like other two-wheeled vehicles, (is / are) more dangerous than
vehicles having four wheels.
8. Anybody who (wants /want) to join us at the dance should let us know.
KEY
Exercise 1:
a1 (has); b1 (hang); c4 (are); d1 (is); e2 (occur); f3 (is); g6 (were); h4 (was)
Exercise 2:
1: are; 2: lives; 3: is, grows; 4: are; 5: are; 6: want; 7: is; 8: wants
ARTICLES *
Indefinite Article
Singular Count
a book
Noun
Plural Count
Noun
Uncountable
Noun
Definite Article
the book
No Article
the books
Ø books
the water in this
beach
Ø water
The Indefinite Articles: A, An
The indefinite article a or an is used:
1. Before singular count nouns to mean one. It is not used before noncount nouns.
Australia is a continent.
2. In a general statement.
An apple is good for health.
3. To introduce a subject that has not been mentioned before.
I saw a snake.
4. With certain numerical expressions.
a dozen
a couple
a hundred
a third
a half
a great
a great deal
a lot of
3 times a month∗ $10 a week∗
many
5. With names of professions.
He is an engineer.
The Definite Article:
The definite article the can be used before any noun, singular, plural, count, and
noncount, when the noun is specific. The definite article is used:
1. When there is only one of the thing mentioned.
The sun is shining.
2. When it is clear to both the speaker and the listener which thing or person is
referred to.
Could you open the door please?
3. Before a noun mentioned for the second time.
A bird flew into the classroom. The bird sat on my desk.
4. Before superlative adjectives.
The biggest city in Canada is Toronto.
5. Before names of musical instruments.
He plays the piano.
6. Before a singular noun representative of a class of things (names of animals,
plants, inventions, and parts of the body).
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
He hit me on the head.
7. Before decades and centuries.
the 1800s
the twentieth century
*
Supplementary to Chapter 6
8. Before expressions of time and place.
the morning
the north
9. Before ordinal numbers.
The first
The sixth sense
10. When speaking about a specific noun.
Coffee originated in Ethiopia. (general)
The coffee I had this morning was Brazilian (specific)
11. Before names of countries, states, cities, universities, colleges, and schools that
contain the word “of”, and before countries that have a plural name or have an
adjective in the name, except for Great Britain.
The United States of America
The city of Boston
12. Before names of oceans, rivers, seas, gulfs, and plural names of mountains,
islands, and lakes (no article is used with singular mountains, islands, and lakes).
The Pacific Ocean
The Gulf of Mexico
The Great Lakes
13. Before geographic areas, but not before names of continents.
The Middle East
14. Before the names of fields of study when they contain the word of.
The History of Viet Nam The Literature of the Sixties
15. Before the names of wars (not including the World Wars).
The War of Independence The Civil War
16. Before the names of ships, planes, trains, and people’s family names (the
indefinite article is not used with the names of people and names of magazines).
The Browns
The Mayflower
Exercise 1: Complete the conversation. Choose the correct form.
Jessica:
What are you doing, Andrew?
Andrew:
I’m writing (essay/ an essay).
Jessica:
Oh, you’ve got (computer/ a computer). Do you always write (essay/
essays) on your computer?
Andrew:
Yes, but I’m not doing very well today. I’ve been working on my plan for
about three (hour/ hours) now.
Jessica:
You’ve got lots of books to help you, though. I haven’t got as (many/ much)
books as you. That’s because I haven’t got much (money/ moneys). Quite
often I can’t even afford to buy (food/ a food).
Andrew:
Really? That can’t be (many/ much) fun.
Jessica:
I’d like to get (job/ a job) I can do in my spare time and earn (a/ some)
money. I’ve got (a few/ a little) ideas, but what do you think I should do?
Andrew:
I know someone who paints (picture/ pictures) and sells them. Why don’t
you do that?
Jessica:
Because I’m no good at painting.
Exercise 2: Complete Claire’s postcard to her sister. Choose the correct form.
The island is very peaceful. Life/ A life is good here. Everybody moves at a nice slow
pace. People have time/ a time to stop and talk. It’s experience/ an experience I won’t
forget for a long time. There aren’t many shops, so I can’t spend all my money, although I
did buy painting/ a painting yesterday. Now I’m sitting on the beach reading paper/ a
paper. The hotel breakfast is so enormous that I don’t need to have lunch. I’ve just
brought orange/ an orange with me to eat later. I’ve been trying all the different fruit/
fruits grown in this part of the world, and they’re all delicious.
Exercise 3: Complete the following story by supplying appropriate a/ an/ or the.
A man decided to rob _____1 bank in the town where he lived. He walked into _____2
bank and handed _____3 note to one of _____4 cashiers. _____5 cashier read _____6 note,
which told her to give _____7 man some money. Afraid that he might have _____8 gun,
she did as she was told. _____9 man then walked out of _____10 building, leaving _____11
note behind. However, he had not time to spend _____12 money because he was arrested
_____13 same day. He had made _____14 mistake. He had written _____15 note on _____16
back of _____17 envelope. And on _____18 other side of _____19 envelope was his name
and address. This clue was quite enough for _____20 detectives on the case.
Exercise 4: Complete the following conversation. Put in a/ an/ or the.
David:
Trevor:
How was your trip to the coast?
Wonderful. The sun shone all day. We had a great time.
Would you like ……….1 cigarette?
No, thanks. I’ve given up smoking. It’s ……….2 bad habit.
What’s your brother doing now? Has he got ……….3 good job?
Yes, he’s ……….4 soldier. He’s in ……….5 army. He loves it.
I went to see Doctor Pat yesterday. She’s ……….6 best doctor I’ve had.
She’s very nice, isn’t she? You couldn’t meet ……….7 nicer person.
You were ……….8 long time at ……….9 supermarket.
Yes, I know. There was ……….10 enormous queue. I was thinking of
complaining to ……….11 manager.
5. Mark:
Why were you late for your meeting?
Sarah:
Well, first I had to go to ……….12 hotel I’d booked into. I took ……….13
taxi from ……….14 airport, and ……….15 driver got completely lost.
6. Matthew: Is this ……….16 book you were telling me about?
Emma: Yes, it’s ……….17 really interesting story.
Matthew: What did you say it’s about?
Emma: I knew you weren’t listening to me. It’s ……….18 science fiction story. It’s
about ……….19 beginning of ……….20 universe.
1. Henry:
Nick:
2. Sarah:
Laura:
3. Rita:
Harriet:
4. Rachel:
Vicky:
Exercise 5: From the four italic, bold words or phrases (A), (B), (C), or (D), identify the
one that is not correct.
1. The watt (A) is named after James Watt, the British (B) engineer who developed the
steam engine (C) in 1760s (D).
2. Methane (A) is a odorless (B) burning gas and is the main (C) ingredient of natural
gas (D).
3. The alcohol (A) acts as a narcotic (B) on the nervous system (C) and
the brain (D).
4. Zachary Taylor was first president (A) to be elected from a state (B) west (C) of the
Mississippi River (D).
5. Barnacles (A), which are related to lobsters (B), shrimp, and crabs (C), make
strongest glue (D).
6. In the 1860s (A) Louis Pasteur discovered that bacteria (B) in air caused
the perishable food (C) to go bad (D).
7. Land (A) covers almost third (B) of the earth’s (C) surface, of which
two-thirds (D) is too cold or too dry for farming.
8. “Old Faithful” (A) in the Yellowstone National Park (B) is probably
the world’s (C) most famous (D) geyser.
9. Thermographs (A) are special pictures that show the variation (B) in heat (C)
emitted by different areas of body (D).
10. The world’s (A) fastest animal is cheetah (B), but if birds are included,
the fastest (C) of all animals is the spine-tailed swift (D).
11. The most (A) of the energy (B) used in our homes and factories is generated from
coal (C), oil (D), and natural gas.
12. Soybeans (A) were first grown in the Orient (B) and brought to
the Western (C) world during the World War Two (D).
KEY
Exercise 1:
Jessica:
What are you doing, Andrew?
Andrew:
I’m writing (essay/ an essay).
Jessica:
Oh, you’ve got (computer/ a computer). Do you always write (essay/
essays) on your computer?
Andrew:
Yes, but I’m not doing very well today. I’ve been working on my plan for
about three (hour/ hours) now.
Jessica:
You’ve got lots of books to help you, though. I haven’t got as (many/ much)
books as you. That’s because I haven’t got much (money/ moneys). Quite
often I can’t even afford to buy (food/ a food).
Andrew:
Really? That can’t be (many/ much) fun.
Jessica:
I’d like to get (job/ a job) I can do in my spare time and earn (a/ some)
money. I’ve got (a few/ a little) ideas, but what do you think I should do?
Andrew:
I know someone who paints (picture/ pictures) and sells them. Why don’t
you do that?
Jessica:
Because I’m no good at painting.
Exercise 2:
1: Life; 2: time; 3: an experience; 4: a painting; 5: a paper; 6: an orange; 7: fruits
Exercise 3:
1: a; 2: the; 3: a; 4: the; 5: The; 6: the; 7: the; 8: a; 9: The; 10: the
11: the; 12: the; 13: the; 14: a; 15: the; 16: the; 17: an; 18: the; 19: the; 20: the
Exercise 4:
1: a; 2: a; 3: a; 4: a; 5: the; 6: the; 7: a; 8: a; 9: the; 10: an
11: the; 12: the; 13: a; 14: the; 15: the; 16: the; 17: a: 18: a; 19: the; 20: the
Exercise 5:
1(D); 2(B); 3(A); 4(A); 5(D); 6(C); 7(B); 8(B); 9(D); 10(D); 11(A); 12(D)
USE OF ANOTHER, OTHER, THE OTHER, OTHERS , THE OTHERS*
Exercise 1: Supply a form of other in the following. The first one is done as an
example.
1. I got three letters. One was from my father. Another one was from my sister. The
other letter was from my girl friend.
2. Look at your hand. There is a total of five fingers. One is your thumb. ___________ is
your index finger. ___________ one is your middle finger. ___________ finger is
your ring finger. And ___________ finger (the last of five) is your little finger.
3. Look at your hands. One is your right hand. ___________ is your left hand.
4. I invited five people to my party. Out of those five people, only John and Mary can
come. ___________ can’t come.
5. I invited five people to my party. Out of those five people, only John and Mary can
come. ___________ people can’t come.
6. I would like some more books on this subject. Do you have any ___________ that you
could lend me.
7. I would like to read more about this subject. Do you have any ___________ books
that you could lend me.
8. There are many means of transportation. The airplane is one means of transportation.
The train is ___________.
