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LIST OF ENTRIES VOLUME I Abantes Abdera Abduction Abgar Legend Abgig Abinnaeus archive Aborigines Abraxas Abu Gurob Abu Mina Abu Rawash (Abu Roash) Abu Simbel Abu Sir Abydos, Egypt Abzu (apsû) Academy Acca Larentia Acclamations Accounting, Egyptian Accounting, Greece and Rome Accounting, Mesopotamian Acculturation Accusatio Achaemenid Dynasty Achaia Achaia Phthiotis Achaian League Achaian War Achaians Achaios Acharnai Achilles Achilles Tatius Acilius, Gaius Acilius Glabrio, Manius Acrocorinth Acropolis Acta Acta Martyrum Actia Actio Actium Actor (accusator, petitor) Actor, actress Acts of the Apostles Adad (Haddu) Adad-guppi Adad-nirari III Adaeratio Adaima Adapa Adeia Adeimantos Adfinitas Adiabene Adiabene, ruling dynasty of Adlocutio Administration, ancient Near East Administration, Byzantine Administration, Greece Administration, Hellenistic Administration, Late Antique Administration, Late Antique Egypt Administration, Pharaonic Egypt Administration, Ptolemaic Egypt Administration, Roman Administration, Roman Egypt Adolescence Adonis Adoption Adoptionism Adramyttion Adrasteia Adrastos of Aphrodisias Adria Adrianople, battle of x LIST OF ENTRIES Adriatic Sea Adrogatio Adû Adultery Adulthood Adventus Adversus Iudaeos Aediles Aedituus Aedui Aegean Sea (Bronze Age) Aegean Sea (Classical and later) Aegyptus Aelia Capitolina Aelianus, Claudius Aelius Aristides Aemilian (Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus Augustus) Aemilius Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Paullus, Lucius Aemilius Paullus, Lucius Aeneas Aeneas Tacticus Aequi Aequitas Aerarium Aerarium militare Aes alienum Aeschines Aeschylus Aesculapius Aesop Aesthetics Aestimatio litis Aeternitas Aetios of Amida Aetna, poem Africa, Byzantine Africa Proconsularis African War (Bellum Africum) Afterlife, Greece and Rome Afterlife, Judaism and Christianity Afterlife, Pharaonic Egypt Agamemnon Agape Agatharchides of Knidos Agathias Agathokles, Ptolemaic minister Agathokles, son of Lysimachos Agathokles of Syracuse Agathos Daimon Age Age-class (ephebes, neoi) Agentes in rebus Ager publicus Agesilaos Agia Irini on Keos Agia Triada in Crete Agios Kosmas in Attica Agis II and III of Sparta Agis IV of Sparta Agnates Agnatio Agnostos Theos Agoge Agon Agonistic festivals, Roman Empire Agora Agoranomoi Agrapha Iesou Agraphoi nomoi Agrarian laws Agrarian writers, agronomists Agri Decumates Agricola, Gnaeus Iulius Agriculture, ancient Near East Agriculture, Byzantine Agriculture, Greek Agriculture, Pharaonic Egypt Agriculture, Roman Empire Agriculture, Roman Republic Agrionia Agrippa I Agrippa II Agrippina the Elder Agrippina the Younger Agron, Illyrian A-Group Agyrrhios Ahab of Israel Ahhiyawa Ahhotep Ahiqar Ahmose I LIST OF ENTRIES Ahmose II (Amasis) Ahmose Nefertiry Ahriman Ahura Mazda Ai Khanum Aidos Aigai Aigeira Aigina Aigospotamoi, battle of Aiolians Aiolis Aisymnetes Aitia Aitolia Aitolian League Aizanoi Ajax Akakios, patriarch and schism Akarnanian League Akephalos Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) Akhmim Akiba, Rabbi Akitu Akkad (Agade) Akkadian language Akoe Akragas (Agrigentum) Akribeia Akrotiri Al Mina Ala Alabanda Alalah ˘ Alamanni Alans Alaric Alashiya Albania Album Alburnus Maior Alchemy Aleria, Alalia Alesia Aletheia Aleuadai Alexander I of Epirus Alexander I of Macedon Alexander II of Epirus Alexander II of Macedon Alexander III, the Great Alexander IV, son of Alexander III Alexander of Alexandria Alexander Balas Alexander historians Alexander Jannaeus Alexander, nephew of Gonatas Alexander of Pherai Alexander of Tralles Alexandra Salome Alexandria ad Issum Alexandria Arachosia Alexandria Ariana Alexandria (Egypt) Alexandria (Egypt), Catechetical School of Alexandria (Egypt), city laws of Alexandria Eschate Alexandria in Margiana Alexandria Oxiana Alexandria Paropamisadai Alexandrian War (Bellum Alexandrinum) Alimenta schemes Alinda Alkaios of Mytilene Alkibiades Alkimos, Jewish high priest Alkmaion of Kroton Alkmaionidai Allegory Allegory, Jewish Alluviation Almanacs, Babylonian Alphabet, Greek Alphabets, Italy Alphabets and scripts, ancient Near East Alphabets and scripts, Judaism Alphabets and scripts, Late Antiquity Alps Altar Amarna Amarna letters Amarynthos Amathus xi xii LIST OF ENTRIES Amazons Ambarvalia Amber Ambrakia Ambrakos Ambrose Amenemhat I–VII Amenhotep (Amenophis) I–III Amenhotep, son of Hapu Amicitia Amida Ammianus Marcellinus Ammisaduqa, Venus Tablet of Amnesty Amnisos Amorgos Amorites Amphiareion sanctuary Amphictyony Amphictyony, Delphic Amphidamas Amphidromia Amphilochia Amphipolis Amphissa Amphitheater Amphora stamps Amplificatio (auxesis) Amr Amulets, Christian Amulets, Egypt Amulets, Greece and Rome Amulets, Jewish Amun-Re Amurru Amyklai and Amyklaion Anahita Anakes Anakrisis Analemma Ananke Anastasios I Anastasios of Sinai Anastasius Bibliothecarius Anat Anatolia Anatomical votives Anatomy Anavyssos Anaxagoras Anaxarchos of Abdera Anaxilaos of Larissa Anaxilaos of Rhegion Anaximander of Miletos Ancestors, worship of Anchisteia Ancus Marcius Andocides Andrew, Acts of Andriskos Andron Androna/Andarin Andros, history and political organization Andros, topography and archaeology Androtion Andurārum Angaria Angels, Christian Angels, Jewish Angitia Anglo-Saxons Animal mummies Animals, domesticated Animals, Egyptian sacred Animals, Greece and Rome Animals, non-domesticated (Egypt) Anitta Ankhesenpepy II Ankyra Anna Perenna Annales Maximi Annalists, Roman Annona Anonymus Londiniensis VOLUME II Anshan Antalkidas Antesignani Antestatio Anthemios of Tralles LIST OF ENTRIES Anthesteria Anthropology Antidosis Antigonids Antigonos I Monophthalmos Antigonos II Gonatas Antigonos III Doson Antigonos of Nicaea Antigraphe, -eus Antikythera Mechanism Antinoopolis Antinoos Antioch in Persis Antioch in Syria Antiochos I of Kommagene Antiochos I Soter Antiochos II Theos Antiochos III Megas Antiochos IV Epiphanes Antiochos V Eupator Antiochos VII Sidetes Antiochos of Athens Antiochos Hierax Antiochos of Syracuse Antipater Antiphon of Rhamnous Antiquarianism Antiquities Service, Egypt, history of Antisemitism, anti-Judaism Antisthenes of Rhodes Antonia Minor Antonine Wall Antoninus Pius (Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius) Antonius, Marcus (Mark Antony) Antonius Saturninus, Lucius Antony Antyllos Anu Anubis Anunnaki and Igigi Anytos Anzu (Imdugud) Aoros Apadana Apagoge Apame, wife of Seleukos I Apamea, Peace of Apamea, Syria Apartment buildings Apatouria Apellai Apelles, Marcionite theologian Aphaia in Aigina Aphrahat Aphrodisias (Ninoe) Aphrodite Apion Apiones Apis Apocalypse of Abraham Apocalypse of Zephaniah Apocalypses Apocalypses, Christian Apocalypses, Jewish Apocalypticism in Early Christianity Apocrypha, Christian Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha, Jewish Apocryphon of Ezekiel Apodektai Apographe Apoikia (overseas settlement) Apollo Apollo Maleatas sanctuary Apollodoros of Alexandria Apollodoros of Damascus Apollodoros, son of Pasion Apollonia Salbake Apollonios of Kition Apollonios Molon Apollonios of Perge Apollonios, Ptolemaic minister Apollonis, wife of Attalos I Apollonius Rhodius Apollonius of Tyana Apologists Apophasis Apophthegmata Patrum Apostasy, Jewish Apostle Apostles’ Creed Apostolic Fathers Apostolic succession Apotheosis and heroization xiii xiv LIST OF ENTRIES Apotimema Apotropaic gods Appian of Alexandria Apprenticeship Approximation Appuleius Saturninus, Lucius Apuleius Apulia Apulum/Alba Iulia (Romania) Aquae Mattiacae (Wiesbaden) Aquae Sextiae Aquae Sulis (Bath) Aquila and Theodotion, Greek translations of the Bible of Aquileia Aquincum (Budapest) Ara Pacis Augustae Ara Pietatis Arabia, Roman province Arabia Felix Arabian Gulf Arabic and old Arabic Arabs Aram, Aramaeans Aramaic and Syriac Aramaic Levi Document Aratos of Sikyon