9. There are many means of transportation. The airplane is one. ___________are the
train, the automobile and the horse.
10. There are two women standing on the corner. One is Helen Joanne and ___________
is Pat Hens.
Exercise 2: Choose the correct word between other and another that correctly
completes each sentence below.
1. Lightning is a rush of electrical current from a cloud to the ground or from one cloud
to (another/ other).
2. A ballet dancer’s techniques and skills are very different from those of (another/ other)
dancers.
3. The commercial center of New York City, the island of Manhattan is joined to the
(another/ other) boroughs by bridges and tunnels.
4. The legal surrender of a criminal suspect from one state or country to (another/ other)
is called extradition.
5. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is one type of disease that is carried by ticks, and
Colorado tick fever is (another/ other).
6. The art of photography has often influenced by – and has influenced – (another/ other)
fine arts.
7. In physics, diffusion is the spread of one substance’s molecules or atoms through
those of (another/ other).
8. A basketball player may advance the ball by dribbling it or passing it to (another/
other) player.
*
Supplementary to Chapter 6
KEY
Exercise 1:
1: Another/ The other; 2: Another/ Another/ The other/ another; 3: The other;
4: The others; 5: Other; 6: others; 7: other; 8: the other; 9: the others; 10: the other
Exercise 2:
1: another; 2: other; 3: other; 4: another; 5: another; 6: other; 7: another; 8: another
GRAMMAR REVIEW EXAM – 60’ *
Part 1: Identify the italic word or phrase in the following sentences. Write the letter of
the answer: (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), (F) or (G).
(A) Subject
(D) Direct Object (of verb)
(G) None of These
(B) Verb
(E) Indirect Object (of verb)
(C) Subject Complement
(F) Object Complement
1. His terror of spiders kept him out of the dark basement.
2. There will be three concerts in the arts center tonight.
3. Would you willingly exchange half your intelligence for one million dollars?
4. After the movie, Emma and her brother bought a birthday present for their mother.
5. I like to listen to the gentle sound of the wind in the leaves.
6. Will you please post this letter for me?
7. We consider that man a thief.
8. He went to the barber’s to get his hair cut.
9. Ring me the manager of shop.
10. A furniture shop sells chairs, tables, cupboards, shelves, and desks.
11. Fine clothes do not make the gentleman.
12. It’s too late to get a bus.
Part 2: Choose the correct tense of the verb to complete the following sentences. Write
the letter of your choice.
13. Alex didn't come to see the film last night because he _____ it before.
(A) saw
(B) had seen
(C) has seen
(D) was seen
14. A cold wind _____ for the last three days.
(A) has been blowing
(B) blows
(C) is blowing
(D) blew
15. I _____ as ill as I do now for a long time.
(A) wasn't feeling
(B) haven't been feeling
(C) didn't feel
(D) haven't felt
16. I'll see you in August when I _____ back.
(A) will come
(B) came
(C) will have come (D) come
17. They claimed they _____ the law.
A) haven't broken
C) hadn't broken
B) were not breaking
D) wouldn't breaking
18. My friend _____ when the lesson started.
A) hasn't arrived
B) wasn't arrived
C) hadn't arrived
D) wasn't arriving
*
Revision Test for Chapters 1-6
19. July 10th is my wedding anniversary. Next month, my husband and I will
_____ for twenty years.
A) marry
B) have married
C) be married
D) have been married
20. Who _____ the boss tell him that?
A) did hear
B) does hear
C) hears
D) heard
Part 3: Choose the correct answer to complete each sentence.
21. When archeologists discovered the ruins of the Olympic Stadium, interest in the
Games _____.
(A) was renewed
(B) were renewed
(D) they were renewed
(D) renewed
22. The ancient Olympic Games _____ as amateur contests, but in time became
professional.
(A) they began
(B) began
(C) beginning
(D) begun
23. The Olympic Games are held every four years in selected country, and _____ to
athletes of all nations.
(A) they are opened (B) are opened
(C) they are open
(D) it is open
24. Winning first place in an event was the only glory in the ancient Games because
second and third places _____.
(A) did not recognize
(B) are not recognized
(C) was not recognized
(D) were not recognized
25. The winners received a wreath _____ from the branches of the sacred olive tree.
(A) made
(B) was made
(C) making
(D) to make
26. After more than 1,500 years, Athens _____ for the site of the first modern
Olympics.
(A) were chosen
(B) was chosen
(C) is chosen
(D) chosen
27. The marathon, first staged in 1896, _____ the legendary feat of a Greek soldier
who carried news of victory from the battlefield at Marathon to Athens.
(A) was commemorated
(B) commemorated
(C) commemorates
(D) commemorating
28. The Olympic torch _____ throughout the Games and is then extinguished at the
closing ceremony.
(A) burning
(B) is burned
(C) burned
(D) burns
Part 4: Analyze the use of modal auxiliaries in the following sentences. Choose the
correct use of the modal or modal expression.
29. You'd better wear an overcoat. Otherwise, you may catch a cold.
(A) preference / possibility
(B) advice / permission
(C) advice / possibility
(D) expectation / probability
30. It must rain soon. Look at those dark clouds.
(A) probability
(B) possibility
(C) obligation
(D) advice
31. Would you please slow down? I can't walk quite so fast.
(A) preference / ability
(B) permission / possibility
(C) request / impossibility
(D) request / inability
32. If you can't control your temper, you shouldn't get into arguments.
(A) inability / advice
(B) impossibility / advice
(C) ability / expectation
(D) inability / prohibition
33. You must not say a word about this to anyone.
(A) probability
(B) possibility
(C) obligation
(D) prohibition
Part 5: Choose the correct order of adjectives to complete the following sentences.
Write the letter of the answer on the blank.
34. He invited that __________ lady to dinner.
A) young beautiful
B) beautiful young
35. These are __________ products.
A) excellent agricultural
B) agricultural excellent
36. Why can't you wear your __________ dress tonight?
A) pink silk
B) silk pink
37. The boy needs __________ balls for that activity
A) ten cotton small
B) ten small cotton
38. I've booked that __________ table on the corner.
A) big square
B) square big
Part 6: Identify the ONE error in the following choices A, B, C, or D.
39. The cost of fruits and vegetables go up and down partly because of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
seasonal factors.
40. Professor Smith asked his students to explain himself more clearly
(A)
(B)
(C)
than they had so far done.
(D)
41. It was the second days of our camping trip that the storm suddenly
(A)
(B)
(C)
struck and destroyed much of our equipment.
(D)
42. It is commonly understand that one kilogram is equal to about 2.2 pounds.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
43. When a country’s currency is devalued, imports from abroad then more cost.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
44. The World War I began in 1914 after Archduke Ferdinand of Austria
(A)
(B) (C)
– Hungary had been assassinated.
(D)
45. The rate of inflation is soon expecting to decrease gradually by some
(A)
(B)
(C)
economists.
(D)
46. The world’s public feels very concerning about pollution of underground
(A)
(B)
(C)
water sources by industrial and agricultural chemicals.
(D)
47. Fish can, of course, be frozen but in some societies people will eat seafood
(A)
(B)
only if it always tastes freshly.
(C)
(D)
48. Will your stay be extended, or will you be returned next week?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
49. We’ve read some books that discusses the time when this area was
(A) (B)
(C)
(D)
undeveloped.
50. Which project will he works on after he finishes this job?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
51. Karl has been driving since ten years.
(A) (B)
(C)
(D)
52. What do you use to do when you felt afraid?
(A)
(B) (C)
(D)
53. An extended family consists not only of parents and children but also of
(A)
(B)
others relatives, such as grandparents and unmarried aunts and uncles.
(C)
(D)
54. Before diamonds can be used as jewels, they must be cut and polish.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
55. Let you and I promise that we shall always dare to do what is right.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
56. With the discovery of Pluto’s moon, Charon, astronomers now think Pluto is
(A)
(B)
the smallest planet in ours solar system.
(C)
(D)
57. Diamonds are graded according to weigh, color, and cut.
(A)
(B) (C)
(D)
58. Ballpoint pens require a tiny, perfectly round ball for its tips.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
59. Sheila didn’t know the answers on the test and John didn’t neither.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
60. We have a lot of homeworks to do before the next class.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
KEY
Part 1:
1(G); 2(C); 3(D); 4(E); 5(D); 6(D); 7(F); 8(G); 9(B); 10(D); 11(A); 12(D)
Part 2:
13(B); 14(A); 15(D); 16(D); 17(C); 18(C); 19(D); 20(D)
Part 3:
21(A); 22(B); 23(A); 24(D); 25(A); 26(A); 27(B); 28(B)
Part 4:
29(C); 30(A); 31(D); 32(A); 33(D)
Part 5:
34(B); 35(A); 36(A); 37(B); 38(A)
Part 6:
39(B); 40(B); 41(A); 42(B); 43(D); 44(A); 45(B); 46(B); 47(D); 48(D)
49(C); 50(B); 51(D); 52(A); 53(C); 54(D); 55(A); 56(D); 57(B); 58(D)
59(D); 60(B)
COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS*
a_ _ _ t
_n__c____e
app _ _ _ _ _ _ e
a____
c__p___e
c_n____r
_e___
_e__
__s____
____y
f____h
k___
m_n___n
m___
m___
_ _ _ _ po _ _
p______e
re _ _ _ _ _ _ d
r___
s _ gg _ _ _
t _ l_ r _ _ e
_ _ _ _ _ st _ _d
*
He __________ stealing the money.
I __________ having a good time on vacation.
I __________ hearing from them.
He __________ answering my question.
I finally __________ writing exercise.
I will __________ giving speech at the meeting.
He __________ submitting the report.
He __________ committing the crime.
They __________ opening a new business.
Young people usually __________ listening to rock music.
Have you __________ reading the story?
I __________ hoping I will pass the exam.
She __________ going out for a drink.
Would you __________ helping me with this?
I __________ being with my family.
Let's __________ going on a picnic until next week.
You should __________ speaking English more often in class.
She __________ having a party to celebrate the success.
She __________ investing all her money into real estate.
The managers __________ working extra hours on Saturday.
The examiners won't __________ cheating during the exam.
I don't __________ his telling a lie.
Supplementary to Chapter 7
KEY
He admitted stealing the money.
I anticipated having a good time on vacation.
I appreciated hearing from them.
He avoided answering my question.
I finally completed writing exercise.
I will consider giving speech at the meeting.
He delayed submitting the report.
He denied committing the crime.
They discussed opening a new business.
Young people usually enjoy listening to rock music.
Have you finished reading the story?
I keep hoping I will pass the exam.
She mentioned going out for a drink.
Would you mind helping me with this?
I miss being with my family.
Let's postpone going on a picnic until next week.
You should practice speaking English more often in class.
She recommended having a party to celebrate the success.
She risked investing all her money into real estate.
The managers suggested working extra hours on Saturday.
The examiners won't tolerate cheating during the exam.
I don't understand his telling a lie.
SIMPLE FORM, INFINITIVE OR GERUND *
1. We like _____ our grandmother on Sundays.
(A) visiting/ to visit
(B) to visit
(C) visiting
(D) visit
2. I might want _____ your Science notes.
(A) borrowing/ to borrow
(B) to borrow
(C) borrowing
(D) borrow
3. My father hates _____ a tie to work.
(A) wearing/ to wear
(B) to wear
(C) wearing
(D) wear
4. We can’t afford _____ a vacation this summer.
(A) taking/ to take (B) to take
(C) taking
(D) take
5. I made my son _____ the window before he could go outside to play with his
friends.
(A) washing/ to wash
(B) to wash
(C) washing
(D) wash
6. The company was pleased _____ your thank-you letter.
(A) receiving/ to receive
(B) to receive
(C) receiving
(D) receive
7. Would you mind _____ a window?
(A) opening/ to open
(B) to open
(C) opening
(D) open
8. My suitcase is light enough _____ this time.
(A) carrying/ to carry
(B) to carry
(C) carrying
(D) carry
9. Near the end of the performance, the audience began _____ their feet on the
floor.
(A) stamping/ to stamp
(B) to stamp
(C) stamping
(D) stamp
10. She cannot leave the table without _____ her dinner.
(A) finishing/ to finish
(B) to finish
(C) finishing
(D) finish
11. The music will continue _____ until you turn it off.
(A) playing/ to play (B) to play
(C) playing
(D) play
12. My little brother dislikes _____ his hair brushed.
(A) having/ to have (B) to have
(C) having
(D) have
13. When I had to make an emergency phone call, the secretary let me _____ her
phone.
(A) using/ to use
(B) to use
(C) using
(D) use
14. Would you please remember _____ away all the tapes when you’re finished
listening to them?
(A) putting/ to put (B) to put
(C) putting
(D) put
15. I always try _____ my bills on time, but sometimes I’m a little late.
(A) paying/ to pay (B) to pay
(C) paying
(D) pay
*
Supplementary to Chapter 7
16. Before we leave, let’s have Shelley _____ a map for us so we won’t get lost.
(A) drawing/ to draw
(B) to draw
(C) drawing
(D) draw
17. Sam was reluctant, but we finally got him _____ his guitar for us.
(A) playing/ to play (B) to play
(C) playing
(D) play
18. The cake was starting _____ when I took it out of the oven.
(A) burning/ to burn
(B) to burn
(C) burning
(D) burn
19. What am I going to do now? I forgot _____ my calculus text, and I need it for the
review today.
(A) bringing/ to bring
(B) to bring
(C) bringing
(D) bring
20. Are you going to let me _____ that last piece of pizza?
(A) eating/ to eat
(B) to eat
(C) eating
(D) eat
KEY
1(A); 2(B); 3(A); 4(B); 5(D); 6(B); 7(C); 8(B); 9(A); 10(C)
11(A); 12(A); 13(D); 14(B); 15(B); 16(D); 17(B); 18(A); 19(C); 20(D)
VERB FORMS: INFINITIVES - GERUND - PARTICIPLE *
Exercise 1: Put “C” if the sentence is correct. Put “X” if there is an error with the
verbal (infinitive, gerund, simple verb, or participle) that follows the main verb.
___1. Blocks from the stadium, we could hear the people to cheer.
___2. Do you think you might enjoy living in a small town?
___3. I always make the children to pick up their toys.
___4. The official offered to help me get my papers in order.
___5. I had the paperboy stop delivering papers for the month of July.
___6. Since you need more money, you should not stop to try to find a better job.
___7. He was not used to making decisions by himself.
___8. Jane had her blood pressure taking recently.
___9. What made the student decide leaving early?
___10.I am looking forward to see you again soon.
___11.What do you think of our having a party to celebrate?
___12.She had her shoes dyed to match her dress.
___13.She could not help noticing the man to cry.
___14.One should avoid eating a heavy meal late in the evening.
___15.We had Tom to make the dinner reservations.
___16.Since he promised to take care of it, his parents let the boy to buy a dog.
___17.He was not used to living alone.
___18.Bob had his gas and electricity turn on when he moved into his new apartment
last week.
___19.When will you get through to read that book?
___20.The doctor had Mrs. Jones taken ten pills a day for her heart.
___21.Their boss never has them to stay past 5:00 P.M.
___22.They saw the thief running from the bank.
___23.The professor had us to read the first half of the book by Monday.
___24.Please do not fail registering before the deadline.
___25.As I entered the house, I smelled the food cooking.
___26.We had our university identification pictures taken yesterday.
___27.The law of that country forbids anyone under eighteen driving a car.
___28.The teacher made us using our imaginations.
___29.The class could not help to laugh when the teacher dropped all his papers.
___30.When we decided to stay in Mexico longer, we had our visas renewed.
*
Supplementary to Chapter 7
Exercise 2: Underline the form that best completes each sentence.
1. The largest (knowing/known) insects are found in tropical rain forests.
2. A bill of lading is a (writing/written) receipt for goods that are sent by public
transportation.
3. A hummingbird’s heart beats at the (astonishing/astonished) rate of 615 beats per
minute.
4. At the peak of his jump, a pole-vaulter performs series of (twisting/twisted) body
motions to clear the bar.
5. Anyone (working/worked) under conditions that cause a heavy loss of perspiration can
suffer heat exhaustion.
6. A mosquito (filled/is filled) with blood is carrying twice its own body weight.
7. The state of Wisconsin has seventy-two counties, many of which are (naming/named)
after Indian tribes.
8. Sunspots occur in cycles, with the greatest number generally (appearing/are
appearing) every eleven years.
9. A delta is a more-or-less triangular area of sediments (depositing/deposited) at the
mouth of a river.
10. William H. Kispatrick was a philosopher and a scholar now generally
(regarding/regarded) as the father of progressive education.
Exercise 3: Identify and correct a variety of errors involving verbals.
1. The most widely used material for package consumer goods is cardboard.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
2. One of the latest methods of quarrying stone is to cutting the stone with a
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
jet torch.
3. In 1944, biologist Charles Mechner devised a system for to classify the
(A)
(B)
approximate 20,000 species of bees.
(C)
(D)
4. Most candles are made of paraffin wax mix with compounds that have
(A)
(B)
higher melting points to keep them from melting in hot weather.
(C)
(D)
5. Machines used to harvesting tree crops such as cherries or almonds can be
(A)
(B)
classified either as shakers or as pick-up machines.
(C)
(D)
6. Fishing cats, found in Southeast Asia, are distinguished by their webbed
(A)
(B)
(C)
feet that enable them catching fish.
(D)
7. Geothermal energy is energy to obtain by using heat from the Earth’s
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
interior.
8. Bathe in mineral water has long been believed to have beneficial effects.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
9. It is the facets cut into a diamond that make it to sparkle.
(A) (B)
(C)
(D)
10. Ralph Blakelock specialized in paint wild, lonely nighttime landscapes,
(A)
(B)
(C)
usually with black trees silhouetted against the moon.
(D)
11. The Farallon Islands are a group of uninhabiting islands lying about 40 miles
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
west of San Francisco.
12. The crushing leaves of yarrow plants can serve as a traditional medicine for
(A)
(B)
(C)
cleansing wounds.
(D)
13. Robert A. Moog developed an electronic device that could be used for play
(A)
(B)
(C)
synthesized music.
(D)
14. Hypnosis is sometimes employed as a means of helping people to quit
(A)
(B)
(C)
to smoke.
(D)
15. Throughout his long career, Pete Seeger has been a lead figure in reviving
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
folk music.
KEY
Exercise 1:
1(X); 2(C); 3(X); 4(C); 5(C); 6(X); 7(C); 8(X); 9(X); 10(X)
11(X); 12(C); 13(X); 14(C); 15(X); 16(X); 17(C); 18(X); 19(X); 20(X)
21(X); 22(C); 23(X); 24(X); 25(X); 26(C); 27(X); 28(X); 29(X); 30(C)
Exercise 2:
1 (known); 2(written); 3(astonishing); 4(twisted); 5(working)
6(filled); 7(named); 8(appearing); 9(deposited); 10(regarded)
Exercise 3:
1(C); 2(C); 3(B); 4(A); 5(B); 6(D); 7(B); 8(A); 9(D); 10(B)
11(B); 12(A); 13(C); 14(D); 15(C)
SENTENCE STRUCTURE *
) All sentences consist of one or more clauses.
A simple sentence consists of one clause.
People need vitamins.
The man took a vitamin pill.
A compound sentence consists of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating
conjunction (such as and, or, but)
The man took a vitamin pill, and he drank a glass of orange juice.
A complex sentence consists of an independent clause (called the main clause) and a
dependent (subordinate) clause. Subordinate clauses may be adjective clauses, adverb
clauses, or noun clauses.
The man took a vitamin pill because he had a cold.
I didn’t realize that Nancy was here.
Tom walks to his office, which is located on Broadway, every day during the
summer.
Exercise 1: Choose the one option – (A), (B), (C), or (D) – that correctly completes the
sentences.
1. In the United States, _____ is generally the responsibility of municipal governments.
(A) for water treatment
(B) water treatment
(C) where water treatment
(D) in which water treatment
2. Crop rotation _____ of preserving soil fertility.
(A) it is one method
(B) one method
(C) a method is one
(D) is one method
3. _____ the dollar as its monetary unit in 1878.
(A) Canada adopted
(B) Adopted by Canada
(C) It was adopted by Canada
(D) The Canadian adoption of
4. _____ almost impossible to capture the beauty of the aurora borealis in photographs.
(A) Being
(B) It is
(C) There is
(D) Is
5. Usually political cartoons _____ on the editorial page of a newspaper.
(A) appear
(B) whose appearance
(C) by appearing
(D) when they appear
6. _____ two major art museums, the Fogg and the Sadler.
(A) There at Harvard University
(B) At Harvard University
(C) Harvard University, with its
(D) Harvard University has
7. American actress and director Margaret Webster _____ for her production of
Shakespearean plays.