Aratos of Soloi Aratta Arausio (Orange) Araxes Arbitration, international Arbitration, legal Arcadia Arcadia, Egypt Arcadian League Arcadius Arcarius Archaism Archanes Archelaos Archelaos of Cappadocia Archelaos, son of Herod Archers, archery Arches, honorific and triumphal Archias of Corinth Archidamos Archilochos Archimedes of Syracuse Archinos Archisynagogos Architects Architecture, ancient Near East Architecture, Byzantine Architecture, civic, Roman Empire Architecture, Egyptian Architecture, Greek Architecture, Roman Republic Archives Archon/archontes Archytas of Tarentum Arelate (Arles) Arena Areopagos Ares Aretaios of Cappadocia Areus of Sparta Argeads Argei Arginousai, battle of Argive Heraion Argolis Argos Ariadne, empress Ariarathid Dynasty Ariminum (Rimini) Ariobarzanid Dynasty Aristagoras of Miletos Aristaios, mathematician Aristarchus of Samos Aristeas, Letter of Aristides Aristides (“the Just”) Aristides Quintilianus Aristoboulos of Kassandreia Aristobulus I Aristobulus II Aristocracy, Byzantine Aristocracy, Greek Aristonikos Aristophanes Aristophanes of Byzantium Aristotle Aristotle, biology LIST OF ENTRIES Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians Aristotle, cosmology Aristotle, mathematics Aristotle, Meteorology Aristotle, Physics Aristotle, political thought Aristotle, psychology Aristoxenos of Tarentum Arius and Arianism Armant (Hermonthis) Armenia Armenians Armilustrium, Tubilustrium Arminius Army, ancient Near East Army, Byzantium Army cult, Roman Army, Greece Army, Hellenistic Army, Late Antiquity Army, Pharaonic Egypt Army, Roman Empire Aromata Emporion Arretium Arrha, arrhabon Arrhephoria Arrian (Arrianus, Lucius Flavius) Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus, Lucius Arsaces Arsamosata Arsinoe I Arsinoe II Philadelphos Arsinoe III Arsinoe, Fayyum Art, Egypt Art, Greece Art, Late Antiquity and Byzantium Art, Roman Artapanos Artemidoros of Ephesos Artemis Artemis Brauron sanctuary Artemis Limnatis sanctuary Artemisia Artillery Artisans, ancient Near East Artisans, Greece and Rome Artisans, Pharaonic Egypt Artisans, trades, and guilds, Late Antiquity Arval Brothers Aryans Asandros, satrap of Caria Ascension of Isaiah Ascesis/asceticism Asebeia Ashdod (Azotus) Asherah Ashur Ashurbanipal (Assurbanipal) Asia Minor Asia Minor, Byzantine Asia Minor, Hellenistic Asia, Roman province of Asiarch Asine Asinius Pollio, Gaius Asklepiades of Bithynia Asklepieion sanctuary Asklepios Askra Asoka Aspasia Aspendos Assault, Greek and Roman Assemblies, ancient Near East Assessores Assidui Assinnum Assiros, Macedonia Associations, Greek and Roman Assumption of Moses Aššur-uballit: I Assyria Assyrian kings, Middle Assyrian period Assyrian kings, Neo-Assyrian period Assyrian kings, Old Assyrian period Asthma Astral deities, Greece and Rome Astra(m)psychus Astrolabes, Babylonian Astrology, ancient Near East Astrology, Byzantine xv xvi LIST OF ENTRIES Astrology, Greece and Rome Astrology, Jewish Astrometeorology Astronomical ceilings, Egypt Astronomy, ancient Near East Astronomy, Egyptian Astronomy, pre-Ptolemaic Astronomy, Ptolemaic Astyages Astynomoi, law of the (Pergamon) Astypalaia Aswan and hinterlands Asylia Asyut Atargatis Ateleia Atellane farce Aten/Aton Athanasius Atheism, Greece and Rome Athena Athenaeus of Attaleia Athenaeus Mechanicus Athenaeus of Naukratis Athenagoras Athenian Confederacy, Second Athens Athletes Athos mountain Athribis, Tell Atrib Atia Atimia Atomism Atonement, doctrine of Atrahasis Atrium Attaleia Attalos I Attalos II Attalos III Atthidographers Atticism Atum Auctions Aufidius Bassus Augures, augury, auspices Augusta Emerita (Mérida) Augusta Praetoria (Aosta) Augusta Raurica (Augst) Augusta Treverorum (Trier) Augusta Vindelicum (Augsburg) Augustales Augustalia Augustamnica Augusti liberti Augustine of Hippo Augustodunum (Autun) Augustus (Imperator Caesar Augustus) Aulis Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus Augustus) Ausonius Autarky, self-sufficiency Autochthony Autolycus of Pitane Autonomy Autopatheia Autopsy Autourgia Auxilia Avaris/Tell el-Dab’a Avars Aventicum (Avenches) Avesta Avidius Cassius, Gaius Awı̄lum, muškēnum, and wardum Axones Axum Ay Aziru of Amurru Babatha Babylon Babylon-Fustat Babylonian exile of the Jews Bacchanal(ia) Bacchiadai Bacchylides Bactria Badarian Baetica Bagrada Bahariya Oasis Baitokaike LIST OF ENTRIES Bakenrenef (Bokkhoris) Bala (palû) Balaam Balbinus and Pupienus Balbus, surveyor Balih Balsam Banditry, brigandage Banks Banquets, ancient Near East Banquets, Byzantine Baptism Baptisteries Bar Kokhba, Shime’on Barbarians, barbaroi Barbarikon Barbegal Barcino (Barcelona) Bardesanes Bardylis Bargylia Barley Barnabas, Epistle of Barter Baruch, Books of (1, 2, 3 Baruch) Basil of Caesarea Basileus/autokrator, Byzantine Basileus, Greece Basilica Basiliscus Basketry, matting, cordage Bassai sanctuary Bastard (nothos) Bastet Batavians Baths, bathing Battiads Battle narratives Beauty Beer, ancient Near East Beer, Greek and Roman world VOLUME III Bees Beggars Behbeit el-Hagar Belenus Belial/Beliar Belisarius Bellona Belshazzar Bematists Ben Sira, Wisdom of (Ecclesiasticus) Bendis Benedict of Nursia Benefactors Beneficiarii Beneventum Beni Hasan Berbati Berbers and Moors Berenike, daughter of Agrippa I Berenike, Egypt Berenike I, wife of Ptolemy I Berenike II, wife of Ptolemy III Beroia Berossos of Babylon Berytus Bes Bessos Beth Shean (Skythopolis) Beth She‘arim Bethlehem Bible, Hebrew Bible, Syriac translations of Bible, translation and diffusion Bibracte (Mont Beuvray) Bilharzia Bilingualism Biography Biology Birds, Greece and Rome Birds, Pharaonic Egypt Birth control Birth, registrations of Birthday Bishop Bisitun Bit hilani Bithynia xvii xviii LIST OF ENTRIES Biton of Pergamon Bitumen, ancient Egypt Black people Black Sea Blemmyes Blindness Body, human Boethius Boiotia Boiotian League Bona Dea Bona fides Bononia (Boulogne) Bonorum possessio Book of Zerubbabel Books Books and book culture, Byzantine Booty, Byzantine Booty, Greece and Rome Borsippa Boscoreale Boscotrecase Botany Boudica Boukoloi Boule Boulomenos, ho Boundary disputes Bouphonia Brasidas Brass Bread Brennodurum (Berne) Brennos Bricks and brick making, ancient Near East Bricks and brick making, Roman Brigantia Britannia, Roman Empire Bronze Bronze coinage Brother–sister marriage Brundisium Brutus, Lucius Iunius Brutus, Marcus Iunius Bu Njem Bubastis/Tell Basta Bucellarii Building materials and techniques, Byzantine Building materials and techniques, Greek and Roman Building materials and techniques, Pharaonic Egypt Bulgaria and Bulgars Bulla Bulla Regia Bullion Burdigala (Bordeaux) Burial clubs Burial, Greece Burial, Jewish Burial, Pharaonic Egypt Burial, Roman Burna-Buriash Bury, John Bagnell (1861–1927) Buthrotum/Bouthrotos (Butrint, Albania) Buto/Tell el-Farain Byblos Byssos Byzantine era Byzantine rite Byzantium Byzantium, political structure Caecilii Metelli Caecina Alienus, Aulus Caecina Severus, Aulus Caelestis Caelius Aurelianus Caelius Mons Caelius Rufus, Marcus Caesar Augusta (Zaragoza) Caesar (title) Caesarea (Cherchel) Caesarea Maritima Caesarius of Arles Caesaropapism Caiaphas Cairo Genizah, Late Antique Jewish texts from Calauria and the Calaurian amphictyony Caledonia Calendar, ancient Near East LIST OF ENTRIES Calendar, Byzantine Calendar, Greco-Roman Egypt Calendar, Greek Calendar, Jewish Calendar of lucky and unlucky days Calendar, Roman Caligula Caliph Caliphs, rightly guided Calleva (Silchester) Callimachus Calpurnius Piso, Gnaeus (SC de Pisone patre) Calpurnius Piso Frugi, Lucius Calumnia Camel Camenae Camillus, Marcus Furius Campania Camps, military Campus Martius, republican Camulodunum (Colchester) Canaan Canabae Canalization Cannae, battle of Cannibalism Canobic Inscription Canon Law Canon of Scripture Canons Canusium Album Cape Gelidonya shipwreck Capitalism Capitol Capitoline