(A) who became famous
(B) famous as she became
(C) becoming famous
(D) became famous
*
Supplementary to Chapter 8
8. _____ gas tanks connected to welding equipment, one full of oxygen and the other full
of acetylene.
(A) It is two
(B) Of the two
(C) There are two (D) Two
9. _____ is more interested in rhythm than in melody is apparent from his compositions.
(A) That Philip Glass
(B) Philip Glass, who
(C) Philip Glass
(D) Because Philip Glass
10. Compressed air _____ the power to drive pneumatic tools.
(A) by providing
(B) provides
(C) that provides
(D) the provision of
11. _____ by cosmic rays.
(A) The Earth is constantly bombarded
(B) Bombarded constantly, the Earth
(C) Bombarding the Earth constantly
(D) The Earth’s constant bombardment
12. _____ primary colors are red, blue, and yellow.
(A) There are three
(B) The three
(C) Three of them
(D) That the three
13. _____ who was elected the first woman mayor of Chicago in 1979.
(A) It was Jane Byrne
(B) Jane Byrne
(C) That Jane Byrne
(D) When Jane Byrne
14. Every computer consists of a number of systems _____ together.
(A) by working
(B) that work
(C) they work
(D) work
15. On the moon, _____ air because the Moon’s gravitational field is too weak to retain an
atmosphere.
(A) there is no
(B) where no
(C) is no
(D) no
Exercise 2: Beneath each of these sentences, there are four words or phrases marked
(A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. _____ by Anna Baldwin in 1878.
(A) The invention of the vacuum milking machine
(B) That the vacuum milking machine was invented
(C) The vacuum milking machine, which was invented
(D) The vacuum milking machine was invented
2. Dry cleaning is the process _____ clothes are cleaned in liquids other than water.
(A) through
(B) which through
(C) by which
(D) by
3. Sand dunes are made of loose sand _____ up by the action of the wind.
(A) it builds
(B) builds
(C) is building
(D) built
4. _____ book Jubilee, which was based on the life of her great-grandmother, Margaret
Walker was awarded the Pulitzer Prize.
(A) For her
(B) It was her
(C) That her
(D) Her
5. Job specialization takes place _____ of production is separated into occupations.
(A) whenever the work is
(B) when the work
(C) is when the work
(D) whenever working
6. _____ are hot is a common misconception.
(A) All deserts
(B) All deserts which
(C) Of all deserts
(D) That all deserts
7. _____ imaginative stories about the origin of the game of chess.
(A) Many of the
(B) Many
(C) There are many
(D) Of the many
8. _____, one of Canada’s greatest engineering projects, is a 27-mile-long waterway
between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
(A) Because the Welland Ship Canal is
(B) The Welland Ship Canal is
(C) That the Welland Ship Canal is
(D) The Welland Ship Canal
9. A deep-tissue massage is a type of massage therapy _____ on one part of the body,
such as the lower back.
(A) its concentration is
(B) concentrating
(C) why it concentrates
(D) to be concentrated
10. One of the most powerful optical telescopes, the “Big Eye” at Mt. Palomar, _____ a
200-inch mirror.
(A) has
(B) that has
(C) with
(D) which
11. Elfego Baca, _____ legendary Mexican-American folk hero, was a lawman in New
Mexico in the late 1880s.
(A) and he was a
(B) who, as a
(C) was a
(D) a
12. _____ relatively inexpensive, the metal pewter can be fashioned into beautiful and
useful objects.
(A) Even it is
(B) Despite
(C) Nevertheless, it is
(D) Although
13. _____ is a general category that includes all mental states and activities.
(A) What do psychologists call cognition
(B) Psychologists call it cognition
(C) What psychologists call cognition
(D) Cognition, as it is called by psychologists, which
14. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote four novels, _____ The Scarlet Letter, became an
American literary classic.
(A) of which one
(B) which one
(C) one of which,
(D) one was
15. _____ about four years for a new aircraft model to move from the preliminary design
stage to the full-production stage.
(A) It takes
(B) Taking
(C) That takes
(D) To take
-THE END-
KEY
Exercise 1:
1(B); 2(D); 3(A); 4(B); 5(A); 6(D); 7(D); 8(C); 9(A); 10(B)
11(A); 12(A); 13(A); 14(B); 15(A)
Exercise 2:
1(D); 2(C); 3(D); 4(A); 5(B); 6(D); 7(C); 8(D); 9(B); 10(A)
11(D); 12(D); 13(C); 14(C); 15(A)
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES *
An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies,
or gives further information about a noun. (An adjective clause is also called a relative
clause.)
USING SUBJECTIVE RELATIVE PRONOUNS: WHO, WHICH, THAT
(a) I thanked the woman who helped me.
(b) I thanked the woman that helped me.
(c) The book which is on the table is mine.
(d) The book that is on the table is mine.
who is the subject of the adjective clause.
that is the subject of the adjective clause.
(a) and (b) have the same meaning.
who = used for people
which = used for things
that = used both for people and things
USING OBJECTIVE RELATIVE PRONOUNS: WHOM, WHICH, THAT
PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB
(a) The man who(m) I saw was Mr. Jones.
(b) The man that I saw was Mr. Jones.
(c) The man ∅ I saw was Mr. Jones.
(d) The movie which we saw last night
was very good.
(e) The movie that we saw last night was
very good.
(f) The movie ∅ we saw last night was
very good.
In (a): who is usually used instead of
whom, especially speaking. Whom is
generally used only in very formal English.
In (c) and (f): An object pronoun is often
omitted from an adjective clause.
who(m) = used for people
which = used for things
that = used both for people and things
USING OBJECTIVE RELATIVE PRONOUNS: WHOM, WHICH, THAT
PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION
(a) She is the woman about whom I told
you.
(b) She is the woman whom I told you
about.
(c) She is the woman that I told you
about.
(d) She is the woman ∅ I told you
about.
(e) The music to which we listened last
night was good.
(f) The music which we listened to last
night was good.
(g) The music that we listened to last
night was good.
(h) The music ∅ we listened to last night
was good
*
Supplementary to Chapter 9
In very formal English, the preposition
comes at the beginning of the adjective
clause, as in (a) and (e). Usually, however,
in everyday usage, the preposition comes
after the subject and verb of the adjective
clause, as in the other examples.
Note: If the preposition comes at the
beginning of the adjective clause, only
whom or which may be used. A preposition
is never immediately followed by that or
who.
USING WHOSE
(a) I know the man whose bike was stolen.
(b) The student whose composition I read
writes well.
(c) Mr. Cat has a painting whose value is
inestimable.
Whose is used to show possession. It
carries the same meaning as other
possessive pronouns used as adjectives:
his, her, its, and their: whose is connected
to a noun:
his bike → whose bike
her composition → whose
composition
Both whose and the noun it is connected to
are placed at the beginning of the adjective
clause. Whose cannot be omitted.
Whose usually modifies “people,” but it
may also be used to modify “things,” as in
(c).
USING RELATIVE ADVERB: WHERE
(a) The building where he lives is very
old.
(b) The building in which he lives is very
old.
(c) The building which he lives in is very
old.
(d) The building that he lives in is very
old.
(e) The building ∅ he lives in is very old.
where is used in an adjective clause to
modify a place (city, country, room, house,
etc).
If where is used, a preposition is not
included in the adjective clause. If where is
not used, the preposition must be included.
USING RELATIVE ADVERB: WHEN
(a) I’ll never forget the day
her.
(b) I’ll never forget the day
met her.
(c) I’ll never forget the day
(d) I’ll never forget the day
when I met
on which I
that I met her.
∅ I met her.
when is used in an adjective clause to
modify a noun of time (year, day, time,
century, etc).
The use of a preposition in an adjective
clause that modifies a noun of time is
somewhat different from that in other
adjective clauses: A preposition is used
preceding which, as in (b). Otherwise, the
preposition is omitted.
USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSE TO MODIFY PRONOUNS
(a) Anybody who wants to come is
welcome.
(b) There is someone (whom) I want you
to meet.
(c) Everything (which) he said was pure
nonsense.
(d) Paula was the only one (whom) I knew
at the party.
(e) Scholarships are available for those
who need financial assistance.
Adjective clauses can modify indefinite
pronouns (e.g., someone, everybody).
Object pronouns (e.g., whom, which) are
usually omitted in the adjective clause.
Adjective clauses can modify the one(s)
and those.
(f) It is I who am responsible.
(g) He who laughs last laughs best.
Adjective clauses rarely modify personal
pronouns. (f) is very formal and
uncommon. (g) is a well-known saying in
which “he” is used as an indefinite pronoun
(meaning “anyone,” “any person”).
• An adjective clause with which can also be used to modify the pronoun that. For
example:
We sometimes fear that which we do not understand.
The cake my mother bakes is much better than that which you can buy at a store.
USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
In my class there are 20 students.
Most of them are from the south.
(a) In my class, there are 20 students, most
of whom are from the south.
He gave several reasons.
Only a few of them were valid.
(b) He gave several reasons, only a few of
which were valid.
The teachers discussed Jim.
One of his problems was poor study
habits.
(c) The teachers discussed Jim, one of
whose problems was poor study habits.
An adjective clause may contain an
expression of quantity with of: some of,
many of, most of, none of, two of, half of,
both of, neither of, each of, all of, both of,
several of, a few of, little of, a number of,
etc.
The expression of quantity precedes the
pronoun. Only whom, which, and whose
are used in this pattern.
Adjective clauses that begin with an
expression of quantity are more common in
writing than speaking. Commas are used.
USING WHICH TO MODIFY A WHOLE SENTENCE
Tom was late. That surprised me.
(a) Tom was late, which surprised me.
The elevator is out of order. This is
too bad.
(b) The elevator is out of order, which is
too bad.
An adjective clause with which may
modify the idea of a whole sentence. In (a)
and (b): The word which refers to the
whole sentence: “Tom was late.” and “The
elevator is out of order.”
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES & PHRASES *
Choose the correct answer:
1. Friends are people __________ close to us.
a. who is
b. who are
c. which is
d. which are
2. “Who is eligible for the scholarship?”
“Anyone __________ scholastic record is above average can apply for the
scholarship.”
a. who has a
b. has a
c. who’s a
d. whose
3. Dr. Sales is a person, __________.
a. in whom I don’t have much confidence
b. in that I don’t have much confidence
c. whom I don’t have much confidence in him
d. I don’t have much confidence.
4. “Is April twenty-first the day __________ ?”
“No, the twenty-second.”
a. you’ll arrive then
b. when you’ll arrive
c. on that you’ll arrive
d. when you’ll arrive on
5. The severe drought __________ occurred last summer ruined the corn crop.
a. that is
b. which it
c. it
d. that
6. Florida, __________ the Sunshine State, attracts many tourists every year.
a. that is known as b. known as
c. is known as
d. is
7. The new shopping mall is gigantic. It’s advertised as a place __________ you can find
just about anything you might want to buy.
a. where
b. which
c. in where
d. in that
8. Lola’s marriage has been arranged by her family. She is marrying a man __________.
a. that she hardly knows him
b. whom she hardly knows him
c. she hardly knows
d. she hardly knows him
9. “Is this the address to __________ you want the package sent?”
“Yes.”
a. where
b. that
c. which
d. whom
10. Ann quit her job at the advertising agency, __________ surprised everyone.
a. which
b. that
c. who
d. that it
11. That book is by a famous anthropologist. It’s about the people in Samos __________
for two years.
a. that she lived
b. that she lived among them
c. among whom she lived
d. where she lived among them
12. The missing man’s family is desperately seeking anyone __________ information
about his activities or whereabouts.
a. has
b. having
c. who have
d. have
13. The publishers expect that the new biography of Simon Bolivar will be bought by
people __________ in Latin American history.
a. who they are interested
b. are interested
c. interested
d. they are interested
*
Supplementary to Chapter 9
14. “Do you have the book __________ the teacher?”
“Yes, I do.”
a. that it belongs to
b. to which belongs to
c. to that belongs
d. which belongs to
15. I have three children, __________ are businessmen.
a. that all of them
b. who they all
c. all of whom
d. who all of them
16. “Were you able to locate the person __________ wallet you found ?”
“Luckily, yes.”
a. which
b. that his
c. whose
d. that’s
17. “Why do you get up at 4:00 a.m.?”
“Because it’s the only time __________ without being interrupted.”
a. when I can work on my book
b. when I can work on my book at
c. when I can work on my book then
d. at when I can work on my book
18. “You seem so happy today.”
“I am. You are looking at a person __________ has just been accepted into medical
school !”
a. who
b. who she
c. whom she
d. whom
19. “The movie __________ last night was terrific.”
“What’s it about ?”
a. which I went
b. I went to it
c. which I went to d. that I went
20. Many people lost their homes in the earthquake. The government needs to establish
more shelters to care for those __________ have homes.
a. who doesn’t
b. who don’t
c. which doesn’t
d. which don’t
21. The problem __________ never occurred.
a. I had expected it
b. who I had expected
c. that I had expected it
d. which I had expected
22. I read a book about Picassos, __________.
a. is a Spanish painter
b. who's a Spanish painter
c. Spanish painter
d. that is a Spanish painter
23. “Do you know the place __________ the graduation ceremony will be held?”
“Yes. It’s big enough to hold 5.000 people.”
a. in that
b. where
c. is where that
d. which
24. “Do you remember Mrs. Goddard, __________ taught us English composition?”
“I certainly do.”
a. who
b. whom
c. that
d. which
25. I have always wanted to visit Paris, __________ of France.
a. is the capital
b. which the capital is
c. that is the capital
d. which is the capital
-The End-
KEY
1(b); 2(d); 3(a); 4(b); 5(d); 6(b); 7(a); 8(c); 9(c); 10(a)
11(c); 12(b); 13(c); 14(d); 15(a); 16(c); 17(a); 18(a); 19(c); 20(b)
21(d); 22(b); 23(b); 24(a); 25(d)
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE & PHRASE *
Find out ONE mistake in each sentence and rewrite correctly:
1.
2.
3.
4.
One of the people which I admire the most is my uncle.
Baseball is the kind of sport in that I am interested.
There are many people who is trying to improve the lives of homeless people.
This counselor can have good advice for anyone who want to study a foreign language
better.
5. My classroom is located on the second floor of Palace Hall, that is a large brick
building in the center of campus.
6. When I walked past the cinema, there were a lot of people waited in a long line
outside the ticket box.
7. Students who living on campus are close to their classrooms and the library.
8. A myth is a story expresses traditional beliefs.
9. If you need any information, see the librarian is sitting at the central desk on the
second floor.
10. Seiko was born in Sapporo which is a city in Japan.
11. My favorite place in the world is a small city is located on the southern coast of
Hawaii.
12. Last Sunday I attended a party given by one of my friends. My friend, who his
apartment is in another town, was very glad that I could come.
13. Dr. Killer was the only person whom I wanted to see.
14. These 20 students, are from Cambodia, come here to study English.
15. The people whom we met them on our trip last month are going to visit us in
November.
16. Nobita who is my oldest brother. He is married and has one child now.
17. An old man was fishing next to me on the pier kept muttering himself.
18. People can speak English can be understood in many places.
19. When I was a child, I was always afraid of the beggars whom went from house to
house in my neighborhood.
20. My favorite teacher, the name of which is Doremon, is always willing to help me in
class.
-The end-
*
Supplementary to Chapter 9
KEY
One of the people which I admire the most is my uncle. (whom/ ∅)
Baseball is the kind of sport in that I am interested. (in which)
There are many people who is trying to improve the lives of homeless people. (are)
This counselor can have good advice for anyone who want to study a foreign language
better. (wants/ wanting)
5. My classroom is located on the second floor of Hoa Binh Hall, that is a large brick
building in the center of campus. (which)
6. When I walked past the cinema, there were a lot of people waited in a long line
outside the ticket box. (waiting/ who were waiting)
7. Students who living on campus are close to their classrooms and the library. (live)
8. A myth is a story expresses traditional beliefs. (expressing/ which expresses)
9. If you need any information, see the librarian is sitting at the central desk on the
second floor. (who)
10. Seiko was born in Sapporo which is a city in Japan. (Sapporo, which)
11. My favorite place in the world is a small city is located on the southern coast of
Hawaii. (located/ which is located)
12. Last Sunday I attended a party given by one of my friends. My friend, who his
apartment is in another town, was very glad that I could come. (whose apartment)
13. Dr. Killer was the only person whom I wanted to see. (that/ ∅)
14. These 20 students, are from Cambodia, come here to study English. (who)
15. The people whom we met them on our trip last month are going to visit us in
November. (we met)
16. Nobita who is my oldest brother. He is married and has one child now. (Nobita is)
17. An old man was fishing next to me on the pier kept muttering himself. (who was
fishing)
18. People can speak English can be understood in many places. (People who can speak)
19. When I was a child, I was always afraid of the beggars whom went from house to
house in my neighborhood. (who)
20. My favorite teacher, the name of which is Doremon, is always willing to help me in
class. (whom)
1.
2.
3.
4.
SUMMARY OF BASIC VERB FORM USAGE
IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES *
MEANING
OF THE “IF
CLAUSE”
VERB FORM
IN THE “IF
CLAUSE”
True in the
present/future
simple present
Untrue in the
present/future
Untrue in the
past
simple past
past perfect
VERB FORM
IN THE
“MAIN
CLAUSE”
simple present
(a) If I have enough time, I write
to my parents every week.
simple future (b) If I have enough time
tomorrow, I will write to my
parents.
would + simple (c) If I had enough time now, I
form
would write to my parents.
would have + (d) If I had had enough time, I
past participle would have written to my parents
yesterday.
USING “MIXED TIME” IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Frequently the time in the “if clause” and the time in the “main clause” are different: One
clause may be in the present and the other in the past.
I did not eat breakfast several hours ago, so I am hungry now.
(a) TRUE:
If I had eaten breakfast several hours ago, I would not be hungry
(b)
CONDITIONAL: now.
(past)
(present)
He is not a good student. He did not study for the test yesterday.
(c) TRUE:
If he had had studied for the test yesterday, he would be a good
(d)
CONDITIONAL: student.
(past)
(present)
OMITTING IF
(a) Were I you, I wouldn’t do that.
(b) Had I known, I would have told
you.
(c) Should anyone call, please take a
message.
*
Supplementary to Chapter 10
With were, had (past perfect), and should,
sometimes if is omitted and the subject and
verb are inverted.
In (a): Were I you = If I were you
In (b): Had I known = If I had known
In (c): Should anyone call = If anyone should
call
IMPLIED CONDITIONS
(a) I would have gone with you, but I had to
study.
(Implied condition: ... if I hadn’t had to study)
(b) I never would have succeeded without your
help.
(Implied condition: ... if you hadn’t helped me)
(c) She ran; otherwise, she would have missed her
bus.
Often the “if clause” is implied, not
stated. Conditional verbs are still
used in the “main clause.”
Conditional verbs are frequently
used following otherwise. In (c), the
implied “if clause” is: If she had not
run ...
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with UNLESS - IF - EVEN IF - WHETHER ... or NOT
1. You had to finish your hamburger ___ you didn’t want to.
2. You didn’t have to eat your carrots ___ you didn’t want to.
3. You had to drink your milk ___ you liked it ___.
4. You didn’t have to eat your potatoes ___ you wanted to.
5. He is going fishing ___ it rains ___.
6. Kathy would have eaten the ice cream ___ she hadn’t liked it.
7. ___ the sun shines, the wheat won’t get ripe.
8. The rice wouldn’t have grown ___ it had rained a lot.
9. ___ someone serves her chocolate pies, she’ll eat it.
10. ___ the climate is warm and damp, rice won’t grow well.
Exercise 2: Change the following statements into conditional sentences.
1. I’m hungry now because I didn’t eat dinner. But if ...
2. The room is full of flies because you left the door open. But if ...
3. You are tired this morning because you didn’t go to bed at a reasonable hour last
night. But if ...
4. I didn’t finish my report yesterday, so I can’t begin a new project today. But if ...
5. Helen is sick because she didn’t follow the doctor. But if ...
6. I’m not you, so I didn’t tell him the truth. But if ...
Exercise 3: Give sentences with the same meaning by omitting if from the conditional
sentences.
1. The other team committed a foul, but the referee didn’t see it. If the referee had seen
it, our team would have won the game.
2. Your boss sounds like a real tyrant. If I were you, I would look for another job.
3. You really should learn how to use a computer. If you had used a computer, you could
have finished the work in half the time.
4. I’ll be out of my office until 2:00. If you should need to reach me, I’ll be in the
conference room.
5. The company was on the verge of bankruptcy. If it had gone out of business, hundreds
of people would have lost their livelihood.
6. The artists and creative thinkers throughout the history of the world have changed all
our lives. If they had not dared to be different, the history of civilization would have to
be rewritten.
Exercise 4: Complete the following.