Triad Cappadocia Cappadocia, Late Antiquity Captive Capua Caput Caracalla (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus) Caravan trade Carchemish Cardiovascular system Caria Carinus (Marcus Aurelius Carinus Augustus) Caristia Carmen Arvale Carmen Saliare Carmentis and Carmentalia Carmina Carnuntum Carpenter Carpocrates, Carpocratians Carrara marble Carrhae Carrying capacity Carthage Carthago Nova (Cartagena) Carus (Marcus Aurelius Carus Augustus) Caspian/Hyrcanian Sea and region Cassander Cassiodorus Cassius Dio Cassius Felix Cassius Hemina, Lucius Cassius Vecellinus, Spurius Castor and Pollux Castration, animals Castration, human Cástulo Catacombs, Christian Catacombs, Jewish Catapults Catechesis, Catechumenate, early church Catechumenate, Byzantine Catenae Catholic Epistles Catilinarian conspiracy Cato, Marcus Porcius (Cato the Elder) Cato, Marcus Porcius (Cato the Elder), Origines Cato, Marcus Porcius (Cato the Younger) Cattle Catullus, Gaius Valerius Catulus, Quintus Lutatius, Liber de Consulatu Caucasus mountain Causa Causation, historical Causidicus xix xx LIST OF ENTRIES Cavalry, Byzantine Cavalry, Greek Cavalry, Hellenistic Cavalry, Roman Caves, sacred, Greece and Rome Celibacy Celsus, Aulus Cornelius, physician Celsus, philosopher Celtic languages Celtic wars Cemeteries, ancient Near East Cemeteries, Greece and Rome Cemeteries, Jewish Cemeteries, Pharaonic Egypt Cenotaphs Censor Censorinus Census Cento Centumviri Centuria Centuriation Centurio Ceramic Gulf Cereres Ceres Cerinthus Cerveteri (Caere) C-Group Chabrias Chaeremon Chaeronea, battle of Chalandriani on Syros Chalcedon Chalcedonian controversy Chalcidice, Chalcidian League Chalcidius Chalcis Chaldaean Oracles Chaldaeans, astrologers Chalkous Champollion, Jean-François (1790–1832) Chandragupta Chant (liturgical) Charcoal Chares Chariotry, ancient Near East and Egypt Chariton Charms, spells, Greece and Rome Charondas of Katane Cheese Cheirographon Cheirotonia Chemosh Chersonese, Crimea Chersonese, Thrace Childbirth Childeric I Childhood, Byzantine Childhood, Egypt Childhood, Greece and Rome Chiliarchos Chiliasm Chilon Chios Chiton (tunic) Choregia Choricius Chosroes I Chosroes II Chrematistike Chremonidean War Chresis Chresmologos Christology Chronicon paschale Chronography Chronology, Bronze and Iron Age Chronology, Pharaonic Egypt Chrysippos of Soloi Chthonic deities, Greece and Rome Church administration and offices Church architecture Church institutions Churches, Miaphysite Cicero, Marcus Tullius Cicero, Marcus Tullius, speeches of Cicero, Quintus Tullius Cilicia Cillium (Kasserine) Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius LIST OF ENTRIES Cincius Alimentus, Lucius Cinna, Gaius Helvius Circumcision Circus factions Citations, law governing Cities, Pharaonic Egypt Cities, Roman Empire (east) Cities, Roman Empire (west) Citizenship Civil war, Hellenistic Civil war, Roman Class Classical scholarship, history of Claudian Claudii, family of Claudius II (Marcus Aurelius Claudius Augustus) Claudius Caecus, Appius Claudius Quadrigarius, Quintus Claudius Quintillus (Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus Augustus) Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) Clement of Alexandria Clement of Rome Clementia Clementine, PseudoCleopatra I Cleopatra II Cleopatra III Cleopatra IV Cleopatra V Berenike III Cleopatra VI Tryphaina Cleopatra VII Cleopatra, alchemist Cleopatra, daughter of Philip II Cleopatra Selene Clergy Cleruchs, Egypt Cleruchy Client kings Clientela, Roman Republic Climate Clocks Clodia Clodius Albinus, Decimus Clodius Pulcher, Publius Clothing, Byzantine Clothing, Greece and Rome Codex Codex Gregorianus and Codex Hermogenianus Codex Hermopolis Codex Justinianus Codicilli Coelius Antipater, Lucius Coemptio Coercitio Cog wheel Cogidubnus Cognates, cognatio Cognitio Cognitor Cohort Cohortes urbanae Coinage, Byzantine Coinage, Byzantine Egypt Coinage, Greek Coinage, Hellenistic Coinage, Jewish Coinage, ancient Near East Coinage, Ptolemaic Coinage, Roman Egypt Coinage, Roman Empire Coinage, Roman Republic Collatio legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum Collegia Colonate Coloni adscripti Colonia Agrippinensis (Cologne) Colonia Iulia Equestris/Noviodunum (Nyon, Switzerland) Colonies, Roman Empire (east) Colonies, Roman Empire (west) Colonies, Roman and Latin (republican) Colonization, Greek Colonization, Phoenician Color symbolism Colors and color perception, Greece and Rome Colosseum Columban xxi xxii LIST OF ENTRIES VOLUME IV Columella Comedy, New Comedy, Old Comets Comitatenses Comites Comitia and concilia Comitium Commentarii and hypomnemata Commentariis, a Commercium Commilito Commius Commodus (Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Augustus) Common Peace (Koine Eirene) Community Rule, the (Dead Sea Scrolls) Compitalia Concordia Concubinage Conductores Confarreatio Confiscation Conflagration Congiarium Conic sections Connectivity Conon of Samos Consensus Consentes, di consentes Consilium Conspiracies against emperors Constans I Constans II Constantine I (Flavius Valerius Constantinus Augustus) Constantine II Constantine III Herakleios Constantine IV Constantine V Constantine VI Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus Constantinian Excerpts Constantinople, councils of Constantinople, history and monuments Constantinople, Land Walls Constantius I Chlorus (Flavius Valerius Constantius Augustus) Constantius II Constellations and named stars Constitutio Antoniniana Constitution of Medina Constitutiones Consular Annals Consuls Consultatio veteris cuiusdam iurisconsulti Consumption Consus and Consualia Contagion Contarii Contio Controversiae Contubernium Conubium Conversion Cooking, Byzantine Copper Copper Scroll, the (Dead Sea Scrolls) Coptic Coptos Corbulo, Gnaeus Domitius Corcyra Corduba (Cordoba) Co-regency (Egypt) Core–periphery Corinium Dobunnorum (Cirencester) Corinth Corinthian Gulf Corinthians, Third Corippus Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi Cornelii Scipiones, family and tomb of Cornelius Fuscus Cornelius Gallus, Gaius Cornelius Nepos Cornelius Palma Frontonianus, Aulus Coronation (Byzantium) Corporal punishment Corpus iuris civilis Corruption Cortona LIST OF ENTRIES Cosa Cosmetics, Byzantine Cosmetics, Egypt Cosmetics, Greece and Rome Cosmology, Byzantine Cosmology, Egypt Cotton Councils, city Court (ecclesiastical) Court, Hellenistic Court (imperial), Byzantine Court (imperial), Roman Court (law), Byzantine Courtyard Cousin (consobrinus, frater patruelis) Crassus, Marcus Licinius Credit Creeds, Christian Cremutius Cordus, Aulus Crete Crime, Byzantine Crime, Greece and Rome Crime, Pharaonic Egypt Crimea Crimen Crito, Statilius Crocodile Croesus Crop schedule Crowns, Egyptian Crucifixion Cubiculum (bedroom) Culpa Cult attendants, Greek Cult attendants, Roman Cult clothing, Greek Cult clothing, Roman Cult image, Greek Cult image, Roman Cult instruments, Roman Cults, divine, Pharaonic Egypt Cults, private, Pharaonic Egypt Cumae (Kyme) Cunaxa Cuneiform Cura, curator Curia Curia (Coire) Curses, Egypt Curses, Greece and Rome Cursus honorum, Roman Curtius Rufus, Quintus Cyaxares Cybele Cyclades islands Cynicism Cyprian Cypriot archaeology Cyprus Cyrene Cyrene and Cyrenaica Cyrene edicts Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Skythopolis Cyrus, patriarch of Alexandria Dacia Dacians and other Transdanuviani Daedalus Dagan Dahshur Daldis Dalmatia Damascius Damascus Damascus Covenant, the (Dead Sea Scrolls) Damastes Damnatio memoriae Damon Damophon Dance, dancing, Greece and Rome Daniel (and Greek additions to) Daniel the Stylite Danube Danubian Rider Gods Dark Age Greece Daskyleion Dates Daughter David De rebus bellicis Deacon Dead Sea Dead Sea Scrolls xxiii xxiv LIST OF ENTRIES Deafness Death (ancient Near East) Death, registrations of Debt, Greece and Rome Decans Decebalus