1. If it hadn’t rained, _________________.
2. If it weren’t raining, _________________.
3. You would have passed the test had _________________.
4. It’s a good thing we took a map with us. Otherwise _________________.
5. Without electricity modern life _________________.
6. If you hadn’t reminded me about the meeting tonight, _________________.
7. Should you need any help, _________________.
8. If I could choose any profession I wanted, _________________.
9. If I were at home right now, _________________.
10. Were I you, _________________.
11. What would you do if _________________.
12. Had I known _________________.
13. If I had the chance to live my life over again, _________________.
14. Can you imagine what life would be like if _________________.
15. If I had one extra hour a day, _________________.
KEY
Exercise 1:
1(even if); 2(if); 3(whether … or not); 4(unless); 5(whether … or not)
6(even if); 7(Unless); 8(if); 9(If); 10(Unless)
Exercise 2:
1. I’m hungry now because I didn’t eat dinner. But if ...
But if I had eaten dinner I were not hungry.
2. The room is full of flies because you left the door open. But if ...
But if you had not left the door open the room were not full of flies.
3. You are tired this morning because you didn’t go to bed at a reasonable hour last
night. But if ...
But if you had gone to bed at a reasonable hour last night you were not tired this
morning.
4. I didn’t finish my report yesterday, so I can’t begin a new project today. But if ...
But if I had finished my report yesterday, I could begin a new project today.
5. Helen is sick because she didn’t follow the doctor. But if ...
But if she had followed the doctor, Helen were not sick.
6. I’m not you, so I didn’t tell him the truth. But if ...
But if I were you, I would have told him the truth.
Exercise 3:
1. The other team committed a foul, but the referee didn’t see it. If the referee had
seen it, our team would have won the game.
⇒ Had the referee seen it, our team would have won the game.
2. Your boss sounds like a real tyrant. If I were you, I would look for another job.
⇒ Were I you, I would look for another job.
3. You really should learn how to use a computer. If you had used a computer, you
could have finished the work in half the time.
⇒ Had you used a computer, you could have finished the work in half the time.
4. I’ll be out of my office until 2:00. If you should need to reach me, I’ll be in the
conference room.
⇒ Should you need to reach me, I’ll be in the conference room.
5. The company was on the verge of bankruptcy. If it had gone out of business,
hundreds of people would have lost their livelihood.
⇒ Had the company gone out of business, hundreds of people would have lost
their livelihood.
6. The artists and creative thinkers throughout the history of the world have changed
all our lives. If they had not dared to be different, the history of civilization would
have to be rewritten.
⇒ Hadn’t they dared to be different, the history of civilization would have to be
rewritten.
Exercise 4: Answers can vary.
WISHES AND REGRETS PRACTICE EXERCISE *
1. She failed most of her exams, and now she wishes she __________ harder.
(A) works
(B) worked
(C) would work
(D) had worked
2. I had to get the bus to work every day. I wish I __________ a car.
(A) have got
(B) had
(C) would have
(D) had had
3. The weather's terrible today. I wish it __________ a bit warmer.
(A) is
(B) were
(C) would be
(D) had been
4. It really annoys me that you never do anything around the house! I wish you
__________ from time to time.
(A) wash up
(B) washed up
(C) would wash up (D) had washed up
5. I missed my English class yesterday because I went to the doctor's. I wish I
__________ it.
(A) don't miss
(B) didn't miss
(C) wouldn't miss (D) hadn't missed
6. The last bus always seems to leave early. I wish the driver __________ until the
right time before leaving.
(A) waits
(B) waited
(C) would wait
(D) had waited
7. My sister will have to cancel her party next week. She wishes she __________
cancel it, but she's broken her leg.
(A) doesn't have to
(B) won't have to
(C) didn't have to
(D) wouldn't have to
8. We went to a new restaurant for lunch and I've been feeling sick all afternoon. I
wish we __________ there.
(A) go
(B) didn't go
(C) wouldn't go
(D) hadn't gone
9. The two brothers are always fighting. Their mother wishes they __________.
(A) don't
(B) won't
(C) wouldn’t
(D) hadn’t
10. I gave that man in the pub my phone number. I wish I __________.
(A) won't
(B) didn't have
(C) wouldn't
(D) hadn't
*
Supplementary to Chapter 10
KEY
1(D); 2(D); 3(B); 4(B); 5(D); 6(C); 7(B); 8(D); 9(D); 10(D)
SENTENCE STRUCTURE *
Read the following paragraph and give your comments about its style.
My friend Jenny is an impressive person. She is an impressive person. She is impressive
because of her style. She is impressive because of her activities. She is impressive because
of her goals. Her style of dressing is beautiful. It is also up to date. Her clothes always
look elegant. They also look expensive. But they really aren’t expensive. That is because
she knows how to shop. She also has many activities. She knows how to do silkscreens.
She also knows how to do landscape photography. She can play golf. She can play
racquetball. She can play tennis. She does all of these like an expert. It is not surprising
that she has high goals. She wants to graduate from college. She wants to do this with
honors. She wants to graduate with a major in biology. She later wants to earn a master’s
degree. This will also be in biology. Later she wants to become an oceanographer. This
job will allow her to travel. It will also keep her interested for many years. It will also
give her satisfaction. This is because such work is important. It is important to the future
of the environment.
*
Supplementary to Chapter 11
KEY
Revised paragraph: This paragraph is better improved by combining choppy sentences
into more developed ones.
My friend Jenny is impressive because of her style, her activities, and her goals. Her style
of dressing is beautiful and up to date. Because she knows how to shop, her clothes,
although deceptively inexpensive, always look elegant. Among the many activities at
which she is an expert are silkscreening and landscape photography. She can also play
golf, racquetball, and tennis. Not surprisingly, she has high goals, including graduating
with honors from college with a major in biology. She later wants to earn a master’s
degree in biology and become an oceanographer. This job will give her satisfaction
because such work is important to the environment; it will also keep her interested for
many years because it will allow her to travel.
SENTENCE STRUCTURE *
Identify the following sentence structure: Indicate whether they are simple sentence,
compound sentence, complex sentence, or a compound-complex sentence.
1. Ottawa is the capital of Canada, but Toronto is the capital of Ontario.
B. Compound Sentence
A. Simple Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
B. Complex Sentence
2. Democracy is a noble goal; it is important, however, to protect the minority from
the tyranny of the majority.
B. Compound Sentence
A. Simple Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
B. Complex Sentence
3. I do not own a Porsche.
B. Compound Sentence
A. Simple Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
B. Complex Sentence
4. Call your father as soon as you arrive in Antigonish.
B. Compound Sentence
A. Simple Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
B. Complex Sentence
5. I ate the sushi and left the restaurant.
B. Compound Sentence
A. Simple Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
B. Complex Sentence
6. Unless my girlfriend postpones her visit from Calgary, I will not have time to
study for my exam.
B. Compound Sentence
A. Simple Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
B. Complex Sentence
7. Susanne wanted to be here, but she cannot come because her car is in the shop.
B. Compound Sentence
A. Simple Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
B. Complex Sentence
8. The football game was cancelled because it was raining.
B. Compound Sentence
A. Simple Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
B. Complex Sentence
9. The football game was cancelled because of the rain.
B. Compound Sentence
A. Simple Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
B. Complex Sentence
10. When the train arrives and if Ms. Langlois is on it, she will be served with a
subpoena.
B. Compound Sentence
A. Simple Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
B. Complex Sentence
*
Supplementary to Chapter 11
KEY
1(B); 2(B); 3(A); 4(B); 5(A); 6(B); 7(D); 8(B); 9(A); 10(B)
SENTENCE STRUCTURE *
Choose the correct types of sentences structures. Circle the correct answer.
1. Pauline and Bruno have a big argument every summer over where they should
spend their summer vacation.
a) simple
b) compound
c) complex
d) compound-complex
2. Pauline loves to go to the beach and spend her days sunbathing.
a) simple
b) compound
c) complex
d) compound-complex
3. Bruno, on the other hand, likes the view that he gets from the log cabin up in the
mountains, and he enjoys hiking in the forest.
a) simple
b) compound
c) complex
d) compound-complex
4. Pauline says there is nothing relaxing about chopping wood, swatting mosquitoes,
and cooking over a woodstove.
a) simple
b) compound
c) complex
d) compound-complex
5. Bruno dislikes sitting on the beach; he always gets a nasty sunburn.
a) simple
b) compound
c) complex
d) compound-complex
6. Bruno tends to get bored sitting on the beach, watching the waves, getting sand in
his suit, and reading detective novels for a week.
a) simple
b) compound
c) complex
d) compound-complex
7. Sam will never forget what happened the day he met Sue.
a) simple
b) compound
c) complex
d) compound-complex
8. The cat ran and the dog chased it.
a) simple
b) compound
c) complex
d) compound-complex
9. Late last night the fat, black cat swiftly ran under the speeding blue sports car.
a) simple
b) compound
c) complex
d) compound-complex
10. What a good idea the committee presented.
a) simple
b) compound
c) complex
d) compound-complex
11. Everyone was surprised at what he brought for the picnic.
a) simple
b) compound
c) complex
d) compound-complex
12. That most fast-food meals are high in fat has become an increasing concern.
a) simple
b) compound
c) complex
d) compound-complex
*
Supplementary to Chapter 11
KEY
1(C); 2(A); 3(D); 4(C); 5(B); 6(A); 7(C); 8(B); 9(A); 10(A); 11(C); 12(C)
CLAUSES *
Exercise 1:Identifies each group of words as a dependent clause or an independent
clause. Write D (dependent) or I (independent) on the line next to each sentence.
1. _____ Billie Holiday was a well-known jazz singer
2. _____ she was born in Baltimore in 1915
3. _____ when she was born
4. _____ her father played guitar with Fletcher Henderson
5. _____ after he left his family
6. _____ Holiday first heard Louis Armstrong and Bessie Smith on a Victrola
7. _____ when she was a young girl in Baltimore
8. _____ she first sang in Harlem clubs
9. _____ her voice was heard by John Hammond
10. _____ who was credited for her discovery
11. _____ while she was collaborating with Benny Goodman
12. _____ she made her first recording in 1933
13. _____ which began her singing career
14. _____ she combined Armstrong's swing and Smith's sound
15. _____ which resulted in her own unique style
Exercise 1: Choose the letter (A, B, or C) that is used correctly.
1.
(A) The first skater performed her program while the others watched.
(B) The first skater performed her program as if the others watched.
(C) The first skater performed her program unless the others watched.
2.
(A) This skater, which is a young American, took the ice with confidence.
(B) This skater, who is a young American, took the ice with confidence.
(C) This skater, whom is a young American, took the ice with confidence.
3.
(A) Her first jump, which was perfectly executed, set the tone.
(B) Her first jump, who was perfectly executed, set the tone.
(C) Her first jump, whose was perfectly executed, set the tone.
4.
(A) The other skaters, which look on, marvel at her ability.
(B) The other skaters, whom look on, marvel at her ability.
(C) The other skaters, who look on, marvel at her ability.
5.
(A) Although she is quite small, she performs with great strength.
(B) Unless she is quite small, she performs with great strength.
(C) Whenever she is quite small, she performs with great strength.
*
Supplementary to Chapter 11
6.
(A) Her style showed artistry if her elements showed athleticism.
(B) Her style showed artistry while her elements showed athleticism.
(C) Her style showed artistry whether her elements showed athleticism.
7.
(A) Her music, who was from a Russian ballet, suited her perfectly.
(B) Her music, whose was from a Russian ballet, suited her perfectly.
(C) Her music, which was from a Russian ballet, suited her perfectly.
8.
(A) Her coach, who watched as she landed her final jump, beamed with pride.
(B) Her coach, whom watched as she landed her final jump, beamed with pride.
(C) Her coach, which watched as she landed her final jump, beamed with pride.
9.
(A) Until she skated first, she was able to relax and watch the other skaters.
(B) Since she skated first, she was able to relax and watch the other skaters.
(C) Before she skated first, she was able to relax and watch the other skaters.
10.
(A) She sat with her coach whether the end of the final skater's program.
(B) She sat with her coach until the end of the final skater's program.
(C) She sat with her coach because the end of the final skater's program.
KEY
Exercise 1:
1(I); 2(I); 3(D); 4(I); 5(D); 6(I); 7(D); 8(I); 9(I); 10(D)
11(D); 12(I); 13(D); 14(I); 15(D)
Exercise 2:
1(A); 2(B); 3(A); 4(C); 5(A); 6(B); 7(C); 8(A); 9(B); 10(B)
NOUN CLAUSES*
Exercise 1: Identify the noun clause in the following sentences.
1. How the buildings are constructed to keep their inhabitants cool is one of the most
striking aspects of the Bahraini architecture.
2. What the doctor advised was a vacation away from the hustle and bustle of the city.
3. When the city of Rome was actually founded is a matter of dispute among historians.
4. Marie Curie showed that a woman can be as good as a scientist as a man can be.
5. The general decided which troops were to be moved.
6. By the latest accounts, what really occurred during the fight was censored by the
government.
7. The president told the youths that their journey was a noteworthy achievement.
8. That the city has lost its charm in its zeal to modernize is a common perception.
Exercise 2: Choose the letter of the choice that correctly completes the sentence.
1. Bracewell told the people ________ effect a drought would have on the Great
Plains.
A) that
B) how
C) what
D) then
2. The thieves knew precisely ________ the collection of priceless jewels was hidden.
A) where
B) then
C) who
D) what
3. ________ adults come to night classes eager to learn has been the experience of
most adult education teachers.
A) That
B) When
C) Where
D) Which
4. Just ________ created the fantastic jade masterpiece is unknown.
A) whether
B) why
C) who
D) by whom
5. The report recommended ________ colleges should prize good teaching as well as
good research.
A) not only
B) both
C) that
D) where
6. The secretary identified ________ reports treated new issues as well as old ones.
A) those
B) which
C) that
D) both
7. The coaches taught the contestants ________ they should walk, sit, and even
apply makeup.
A) what
B) which
C) then
D) how
8. Political researchers explained ________ female candidates have a difficult time
raising campaign money.
A) which
B) because
C) the result
D) why
9. Scientists cannot agree on ________ related to other orders of insects.
A) that fleas are
B) how fleas are
C) how are fleas
D) fleas that are
10. ________ begin their existence as ice crystals over most of the earth seems likely.
A) Raindrops
B) If raindrops
C) What if raindropsD) That raindrops
11. Do you know ________? I myself have no idea.
A) how many years the earth is
B) how old the earth is
C) how long is the earth
D) how much time has been the earth
12. When ________ is not known.
A) was the wheel invented
B) the invention of the wheel
C) inventing the wheel
D) the wheel was invented
*
Supplementary to Chapter 12
KEY
Exercise 1:
1. How the buildings are constructed to keep their inhabitants cool is one of the
most striking aspects of the Bahraini architecture.
2. What the doctor advised was a vacation away from the hustle and bustle of the
city.
3. When the city of Rome was actually founded is a matter of dispute among
historians.
4. Marie Curie showed that a woman can be as good as a scientist as a man can be.
5. The general decided which troops were to be moved.
6. By the latest accounts, what really occurred during the fight was censored by the
government.
7. The president told the youths that their journey was a noteworthy achievement.
8. That the city has lost its charm in its zeal to modernize is a common perception.
Exercise 2:
1(A); 2(A); 3(A); 4(C); 5(C); 6(C); 7(D); 8(D); 9(B); 10(D); 11(B); 12(D)
REVISION OF GRAMMAR *
1. When we study rules of a language, we study __________.
2. In studying English grammar we refer to basic classes of words in the language. These
words are known as the __________.
3. There are (six, eight, ten) parts of speech.
4. Words that name persons, places, things, concepts, qualities, and actions are known as
__________.
5. Circle the nouns in the following list: office, cruelty, think, thought, truly, truth,
Robert.
6. Underline the nouns in the following sentence: Professor Stanley from the local
college is offering classes in business writing on Thursdays.
7. A word that can take the place of a noun is a __________.
8. Circle the pronouns in the following list: I, you, very, some, they, five, Mary
9. The noun to which a pronoun refers is known as its __________.
10. Circle the pronouns in the following sentences. Draw a line to their antecedents.
a) Madeleine asked her supervisor for details.
b) John told me that his brother was touring the plant.
c) I understand from Carole that her new home computer has its own printer.
11. A verb is a word that shows (a) action, (b) state of being, (c) either action or state of
being
12. Circle the action verbs in the following list: write, is, love, compose, learns, walked,
will be
13. Another name for a state-of-being verb is a __________ verb.
14. Circle the linking verb in the following list: was, would, have been, thought, am, teach
15. In order to be a sentence, a statement (must have, need not have) at least one verb. A
sentence (may, may not) have more than one verb.
16. Which of the following statements do not contain verbs?
a) The home computer market
b) The market is expanding
c) The market in home computers
d) The market has expanded
17. On Tuesday morning after the workshop, the department heads met. The subject is
__________; the predicate is __________.
18. A sentence is a group of words that contains a __________ and a __________ and
expresses a complete __________.
19. To find the object of a verb, ask yourself what or __________ after the verb.
20. A verb that takes an object is called a __________ verb. A verb that does not need an
object is called an __________ verb.
21. The two parts of speech that describe or modify other words are called __________
and __________.
22. What is the plural of Mr.? __________; of Mrs.? __________; of Miss __________?
23. Most nouns change from singular to plural simply by adding the letter __________.
*
Revision of Chapters 1-12
24. Most nouns that end in the sound of /sh/, /s/, /x/, /z/ or /ch/ form their plurals by
adding __________. Write the plurals of glass __________, fox __________, watch
__________, and wish __________.
25. Some nouns have special foreign plural forms. How would you write these correctly?
phenomenon __________, alumnus __________, thesis __________, and criterion
__________.
26. Some nouns form their plurals either by some irregular change (ox – oxen) or by not
changing the singular (sheep – sheep). How would you write the plurals of deer
__________, series __________, goose __________, and gross __________?
27. It was (they, them) who signed the petition. The correct pronoun is __________.
28. Sometimes self or selves is added to some forms of the personal pronoun to form
__________ personal pronouns.
29. Fill in the correct form of reflexive pronouns: (a) she hurt __________. (b) He gave
__________ a bonus.
30. My manager expects every typist to do (his, their) best. The antecedent to the pronoun
is __________ which is (singular, plural). Therefore, the correct pronoun is
__________.
31. This is a partial list of indefinite pronouns: anybody, anyone, each, everybody,
everyone, nobody, no one, somebody, someone. When used as an antecedent, each of
these expressions calls for a (singular, plural) pronoun.
32. A phrase (a group of words) which comes between the singular antecedent and the
pronoun does not alter the fact that the pronoun is singular. Each of the women
executives has (her, their) duties cut out for (her, them).
33. It is important to avoid the use of pronouns that are not clearly understood. In this
sentence, which pronoun is not clear? John told his brother that he was late.
34. Circle the correct pronoun in these sentences:
a) He would rather work for Ms. Stein than (I, me).
b) The boss divided the work between (she, her) and (I, me).
35. In the sentence, the flower smells sweet, the verb smells is a(n) (action, linking) verb.
36. In the following groups of verbs, two are always action verbs: the others are usually
linking verbs. Circle the two action verbs: appear, become, seems, write, feel, speak.
37. The form of the principal verb used in all perfect tenses is called the __________.
38. Identify the tenses of the verb in each sentence. Is the verb correct or incorrect?
a) I am in this office for a year already. b) I have been in this office for a year already.
39. Circle the verbs in this sentence and indicate the tense of each: Joe had expected the
promotion, but Lee arrived, and nothing has been the same since.
40. A quantity that is the subject may look plural, but if it represents one lump sum, it is
singular. Example: Five dollars (was, were) a lot for a tip.
41. Which verb correctly completes this sentence? The faculty (is, are) arguing among
themselves.
42. Choose the correct verb: The sales representatives or their manager (is, are) able to
do the job.
43. The word none may be either singular or plural. Most often it is considered
__________ and therefore requires a singular predicate.
44. Some may be singular or plural. If the noun in the of phrase that follows some is
singular, then some is singular. Some of the work (is, are) too hard.
45. Fractions used as subjects follow the same rules as some; that is, if the phrase
following the fraction has a singular noun, the predicate is __________; if the phrase
has a plural noun, the predicate is __________.
a) one-third of the mechanics (has, have) arrived.
b) Fifty percent of the stock (is, are) worthless.
46. An adjective is a word that describes a __________ or __________.
47. Farther and further are adjectives that are sometimes confused. The word that refers
to an actual physical distance is __________.
48. Circle the misplaced adjective: The six first people at the concert were relatives.
49. Insert a or an: __________ unique problem; __________ usual offer; __________
unusual offer; __________ error; __________ honest mistake
50. The article the repeated in the sentence The president and the treasurer spoke, means
that (one, two) people are involved.
51. An adverb usually answers which of the following questions? (a) how, (b) when, (c)
where, (d) to what degree, (e) all of the above.