Decemvirate Decii Decipherment Declamationes Decline Decree (psephisma) Decretum Decretum de saltu Burunitano Decumanus Decurio Decurions Deductio Defensor Defensor Civitatis Deformity Deioces Deiotaros of Galatia Deir el-Bahari Deir el-Ballas Deir el-Bersha Deir el-Medina Deisidaimonia Dekapolis Dekeleia Delatio nominis Delator Delian League Delion Delos Delphi Delphinion Demades Demagogues Demaratus of Corinth Demes, Attic Demeter Demetrias Demetrios I Poliorketes Demetrios I (Seleucid king) Demetrios II (Macedonian king) Demetrios II (Seleucid king) Demetrios of Alexandria Demetrios (Jewish historian/chronographer) Demetrios of Phaleron Demetrios of Pharos Demetrios (saint) Demetrios’ War Demiurge Demochares of Athens Democracy, Athenian Democracy, Hellenistic Democracy, non-Athenian Democritus Demography, historical (ancient Mediterranean) Demography, Late Antiquity Demoi/demes, Byzantine Demokedes of Kroton Demons, ancient Near East Demons, Greek and Roman Demons, Judaism Demons, Late Antiquity Demons, Pharaonic Egypt Demos Demosiosis Demosthenes, orator Demosthenes, strategos Demotic Demotic, legal texts Den Dendera Dendra in the Argolid Dendrophoroi Dentistry Denuntiatio Depopulation Deportation Derkylidas Desert Desert castles, Umayyad Desert Fathers and desert literature Deserti agri Deserts, Egypt Deutero-Pauline Epistles Deva (Chester) Devil/Satan Devotio Dexippos of Athens LIST OF ENTRIES Dextrarum iunctio Dhimini in Thessaly Diadem Diadikasia Diadumenianus (Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus Augustus) Diagnosis, Egyptian Diagnosis, Greek and Roman Diagnosis, Mesopotamian Diagramma Diagrams, mathematical Diagraphein, diagraphe Diaitetai Dialogue of the Savior Diana Diaries, astronomical Diasia Diaspora, Jewish Diatessaron Diatheke Dictator Didache Didascalia Apostolorum Didius Severus Iulianus Augustus, Marcus Didyma Diet, ancient Near East Diet, elite Diet, peasants Dietary restrictions, Jewish and Christian Digesta Digressions Dikaiarchos, Aitolian Dikasterion Dikastes Dike, dike Diktaean Cave in Crete Diktynna Diktynnaion sanctuary Diktys of Knossos Dilmun Dinarchus Dinon of Kolophon Dio Chrysostom Diocles of Karystos Diocles, mathematician Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Augustus) Diodoros Pasparos Diodorus of Sicily Diodotos Tryphon Diogenes Laertius Diogenes of Sinope Diognetus, Letter to Dioikesis Dioiketes (Egypt) Diolkos Dion Dion of Syracuse Dionysia Dionysios I Dionysios II Dionysius the Areopagite, PseudoDionysius of Halicarnassus Dionysius of Rome Dionysius of Tel-Mahré Dionysos Diophantus Dios Hieron Dioscorides Dioscuri Dioskoros of Aphrodito Dioskoros, bishop of Alexandria Diospolis Parva (Hiw) Diplomacy, ancient Near East Diplomacy, Greek Diplomacy, Hellenistic Diplomacy, Pharaonic Egypt Diplomacy, Roman and Byzantine Diplomata, military Diptych Dipylon Painter Dis Pater Disability Discens Disciplina Disease, conceptions of Disease and health, Greece and Rome Dispensator Dius Fidius Divinatio Divination, ancient Near East xxv xxvi LIST OF ENTRIES Divination, Greece and Rome Divination, Jewish Divorce, Greek Divorce, Roman Diyala Diyllos of Athens Djer Djet Djoser Docetism Doctrina Iacobi Documents and archives Dodekaschoinos Dodona Dogmatism, medical Dogs Dokimastes, dokimasia Dokimeion Dolichenus Dolium Dolopes, Dolopia Dolus malus Dominium Dominus (master of the house) Domitian (Domitianus Augustus) Domitius Domitianus Domus Donatists Donativum Donatus, Aelius Donatus, Tiberius Claudius Donkey, mule Doppelurkunde Dorea (gift, gift estate) Dorian tribes Dorians Dorieus Dorotheus of Sidon Double cropping Douketios Dowry, Greek Dowry, Roman Draco Drama, Pharaonic Egypt Dream books, Pharaonic Egypt Dream interpretation Dreams, Greece and Rome Dreams, Pharaonic Egypt and ancient Near East Dreros Drought Druids Dry-farming Ducenarii Duilius, Gaius Dumuzi (Tammuz) Dura-Europos Dura-Europos, synagogue in Duris of Samos Dur-Sharrukin (Khorsabad) Dwarfs Dyme Dynasteia, idea of, Greece Dynastic cults, Egypt Dynasty, idea of, Byzantine Dynasty, Pharaonic Egypt Ea (Enki) Eanna and other major Babylonian temples Early Dynastic Period, Egypt Earth deities, Greece and Rome Earthquakes Easter Eastern Desert Ebionites Ebla Eboracum (York) Ebro Ecbatana (Hamadan) Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastical history Ecology Economic performance Economic theory VOLUME V Economy, Byzantine Economy, eastern Roman Provinces Economy, Greek Economy, Hellenistic Economy, Near East (Hellenistic) Economy, Near East (Persian) LIST OF ENTRIES Economy, Pharaonic Economy, Roman Economy, western Roman Provinces Edessa Edfu Edict, aediles’ Edict, magistrate’s Edict, praetor’s Edict on prices, Diocletian’s Education, ancient Near East Education, Byzantine Education, Greece and Rome Education, Pharaonic Egypt Egeria Egerton Papyrus 2 Egesta Egypt/Kemet Egypt, Lower Egypt, Upper Egyptology Egyptomania, eastern Egyptomania, western Eion Eisangelia Eisphora Ekallatum El Elagabalus (deity) Elagabalus (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus) Elam Elamite kings, Middle Elamite period Elamite kings, Neo-Elamite period Elamite kings, Sukkalmah period Elateia in Phokis Elbe Elections, Roman Electrum, electrum coinage Elephantine Papyri Elephantine, Pharaonic Elephantine, Ptolemaic and Roman Elephants Eleusis, Attica Eleusis, Mysteries of Eleutherna Eleven, the (hoi Hendeka) El-Hiba Elis El-Kab El-Lahun El-Lisht El-Mo’alla El-Omari Emancipation (emancipatio) Emar Emborio on Chios Embryology Emesa Emesal (Sumerian dialect) Emigrants Emmer Emotions, ancient Near East Empedocles Empeiria Emphasis Emphyteusis Empiricism, medical Emporiae (Empúries) Emporikai dikai Emporikoi nomoi Emporion Emporos En, entu Enamels Enargeia Encratism Encyclopedias Endogamy Endovellicus Engineering Enheduanna Enkomi in Cyprus Enktesis Enlil Enmerkar Ennius Enoch, Books of (1, 2, 3 Enoch) Ensérune Ensı́ Entremont Enuma Anu Enlil Enuma Elish Environmental history Epaminondas xxvii xxviii LIST OF ENTRIES Ephebe, ephebeia Ephemerides, astronomical Ephemerides, historical Ephesos, Bronze and Iron Age Ephesos, Classical and later Ephetai Ephialtes Ephoros Ephors Ephrem Epictetus Epicurus and Epicureanism Epicycle-on-deferent Epidamnos/Dyrrhachion Epidemic disease Epidosis Epigamia Epigram Epigraphic habit Epigraphy, Byzantine Epigraphy, Greek Epigraphy, Jewish Epigraphy, Latin Epigraphy, Pharaonic Egypt Epikleros Epione Epiphanius of Salamis Epiphany, Greece and Rome Epirus Epistle of Jeremiah Epistula Apostolorum Epitadeus, rhetra of Epona Eponymoi Equant Equirria Equites, Republic and Empire Equites singulares Augusti Equus October Eranos Erasistratus, physician Eratosthenes Erechtheus/Erichthonios Ereshkigal and Nergal Eresos Eretria Erga Ergasterion, ergastulum Eridu Eros/Cupid Erotapokriseis Eroticism Erra Erythrai Esarhaddon Eschatology, Byzantium Eschatology, Jewish Eshnunna Esna/Latopolis Essenes Esther, Scroll of Etana Eteoboutadai Ethics Ethiopia Ethnicity, ancient Near East Ethnicity, Egypt Ethnicity, Greco-Roman Egypt Ethnicity, Greek and Roman Ethnoarchaeology Ethnogenesis Ethnography and ancient history Ethnos Etna, Mount Etruria, Etruscans Etrusca disciplina Euboea Euboulos, Athenian politician Eucharist Euclid Euctemon Eudoxia, empress Eudoxos of Knidos Euesperides Eugammon of Cyrene Euhemeros and Euhemerism Eukrates, law of Eumenes I Eumenes II Eumenes of Kardia Eunapius of Sardis Eunomia Eunuchs, ancient Near East Eunuchs, Greece and Rome LIST OF ENTRIES Eunuchs, Late Antiquity Eupalinos of Megara Eupatridai Euphrates frontier (Roman) Euphrates and Tigris Euphron of Sikyon Eupolemos, historian Euripides Euromos/Philippoi Eurotas Eurydike, wife of Philip Arrhidaios Eurymedon, battle of Eusebius of Caesarea Eusebius of Nicomedia Eustathius of Antioch Euthydemos of Bactria Euthyna, euthynai Eutocius Evagoras of Salamis (Cyprus) Evagrius of Pontus Evagrius Scholasticus Evander Evocati Evocatio Exactor Excerpta Antiqua Excommunication, Jewish Excubiae Execration texts Exempla Exercise, physical Exile Exodus, Jewish and Egyptian stories about Exogamy Exorcism Exorcism, Jewish Expiatory rites, Greece and Rome Exploration Exploratores Exposure of children Extranei Extraordinarii Ezekiel Ezekiel the tragedian Ezra/Esdras, Books of Fabii, family of Fabius Pictor, Quintus Fabius Valens Fabri, military Factories, Late Roman and Byzantine Faı̈ence Faliscans Familia Caesaris Family, Greek and Roman Family, Jewish Family, Pharaonic Egypt Famine and food shortages, Byzantine Famine and food shortages, Greece and Rome Famine and food shortages, Pharaonic Egypt Fannius, Gaius Fantastic literature Farafra Oasis Farrago Fasces Fascism and ancient Rome Fasti of magistrates Fasting Fate, Greece and Rome Fate, Pharaonic Egypt Fathers-in-law Faunus and Fauna Fayyum Fazzan Felicitas Felix, procurator of Judaea Femininity Fenerator Feralia Feriae Latinae Feriale Duranum Feronia Fertile Crescent Fertility, natural Fertilizer Festivals, Greece and Rome Festivals, Jewish Festivals, Pharaonic Egypt Festus, Sextus Pompeius Fetiales Fideicommissum Fides Fig xxix xxx LIST OF ENTRIES Finance, Byzantine Finance, Greek Finance, Roman Finley, Moses (1912–1986) Fire, in cult, Greece and Rome Firefighting Firmicus Maternus, Iulius First fruits First Intermediate Period, Egypt Fish, fishing, Byzantine Fish, fishing, Greece and Rome Fish, fishing, Pharaonic Egypt Five Thousand, at Athens Flamines Flaminica Flamininus, Lucius Quinctius Flamininus, Titus Quinctius Flaminius, Gaius Flavius Valerius Severus Augustus Flax Flood stories, ancient Near East Floralia Florian (Marcus Annius Florianus Augustus) Florus, Lucius Annaeus Florus, procurator of Judaea Fodder Food, drink, and feasting (Egypt) Fools, Holy Fordicidia Foreigners, Byzantium Foreigners, Greece and Rome Foreigners, Pharaonic Egypt Forests, Roman Empire Form Formalism–substantivism debate Formula Fornacalia Fortifications, ancient Near East Forts, Byzantine Forts, Greek Forts, Pharaonic Egypt Forts, Roman Forum Forum Augustum Forum Boarium Forum Romanum Fossa Regia Fossils Fostering, foster-child Foundation deposits Foundations (Hellenistic) Foundations (ktiseis) Four Hundred, oligarchs at Athens Fowling Fragmenta Vaticana Fragmentum (fragmenta) de iure fisci Franks Freedmen and freedwomen Freedom (eleutheria) Fregellae Fresco, images and technique Friends of the king Friendship Frontiers, ancient Near East Frontiers, Byzantine Frontiers, Hellenistic Frontiers, Roman Frontinus, Sextus Iulius Fruit Fulling, fullers Fulvius Nobilior, Marcus Fulvius Plautianus, Gaius Fumigations Funerary cult, Byzantine Funerary cult, Greek Funerary cult, Pharaonic Egypt Funerary cult, Roman Funerary inscriptions, Christian Funus publicum Fur Furies Furniture, Byzantine Furniture, Greece and Rome Furniture, Pharaonic Egypt Furrina and Furrinalia Gades/Gadir Galatia Galba (Servius Sulpicius Galba Imp. Caesar Augustus) Galen Galerius (Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus) Galilee LIST OF ENTRIES Galilee, Sea of Galli Gallia Cisalpina/Italia Transpadana Gallia Narbonensis Gallic War (Bellum Gallicum) Gallienus (Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus Augustus) Gamala Gamaliel II, Rabban Games, Byzantine Games, Greek and Roman Games, Pharaonic Egypt Ganges Garama Gardens, Byzantine Gardens, Greek Gardens, Pharaonic Egypt Gardens, Roman Gaugamela Gaul (Tres Galliae) Gaza (Bronze Age) Gaza (Hellenistic to Late Antiquity) Geb VOLUME VI Gebel el-Silsila Gebelein Gela Gelimer Gellius, Gnaeus Gelon, Sicilian tyrant Geminos Gems, Greek and Roman Genava (Geneva) Gender, Greek and Roman Gender, Pharaonic Egypt Genealogy (Greece) Generalship, art of Generational conflict Genius Genos, gene Gens Genthios, Illyrian king Gentiles, Jewish and Christian attitudes towards Gentilicium Geography Geometry, Egyptian Geometry, Mesopotamian Geoponica George of Pisidia Gergithes Germania (Superior and Inferior) Germanic languages Germanicus Germanicus’ visit to Egypt Gerousia Ges anadasmos Gesta Gestures Geta (Publius Septimius Geta Augustus) Getae Ghassanids Gibbon, Edward (1737–1794) Gift-exchange Gilgamesh, Epic of Gipar Girsu (Telloh) Giza Gla in Boiotia Gladiators Glanum Glass, Byzantine Glass, Greece and Rome Glaukos Glevum (Gloucester) Globalization Gnosis, gnostics, gnosticism Goal-year texts Goats God-fearers Godparents, godchildren God’s wife of Amun Gods, Egyptian Gold Golden Age Gordian I (Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus Senior Augustus) Gordian II (Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Iunior Augustus) xxxi xxxii LIST OF ENTRIES Gordian III (Marcus Antonius Gordianus Augustus) Gordion Gorgan, Great Wall of Gorgias Gorsium/Herculia Gortyn Gortyn, law code of Gospel Book Gospel of Truth Goths Gournia in Crete Government, theories of, Byzantine Gracchus, Tiberius and Gaius Sempronius Graces Graeco-Babyloniaca Graffiti Grain supply and trade Grandparents, grandchildren Granikos Graphe Graphe nomon me epitedeion theinai Graphe paranomon Great Queen Greek Anthology Greek, changes in levels of (Byzantine) Greek fire Greek language and dialects (Classical times) Greek language in the Roman Empire Greekness Gregory the Illuminator Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nyssa Gregory Thaumaturgus Gregory of Tours Gromatici Groves, sacred, Greece and Rome Guadalquivir Gudea Guest-friendship (hospitium) Gula Guti Gyges (Gugu) of Lydia Gylippos Gymnasiarchic law (Beroia) Gymnasium, Classical and Hellenistic times Gynaikonomos Gynecology Habiru Habur Hacksilber Hades Hadith Hadrian (Traianus Hadrianus Augustus) Hadrian’s Wall Hagar (Akhoris) Hagia Sophia Hagiography, Late Antique and Byzantine Hair, hairstyling, Byzantine Hair, hairstyling, Greece and Rome Hair, hairstyling, Pharaonic Egypt Hairesis Halab (Aleppo) Haliartos Halieis Halikarnassos Hallstatt culture Haloa Halos in Thessaly Halys Hamilcar Barca Hammurabi of Babylon and his dynasty Hana, Hanaean Hanigalbat Hanina ben Dosa Hannibal Hanno, Periplus Hapy Harba de-Moshe (Sword of Moses) Harim Harmachis Harmonics Harmosts Harpalos Harpocration Harpokrates Harris Papyrus Harsiese Harun al-Rashid Haruspices Hasdrubal LIST OF ENTRIES Hasmoneans Hasta/Hastati Hathor Hatnub Hatra Hatshepsut Hatti Hattic language Hattusa Hattusili I and his dynasty Hattusili III Havdala de-Rabbi Akiba Hawara Hazael of Damascus Headache Healing deities, healing cults, Greece and Rome Heating Hebron Hecataeus of Miletos Hecatomb Hegesippus Heh Hekanakhte (Heqanakht) Hekate Hekatomnids Heket Hekhalot/Merkabah literature Hektemoroi Helen Helena Heliaia Heliodorus Heliopolis, Ain Shams/Matariya Hellanicus of Mytilene Hellanodikai Hellenes Hellenic Alliance Hellenica Hellenica Oxyrhynchia Hellenism, Byzantine Hellenistic period (concept of) Hellenization Hellenotamiai Hellespont Helots Helvetii Hemerology and menology Hemodos/Himalaya mountains Henotikon Hephaistion, Macedonian Hephaistion of Thebes Hephaistos Hera Heraclitus Heraion sanctuary Herakleia by Latmos Herakleia Pontica Herakleia Salbake Herakleides Lembos Herakleides of Pontos Herakleides of Tarentum Herakleios, emperor Herakleopolis Magna Herakles (Hercules) Herculaneum Heredium Herihor Hermas/Shepherd of Hermas Hermes Hermetic writings Hermias, tyrant of Atarneus Hermione Hermits Hermogenes Hermokrates of Syracuse Hermopolis Magna (Greco-Roman) Hermopolis Magna, Tuna el-Gebel (Pharaonic) Hermos Herms Hero cult Herod Antipas Herod the Great Herodas Herodes Atticus Herodian Herodium Herodotus Heron Heroninos Archive Herophilos Heryshef Hesiod xxxiii xxxiv LIST OF ENTRIES Hestia Hetaira Hetaireia Hetepheres I Heterosexuality Hexapla Hezekiah Hierakonpolis Hierapytna Hieratic Hierodouloi Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs, Anatolian