52. Circle the two misspelled adverbs: separately, accidentally, minutly, purposly.
53. To form the adverb from an adjective ending in -able or -ible, as in noticeable, drop
the __________ and add __________.
54. Altogether and all together are sometimes confused. __________ means many
combined; __________ means completely.
55. Adverbs may be compared just like adjectives. Write the comparative and superlative
for these adverbs:
soon
_______
_______
quietly _______
_______
well
_______
_______
56. To review of adverbs: (a) An adverb modifies a __________, an __________, or
another __________. (b) It usually answers the question __________, __________,
__________, and to __________. (c) It often ends in the letters __________.
57. An infinitive may be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. To listen is important. To
listen is used as the __________ of the verb is.
58. Filing is tedious work. In this sentence filing is a __________. She was filing the
letters. In this sentence, filing is a __________.
59. Circle the correct answer: a) We were surprised at (him, his) leaving so soon; b)
(Jean, Jean’s) quitting came as a complete shock.
60. If the participle does not clearly relate to the noun that it modifies, it is called a
dangling modifier. Circle the dangling participle here: Walking along the street, the
store came in sight.
KEY
1. (grammar)
2. Parts of speech / Word classes
3. eight
4. Nouns
5. office, cruelty, thought, truth, Robert
6. Professor , Stanley, college, classes, business, writing, Thursdays
7. Pronoun
8. I, you, some, they
9. Antecedent
10. a) her ⇒ Madeleine; b) his ⇒ John; c) her ⇒ Carole; its ⇒ computer
11. (c)
12. write, compose, learns, walked
13. Non-action verb.
14. was, have been, am
15. must have / may
16. (a); (c)
17. the department heads / met
18. subject / predicate / idea (meaning)
19. whom
20. transitive / intransitive
21. adjective / adverb
22. Messrs. / Mmes / Misses
23. -s
24. –es / glasses; foxes; watches; wishes
25. phenomena; alumni; theses; criteria
26. deer; series; geese; gross
27. they
28. reflexive
29. herself / himself
30. typist / singular / his
31. singular
32. her / her
33. he can refers to either John or his brother
34. a) me; b) her / me
35. linking
36. write, speak.
37. participle
38. a: incorrect; b: correct
39. had expected: past perfect; arrived: past; has been: present perfect
40. was
41. are
42. is
43. singular
44. is
45. singular / plural ; a) have; b) is
46. noun / pronoun
47. Farther
48. The first six people at the concert were relatives.
49. a / a / an / an / an
50. two
51. (e)
52. minutly, purposly
53. e / ly
54. all together / altogether
55. sooner – soonest; more quietly – most quietly; better - best
56. verb / adjective / adverb; how /when / where / to what degree ; -ly
57. subject
58. gerund / present participle
59. a) his ; b) Jean’s
60. The store could not walk. Rewrite: While we were walking along the street, the store
came in sight.
SAMPLE PRACTICE TEST
Level C
Time allotted: 45 minutes
This test paper consists of 4 printed pages. Questions are numbered from 01 to 48.
PART I: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence. On the answer sheet,
blacken the letter (A, B, C, or D) of your choice with a pencil.
1. John _____ quite ill in the past few days.
(A) had became
(B) had become
(C) has became
(D) has become
2. The economic theorist who has perhaps most influenced government policy making in
the last years _____ John Maynard Keynes.
(A) is
(B) are
(C) have been
(D) has being
3. Instead of _____ about the good news, Tom seemed to be indifferent.
(A) exciting
(B) being excited (C) to excite
(D) to be excited
4. Most major surveys in recent years _____ that Americans are satisfied with their
family life.
(A) have find
(B) find
(C) has found
(D) have found
5. A person who is physically fit _____ the same weight.
(A) should be able stay
(B) should to be able stay
(C) should being able to stay
(D) should be able to stay
6. Syrup of ipecac _____ the best known antidote to most poisons.
(A) maybe
(B) may to be
(C) may be
(D) may being
7. Homesickness _____ a problem for students studying far from their homes.
(A) have often been
(B) has often been
(C) has been often
(D) has often being
8. Orbiting from 2.7 to 3.6 billion miles from the sun, _____.
(A) the astronomer Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto in 1930
(B) Pluto was discovered by the astronomer Clyde Tombaugh in 1930
(C) it was in 1930 that the astronomer Clyden Tombaugh discovered Pluto
(D) the discovery of Pluto was made by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930
9. John _____ never complaining with his work.
(A) be know for
(B) is know for
(C) is known for
(D) was known for
10. Yesterday I _____ to a furniture store. I bought a new lamp there.
(A) could go
(B) went
(C) could have gone (D) ought to have gone
11. Nowadays the majority of overseas telephone calls _____ by satellite.
(A) transmit
(B) transmitting
(C) are transmitted
(D) are transmitting
12. Their house _____ three times since they bought it twenty years ago.
(A) has been redecorated
(B) had been redecorated
(C) has been redecorating
(D) has redecorated
13. Please forgive me. I didn’t mean _____ you.
(A) upsetting
(B) being upset
(C) to upset
(D) to be upset
14. Before turning on the switch, make sure the machine _____.
(A) plugs in
(B) is plugged in
(C) has plugged in
(D) be plugged in
15. I know you feel bad now, Tommy, but try to put out of you mind. By the time you’re
an adult, you _____ all about it.
(A) forget
(B) will have forgotten
(C) will be forgetting
(D) forgot
16. _____ saying was so important that I asked everyone to stop talking and listen.
(A) What the woman was
(B) The woman was
(C) That the woman was
(D) What was the woman
17. The earth _____ on the sun for its heat and light.
(A) is depend
(B) depending
(C) has depend
(D) depends
18. _____ taking me downtown on your way to work this morning? ~ Not at all.
(A) Can you
(B) Why don’t you
(C) Would you mind
(D) Could you please
19. Is this the address to _____ you want the package sent? ~ Yes.
(A) where
(B) that
(C) which
(D) whom
20. Ed was new on the job, but he quickly fit himself into the _____ routine of the office.
(A) established
(B) establishing
(C) establishes
(D) establish
21. Ann quit her job at the advertising agency, _____ surprised everyone.
(A) which
(B) that
(C) who
(D) that it
22. The man died because medical help was not summoned. A doctor should _____
immediately.
(A) have called
(B) been called
(C) called
(D) have been called
23. We were shocked to hear the news of your _____.
(A) having fired
(B) having been fired
(C) to be fired
(D) to have been fired
24. It is hoped that all present-day communicable diseases will be conquered. However,
_____ about certain diseases is still not sufficient to prevent them from spreading
easily among the population.
(A) what we know
(B) what do we know
(C) what we know that
(D) that we know what
25. Some fish is frozen, but _____ is best.
(A) fish is fresh
(B) fresh fish
(C) fish fresh
(D) fresh fish is caught
26. How’s your class this term? ~ Great. I have seventeen students, most of _____ speak
English very well.
(A) who
(B) those
(C) whom
(D) which
PART II: Choose one error among the underlined parts in each sentence. On the
answer sheet, blacken the letter (A, B, C, or D) of your choice with a pencil.
27. The most widely used material for package consumer goods is cardboard.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
28. Medical students must to study both the theory and practice of medicine.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
29. An individual may feel frustratedly if she has difficulties in speaking the
(A)
(B)
(C)
language where she is living.
(D)
30. Long before the Prime Minister left for Canada, she had discussing the
(A)
(B)
(C)
issue in depth with the entire cabinet.
(D)
31. By the time that the report is finished, the committee will have spending
(A)
(B)
(C)
over two months working on it?
(D)
32. Since the Depression of the 1930s, the farm population in the United States
(A)
(B)
have dropped from around 30 percent to less than 4 percent.
(C)
(D)
33. She would much rather to exercise moderately than strenuously.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
34. A person may had had a heart attack if he or she has chest pain and
(A)
(B)
(C)
breathing difficulties.
(D)
35. Most people who eat a healthy diet should be able get all the calcium
(A)
(B)
they need from their normal food intake.
(C)
(D)
36. Difficulties with culture shock are often relate to an individual’s ability to
(A)
(B)
(C)
speak the language of the country where she is living.
(D)
37. The top floor of the parking structure collapsed during the earthquake and
(A)
could not used for the next six months.
(B)
(C)
(D)
PART III: Read the following paragraph about a survey. Choose the letter of the
correct answer to complete the blanks. On the answer sheet, blacken the letter (A, B, C,
or D) of your choice with a pencil.
In a recent survey _____62 by Leisurama, 150 agents _____63 to solve certain holiday
problems. As a result, it _____64 that most travel agents frequently give inaccurate
information and unsound advice. They simply did not know _____65 about the places that
they recommended.
When a tourist asked a travel agent _____66 a hotel on the Greek island of Corfu, the
travel agent booked a hotel on the Island of Kos, 500 miles away. When they _____67 for
advice about crossing the Adriatic Sea from Italy to Corfu, several travel agents said it
_____68 impossible to go by sea. Two others suggested _____69 all the way round to the
Greek mainland.
Many agents didn’t know whether visas _____70 for certain countries and some didn’t
even know _____71 the local money was called.
Leisurama said that they often received better advice from students who were able to use
_____72 the reference books and guides which were available.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
(A) conduct
(A) were inviting
(A) found
(A) enough
(A) recommending
(A) were asked
(A) is being
(A) to drive
(A) requires
(A) what
(A) all
(B) conducting
(B) invited
(B) was found
(B) too
(B) recommend
(B) asked
(B) has been
(B) drive
(B) are required
(B) how
(B) every
© conducted
© inviting
© finds
© very
© to recommend
© asking
© will be
© for driving
© were required
© whether
© any
(D) to conduct
(D) were invited
(D) was finding
(D) so
(D) recommended
(D) were asking
(D) was
(D) driving
(D) required
(D) where
(D) each
-THE END-
KEY
PART I:
1. (D)
7. (C)
13. (C)
19. (C)
25. (B)
2. (A)
8. (B)
14. (B)
20. (B)
26. (C)
3. (B)
9. (C)
15. (B)
21. (A)
4. (D)
10. (B)
16. (A)
22. (D)
5. (D)
11. (C)
17. (D)
23. (B)
6. (C)
12. (A)
18. (C)
24. (A)
PART II:
27. (C)
32. (C)
37. (B)
28. (A)
33. (B)
29. (C)
34. (A)
30. (C)
35. (B)
31. (C)
36. (C)
39. (D)
44. (D)
40. (B)
45. (D)
41. (A)
46. (C)
42. (C)
47. (A)
PART III:
38. (C)
43. (A)
48. (A)