Hieron I of Syracuse Hieron II of Syracuse Hieronymos of Kardia Hierosylia Hijra Hilary of Arles Hillel, Rabbi Himera Hinterland Hipparchos, astronomer Hipparchos, son of Charmos Hipparchos, son of Peisistratos Hippasos of Metapontum Hippeis Hippias of Elis Hippias, mathematician Hippias, son of Peisistratos Hippiatrica Hippo Regius Hippobotai Hippocrates of Chios Hippocrates of Kos Hippodamos of Miletos Hippodromes Hippokrates, Sicilian tyrant Hippolytus of Rome Hirtius, Aulus Hispalis (Seville) Hispania Histiaios of Miletos Historia Historia Augusta Historiography, ancient Near East Historiography, Greek and Roman Historiography, Late Antique History, contemporary Histria, Romania Hittite, Hittites Hittite kings Holocaust Holy men Homer Homicide, Rome Homo novus Homonoia Homosexuality (female) Homosexuality (male) Honestiores Honey, ancient Near East Honi the Circle-Maker Honores Honorius Honor–shame culture Honos Hopletes (phyle) Hoplites Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) Hor-Aha Horapollon Horeia, Horia Horemheb Horography Horoi Horologium Augusti Horoscope Horrea Horse racing Horses, ancient Near East and Pharaonic Egypt Horses, Greece and Rome Hortensius Hortalus, Quintus Horticulture Horus Horus-eye fractions Hostage Hostilian (Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus, Gaius) Household, head of Houses, housing, household formation, ancient Near East Houses, housing, household formation, Byzantine LIST OF ENTRIES Houses, housing, household formation, Greece and Rome Houses, housing, household formation, Pharaonic Egypt Human sacrifice, ancient Near East Human sacrifice, Greece and Rome Human sacrifice, Pharaonic Egypt Humiliores Humor and satire, Greece and Rome Humor and satire, Pharaonic Egypt Huni Huns Hunting, Greece and Rome Hunting, Late Antiquity Hurrian, Hurrians Hybris Hydaspes Hydraotes Hydraulic civilization Hygieia Hygiene, Greece and Rome Hygiene, Pharaonic Egypt Hyksos Hymettos mountain Hymnography, Byzantine Hymns, Greek Hymns, Roman Hypatia Hyperbolos Hyperides Hyphasis Hypomeion/hypomeiones (Sparta) Hypotheke (mortgage) Hypsikles Hysiai Hysteria Ialysos in Rhodes Iamblichus Ianiculum Iao Iasos Iberia (Kartli) Ibis Iceni Icon Iconography, Byzantine Iconophiles Ida, Mount Idaean Cave Identity, ancient Near East Identity, personal Idios Logos Idios Logos, Gnomon of the Idolatry, Jewish and Christian views of Ignatius of Antioch Iguvine Tables Ikaros in Persian Gulf Ikos Ilion Ilissos Ilkum Illegitimacy Illness Illustration, scientific Illyria and Illyrians Illyrian wars Illyricum and the Balkans, Roman conquest of Imagines Imaginiferi Imbros Imhotep Imitation (mimesis, imitatio) Immigrants Impartiality Imperator Imperial estates, Egypt Imperial family, women of the Imperial titulatures in papyri Imperialism, Greek (Classical and Hellenistic) Imperialism in the Roman Empire (east) Imperialism in the Roman Empire (west) Imperium In iure cessio In ius vocatio Inanna (Ishtar) Incantation bowls, Babylonian Incommensurability Incubation Incuse coinage Indemnities India India, trade with xxxv xxxvi LIST OF ENTRIES Indus Indus (Harappan) culture Infamia Infant diseases and mortality Infanticide Inflation Infrastructure Ingenuus Iniuria Inn Inscriptio Institor Institutiones, of Gaius Institutiones, of Justinian Instrumentum Interest rates Intermarriage, Jewish Interpolation, study of Interrex Intestatus Inundation, Egypt Inventio Invention Inventories Inyotef I–VII VOLUME VII Iolkos in Thessaly Ion of Chios Ionia Ionian migration Ionian Revolt Ionian tribes Ioppa/Jaffo Ios Iovis epulum Iphigeneia Iphikrates Ipsos Iranian languages Irenaeus Iron Irrigation, ancient Near East Irrigation, Greco-Roman Egypt Irrigation, Greece and Rome Irrigation, Pharaonic Egypt Isaeus Isagoras Isaiah Isauria Isaurian emperors Isca Ishbi-Erra and the Isin Dynasty Isidore of Seville Isidorus of Pelusium Isin Isis in Greece and Rome Isis, Pharaonic Egypt Isocrates Isola Sacra Isonomia Isopoliteia Israel and Judah Issa Issos Isthmia Isthmian Games Isthmus Italica (Seville) Italy, northern Italy, southern Ithome mountain Ituraea and Ituraeans Iudex Iudicium Iudicium populi Iulius Africanus, Sextus Iulius Alexander, Tiberius Iulius Civilis, Gaius Iulius Quadratus Bassus, Gaius Iulius Severus, Sextus Iulius Vindex, Gaius Iuris consultus Ius Ius gentium Ius imaginum Ius Italicum Ius Latii Ius liberorum Ius vitae necisque Iusiurandum Ivory LIST OF ENTRIES Jabala Jacob Baradaios Jacobites Jacoby, Felix (1876–1959) James of Jerusalem Jamniah/Yavneh Jannes and Jambres, Book of Janus Jason, Jewish high priest Jason of Pherai Jaxartes Jehu Jerash Jeremiah Jericho Jerome Jerusalem Jesus Jewelry, Byzantine Jewelry, Pharaonic Egypt Jewish Christianity Jewish‐Christian Gospels Jews Jews, in Alexandria Jews, in Byzantium Job Johanan ben Zakkai, Rabbi Johanan, Rabbi John, Acts of John of Antioch John, Apocryphon of John of Cappadocia John Cassian John Chrysostom John of Damascus John of Gischala John, Gospel of John Hyrcanus I John Hyrcanus II John Klimax, of Sinai John Lydus John Moschos John of Nikiu John Philoponos (philosophy and theology) John Philoponos (science) John Scholasticus Jonathan Maccabaeus Jones, A. H. M. (1904–1970) Jordan River Jordanes Joseph and Aseneth Josephus Joshua Stylites Josiah Juba II of Mauretania Jubilees, Book of Jucundus, tablets of Judaea Judaean desert, documents from Judah ha-Nasi/the Prince, Rabbi Judas, Gospel of Judas Iscariot Judas Maccabaeus Judeo-Christians Judeo-Greek literature Judges, early Israelite Judith, Book of Jugurtha Julia Balbilla Julia Domna Julian, emperor Julius Caesar (C. Iulius Caesar) Juno Jupiter Jurisprudence, Byzantine Jurisprudence, Greek and Roman Justin I Justin II Justin Martyr Justin, Roman historian Justinian I Justiniana Prima Justus of Tiberias Juvenal (Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis) Juventas Ka Kabiroi Kadmos Kafr Hassan Dawood Kalabsha Kalapodi in Phokis Kalhu (Nimrud) Kallias, Peace of xxxvii xxxviii LIST OF ENTRIES Kallias of Sphettos Kallikrates of Leontion Kallikrates of Samos Kallimachos, Athenian polemarch Kallippos, astronomer Kallisthenes of Olynthos Kallistratos, Athenian politician Kalokagathia Kalykadnos Kalymna Kamares Cave, Crete Kamarina Kameiros in Rhodes Kamose Kamutef Kanesh Kapelos Karanis Karnak Karneia Karpathos Karphi Karum Karystos Kashka Kasos Kassite Dynasty Kassite, Kassites Kassope Kastanas in Macedonia Katabasis Katakekaumene Kataphraktoi Katholikoi of Persia Kato Phana on Chios Kato Symi in Crete Katoikoi Kaukasa Kaulonia Kaunos Kavad, of Persia Kavousi Kawa Kaystros River Keftiu Kekrops Kellia and Sketis, monasticism at Kellis Kenamun/Qenamun Kenchreai Keos Kephallenia Kephisos Kerameikos, Athens Keramos Kerkouane Kerma Keros Kersobleptes Khaemwaset Khafre (Chephren) Kharga Oasis Khasekhemwy Khepry Khnum Khons (Khonsu) Khufu (Cheops/Kheops) Kimmerian Bosphorus Kimon Kinadon, conspiracy of Kindadu King lists, Mesopotamian King lists, Pharaonic Egypt King’s Peace Kingship, ancient Near East Kingship, Classical Greece Kingship, Hellenistic Kingship, Pharaonic Egypt Kinship Kinship, between cities and peoples Kinship, spiritual Kinship terms, used metaphorically Kios/Prusias ad Mare Kish Kissing Kition Kizzuwatna Klaros Klazomenai Kleanthes of Assos Klearchos Kleisthenes of Athens Kleisthenes of Sikyon Kleitarchos of Alexandria LIST OF ENTRIES Kleitos (Black Clitus) Kleomedes Kleomenes I of Sparta Kleomenes II of Sparta Kleomenes III of Sparta Kleomenes of Naukratis Kleon Kleonai Kleostratos of Tenedos Kleroterion Knidos Knossos Koine dialect Koinon Kolakretai Kolchis Kolonai Kolophon Kom Abu Billo/Terenuthis Kom el-Hisn Kom Ombo Kommagene Kommos Konon, Athenian strategos Kopais Lake Korakou in the Argolid Korkyra Melaina Koroneia Koroni Korseia Kos Kosmas Indikopleustes Koukounaries Kouretes Kourion Kouropedion, battle of Krateros, Macedonian Krateuas Kreon, Athenian archon Kritias Kritolaos, Achaian Kritolaos of Phaselis Kronos and Kronia Kroton Krypteia Ktesias of Knidos Ktesibios of Alexandria Ktesiphon Kubaba Kudurru Kush Kushite Period, Egypt Kutha Kydonia, Crete Kylon Kyme, Asia Minor Kynos Kynoskephalai, battle of Kypselos Kyrbeis Kyrios Kythera Kythnos Kyzikos La Graufesenque La Tène Labarna Labor, ancient Near East Labor, compulsory Labor, Greece and Rome Labraunda sanctuary Lachish Lactantius Lagash (Tell al-Hiba) Lagina sanctuary Lakhmids Lamachos Lamashtu Lambaesis Lamentations, book of Lamia Lamian War Lampsakos Lancearii Land and landholding, ancient Near East Land and landholding, Greco-Roman Egypt Land and landholding, Greece Land and landholding, Late Antiquity Land and landholding, Pharaonic Egypt Land and landholding, Rome Landscapes, Greek Landscapes, Roman Languages, Byzantium xxxix xl LIST OF ENTRIES Languages of the Caucasus Languages, Roman Empire (east) Languages, Roman Empire (west) Laodike, mother of Seleukos III Laodike, wife of Antiochos II Laodikeia ad Libanum Laodikeia by the Lykos Laodikeia Kombusta (in Lykaonia) Laokritai Lapis lazuli Lapis Satricanus Lares Largus, Scribonius Larissa Larsa, and Larsa Dynasty Late Period, Egypt Lateranus Latifundia/large estates Latin language, Roman Empire (east) Latin language, Roman Empire (west) Latins, Latium Latmos mountain Laudatio funebris Laurion Law, ancient Near East Law, Athenian Law, books of Law, civil Law courts, Greek and Roman Law, demotic Law, epigraphical sources for (Greek and Roman) Law, Greco-Roman Egypt Law, “Greek” Law, Jewish Law and legal practice, Late Antiquity Law, literary sources for (Greek and Roman) Law, military Law, natural Law, Pharaonic Egypt Law, Roman Law, sacred (Greek) Law schools Law of the sea, Rhodian Law, sources of (Greek and Roman) Law, “vulgar” Lāwāgetās Lazika Lead League of Corinth League of Islanders (Nesiotic League) Leather, leatherwork Lebanon mountain Lebedos Lechaion Lectisternium Lefkandi Legal literature, Byzantine Legati legionis Legion, Roman republican Legions, history and location of Legis actio Legislation, Byzantine Legislation, Greek and Roman Legumes Lelantine War Lelantion Plain Lemnos Lemuria Leonidas I of Sparta Leonidas of Tarentum Leonnatos Leontinoi Leontios of Neapolis Leontios (usurper) Leontopolis Leosthenes Lepcis Magna Leptiminus/Leptis Minor Leptines, papyrus of Lerna in the Argolid Leros Lesbos Letoon sanctuary Letters, Hellenistic royal Letters, letter writing, ancient Near East Letters, letter writing, Byzantine Letters, letter writing, Greece and Rome Letters, letter writing, Pharaonic Egypt Leukas Leukon Leuktra, battle of Lex Acilia LIST OF ENTRIES Lex Aquilia Lex coloniae Genetivae Iuliae seu Ursonensis Lex Curiata Lex Irnitana Lex Iulia and lex Papia Lex, leges Lex Manciana Lex Rubria de Gallia Cisalpina Lex Voconia Lexical texts, ancient Near East Libanius Libations, Greek Libations, Roman Libelli Libellus Liber and Libera Liber Pontificalis Liberalia Libertas Libitina Libraries, ancient Near East Libraries, Byzantine Libraries, Pharaonic Egypt Libraries, private, public, Greece and Rome Library of Alexandria Library of Ashurbanipal Libri pontificales Libya and Libyans Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus, Publius Licinius Crassus, Lucius Licinius Macer, Gaius Licinius Sura, Lucius Licinius (Valerius Licinianus Licinius Augustus) Life expectancy Life of Adam and Eve Lifting devices Lilitu Limitanei Limmum Lindos Linear A Linear B Linen Lions, Pharaonic Egypt Literacy, Byzantine Literacy, Greco-Roman Egypt Literacy, Greece Literacy, Pharaonic Egypt Literacy, Rome and provinces Literature and poetry, ancient Near East Literature and poetry, Byzantine Literature and poetry, Pharaonic Egypt VOLUME VIII Litis contestatio Litis denuntiatio Liturgy, Byzantine Liturgy, Greco-Roman Egypt Liturgy, Greece and Rome Lives of the Prophets Livia Livy Lixus Loan, Greek and Roman Local histories Locatio conductio Locusts Lodgers Logistics (Greek) Logistics (Roman) Logographers Logos Logos epitaphios Lokris Lollius Urbicus, Quintus Londinium (London) Long Wall (Wall of Anastasios) Long Walls, Athens Longus Lousonna (Lausanne) Love Lua Lucan (Annaeus Lucanus, Marcus) Lucceius, Lucius Lucian Lucian of Antioch Lucilius, Gaius xli xlii LIST OF ENTRIES Lucius Verus (Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus) Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus) Lucullus, Lucius Licinius Lugalzagesi Lugdunum (Lyons) Luke, Gospel of Lullubi Lupercalia Lupercus of Berytos Lusitania Lusius Quietus Lusus Troiae Lutetia (Paris) Luwian language Luxury Lyceum Lycia Lycophron Lycurgus, Athenian orator Lycurgus, Spartan legislator Lydda/Lod/Diospolis Lydia Lygdamis of Halikarnassos Lykaonia Lykopolis/Asyut Lyons and Vienne, Letter of Lysander Lysias Lysimachos Lysippos Ma Maadi Maat Maccabees, Books of Macedonia Macedonian wars Machaerus, Jordan Macrinus (Marcus Opellius Macrinus Augustus) Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius Madauros (Madaura) Madness and mental health Maeander Maecenas, Gaius Maenads Magan Magas Magdalensberg (Austria) Maghreb Magi, Persian Magic, ancient Near East Magic, Byzantine Magic, Greece and Rome Magic, Jewish Magic, Pharaonic Egypt Magical papyri, Greek Magister equitum Magna Graecia Magnesia ad Sipylum Magnesia on the Maeander Maiestas Maiherpri Malachbel Malalas, John Malchos of Philadelphia Malea Cape Malis Malkata/Malqata Mallia Malta Mamertines Mammisi Manasseh, Prayer of Manceps Mancipatio Mancipium Mandaeans Mandylion Manes, di manes Manetho, astrologer Manetho, Egyptian historian Mani/Manichaeism Manika Manilius, Marcus Manipulus Manlius Capitolinus, Marcus Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus, Titus Manlius Vulso, Gnaeus Mansiones, mutationes Mantinea Manubiae Manumission, Greek and Roman Manus LIST OF ENTRIES Manus iniectio Maps, ancient Near East Maps, Byzantine Maps, Egypt Maps, Greece and Rome Maps, Late Antiquity Marakanda/Samarkand Marathon, battle of Marcellinus Comes Marcellus of Ancyra Marcellus, Marcus Claudius (consul 222 BCE) Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, nephew of Augustus Marcion and Marcionites Marcus Aurelius (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus) Mardonios Marduk Marduk-apla-iddin II (Merodach-baladan) Marea/Mareotis Margiana Mari (Tell Hariri) Marinus of Tyre Maritime loans Marius, Gaius Mark, Gospel of Markets, ancient Near East Markets, Byzantine Markets, Greek Markets, Pharaonic Egypt Markets, Roman Marmor Parium Maroneia Maronites Marriage, Byzantine Marriage, Greece and Rome Marriage, Jewish Marriage legislation of Augustus Marriage, sacred, ancient Near East Marriage, sacred, Greece and Rome Marrou, Henri-Irénée (1904–1977) Mars Marsyas Martianus Capella Martina, empress Martyrdom of Isaiah Martyrdom and martyrs, Christian Martyrdom and martyrs, Jewish Martyrion Marutha Marvels Mary, Gospel of Masada Masculinity Masinissa Massilia (Marseilles) Matchmaker Mater Larum Mater Matuta Materfamilias Mathematics, Egyptian Mathematics, Greece and Rome Mathematics, Mesopotamian Matres/Matronae Matrona Matronalia Matthew, Gospel of Mauretania Maurice, emperor Mausolos Mavia, queen Maxentius (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius Augustus) Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Augustus) Maximinus Thrax (Gaius Iulius Verus Maximinus Augustus) Maximinus (Valerius Galerius Maximinus Augustus) Maximus the Confessor Mazaios Mazzarino, Santo (1916–1987) M E (Sumerian term) Meat, consumption of Mecca Mechanics Medamud Medes, Media Media Atropatene Medical writers Medicine, Byzantine Medicine, Greek and Roman Medicine, Mesopotamian xliii xliv LIST OF ENTRIES Medicine, Pharaonic Egypt Medicine, Roman military Medina Medinet Habu (Djeme) Medinet Madi Mediolanum (Milan) Medism Mediterranean Mediterranean harbors Meditrinalia Medracen Mefitis Megakles of Athens Megalesia Megalopolis Megara Megara Hyblaea Megaron Megasthenes Megiddo Megillat Ta’anit (The Scroll of Fasting) Meidum Meilichios, theoi meilichioi Meir Melammu Melampus Meletian Schism Meletos Melito of Sardis Melos Meluhha Memnon, Colossi of Memnon of Herakleia Pontica Memnon of Rhodes Memory, collective Memphis, Pharaonic Memphis, Ptolemaic and Roman Men Menander Menander Protector Mende Mendes Menelaion in Lakonia Menelaus, astronomer Menes Menidi in Attica Menkaure (Mycerinus) Menopause Menorah Menstruation Mentuemhat Mentuhotep I–VII Mercenaries Mercurius Merenptah Meretseger Merimda Beni Salama Merneith Meroe Meroitic Merovingians Mersa Matruh, Paraetonium Merykare Mesene (Charakene) Mesha of Moab Meshkent Messana Messapians Messenian wars Messianism, Jewish Messon sanctuary Metallurgy, Greece and Rome Metallurgy, Late Antiquity Metallurgy, Pharaonic Egypt Metalwork, Byzantine Metapontum Metaurus, battle of Meteorology Methana (Arsinoe) Methodism Methodius Methone, Macedonia Methone, Magnesia Methone, Messenia Methymna Metoikos Meton of Athens Metragyrtai Metronomoi Metropoleis Mezuzah Michael I–III (Byzantine emperors) Midas Middle Kingdom, Egypt LIST OF ENTRIES Midea Midwife Migration Miletos Military decorations, Roman Military lands Military standards, Roman Milk Mill Milo, Titus Annius Miltiades Mimesis Mimnermos of Kolophon Mimus Min Mineralogy Minerva Mines, mining, Greek and Roman Mines, mining, Late Antiquity Mines, mining, Pharaonic Egypt Minim (rabbinic appellation of “heretics”) Minoa on Amorgos Minoan archaeology Minoan society and culture Minores Minos Minotaur Minshat Abu Omar Mints, minting Minucius Felix Minyas Misenum Misharum Mishnah and Tosefta Misogyny Missions Mita of Mushki Mithradates I–VI of Pontos Mithradatic wars Mithras and Mithraism Mitrou in East Lokris Mittani Mittanian kings Mnevis Mochlos in Crete Models (stone and wood) Modernism xlv Moesia Mogontiacum (Mainz) Molione Molossis Momigliano, Arnaldo (1908–1987) Mommsen, Theodor (1817–1903) Monarchianism Monasteries, in the east Monasticism, Christian Money, ancient Near East and Pharaonic Egypt Money devaluation Money, Greco-Roman Monoenergism Monopoly Monotheletism Mons Claudianus Mons Porphyrites Monstrum, Greek and Roman Montanism Monte Testaccio Montu Moon deities, Greece and Rome Morgantina Mors litis Mos maiorum Mosaics, Byzantine Mosaics, Roman Empire Moses Moses, Jewish and pagan image of Mother goddesses Mothers and motherhood, Greece and Rome Motya Mountains, sacred Mount Nebo Mu‘allaqat Muawiya Mucius Scaevola, Publius Muhammad Mul.Apin Mummies and mummification Mummius, Lucius Mummy portraits Mundus Municipia, Roman Republic Murashu family and archive Muratorian Fragment xlvi LIST OF ENTRIES Murecine Tablets Mursili I Muses Muses of Helikon sanctuary Museum (Alexandria) Music, ancient Near East Music, Byzantine Music, Greece and Rome Music, Pharaonic Egypt Musonius Rufus, Gaius Mut Mut (city) Mutiny, military Mycenae Mycenaean archaeology Mycenaean society and culture Mykale mountain Mykonos Mylasa Myndos Myos Hormos Myrina Mysia Mysteries Myth Mytilene Nabataeans Nabis of Sparta Nabonassar Nabonidus Nabopolassar and the Chaldaean dynasty Nabu Nadı̄tum Naeferud (Nepherites) Naevius, Gaius, Bellum Punicum Nag Hammadi Library Naga el-Deir Naissus (Nis) Names, personal, Classical Greece Names, personal, Egyptian Names, personal, Roman Napata Naqada (Nagada) Naram-Sin of Ashur; of Eshnunna; of Uruk Narbo Martius (Narbonne) Narcissus, Claudius’ secretary Narmer Naukratis Naupaktos Naveta Navies, Byzantine Navies, Greek Navies, Late Antique Navies, Roman Navigation (economy) Navigation (science) Navigium Isidis Naxos Neapolis (Naples) Neapolis, Thrace Nearchos Nebuchadnezzar I Nebuchadnezzar II Nechepso and Petosiris Necromancy Nefertari Nefertiti Nefertum Negotiatores Negotium Nehalennia Nehemiah Neighborhood, neighbors Neith Neithhotep Nekau (Nekho) I–II VOLUME IX Nekhbet Nekromanteion sanctuary Nektanebo Nekydaimon Nemausus (Nı̂mes) Nemea Nemi, Lake Neokoros Neoplatonists Neoptolemos Nephthys Neptunus Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) LIST OF ENTRIES Nerva Augustus Nessana Nestorian Church Neutrality, political, Greece and Rome New Kingdom, Egypt New Testament, Coptic translations of New Testament, Latin Translations of Nicaea Nicaea, Council of Nicene Creed Nichoria Nicolaus of Damascus Nicomachus of Gerasa Nidaba (Nissaba) Nigidius Figulus Nika revolt Nikander of Kolophon Nikias Nikias, Peace of Nikomedes I–IV of Bithynia Nikomedes, mathematician Nikopolis Nikopolis ad Istrum Nile Nilometer Nine Bows Nineveh Ningirsu Ninurta Nippur Nisa Nisibis Nisyros Nobiles, nobilitas Nodens Nomads Nome Nomophylakes Nomos and nomothesia Nomothetai Nonnos of Panopolis Noricum Notary Notitia Dignitatum Novaesium (Neuss) Novatian Novellae xlvii Noviomagus Batavorum (Nijmegen) Nubia Nudity Numantia (Spain) Numbers, Egyptian Numbers, Greek Numbers, Mesopotamian Numbers, Roman Numen Numerian (Marcus Aurelius Numerius Numerianus Augustus) Numerus Numidia Nun Nuncupatio Nuraghi Nurse, nursing Nut Nutrition and malnutrition Nuzi Nymphs Oasis Magna (Dakhleh Oasis) Oasis Parva Oaths, ancient Near East Oaths, Greek and Roman Obelisk Obligation, Greek and Roman Obsequens, Iulius Obsequium Obsidian Obstetrics Oceanus Octavia Octavius Tidius Tossianus Lucius Iavolenus Priscus, Gaius Octodurus – Forum Claudii Vallensium (Martigny, Switzerland) Odes of Solomon Odessos Odysseus Oea Oedipus Oenopides of Chios Ogulnius, Gnaeus and Quintus Oikistes Oikonomika (treatise) Oikonomikos (treatise) xlviii LIST OF ENTRIES Oikonomos Oikos (family) Oikos (house) Oikoumene Oiniadai Oinomaos of Elis Oinophyta, battle of Olbia Old age and aging Old age, Egypt Old Kingdom, Egypt Old Oligarch Oligarchy Olives and olive oil Olympia Olympias Olympos mountain Olynthos Omens, Greece and Rome Omphalos Onasander Onesikritos of Astypalaia Oniads Onias, Temple of Onomarchos Oppida Opramoas Ops Optics and catoptrics Optimates, populares Optio Oracles, Greece and Rome Oracles, Pharaonic Egypt Orality, oral culture, and historiography Orators, Attic Oratory and Roman law Orbe-Boscéaz, villa of (Switzerland) Orchomenos in Boiotia Ordeals, ancient Near East Orestes Orgeones Orgia Oribasios of Pergamon Oriens, diocese of Origen Origenist Controversy Orontes Orophernes of Cappadocia Oropos Orosius Orphanages Orphans Orpheus and Orphism Orthagorids Orthia Oscan Oschophoria Osiris Osorkon Osrhoene Ossius of Cordoba Ostanes Osteria dell’Osa in Latium Ostia Ostorius Scapula, Publius Ostraca, Greco-Roman Egypt Ostracism Otho (Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus) Overstrike Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) Oxus Oxyrhynchos Ozymandias Pachomius Pacta dotalia Paestum (Poseidonia) Paganism, Byzantine Paganism, Greece and Rome Pagasai Pagus Paint and painting, Greece and Rome Paint and painting, Pharaonic Egypt Paktolos Paktyes mountain Palace economy Palaces, ancient Near East Palaces, Byzantine Palaces, Hellenistic Palaces, Minoan/Mycenaean Palaces, Pharaonic Egypt Palaces, Rome Palaikastro in Crete Palatine Pale LIST OF ENTRIES Paleopathology Pales and Parilia Palestine Palette Palladion, Palladium Pallake Palmyra Pamphilus of Caesarea Pamphylia Pan Pan Grave culture Panaitios of Leontinoi Panaitios of Rhodes Panamara sanctuary Panathenaia Pandrosos Panegyric Pangaion Panhellenism Panionion Pannonia Panopolis Panormos in Akarnania Pantaenus Pantelleria Pantheon, Rome Pantikapaion, Bosphorus Pantomime, Roman Paphlagonia Paphos Papias Pappus of Alexandria Papyri, astrological and astronomical Papyri, Jewish Papyri, mathematical Papyrology Papyrus Papyrus, Greco-Roman period Parabyston Paradise, Jewish and Christian beliefs in Paragraphe Paramone Parapegma Parapherna Parentalia Parmenion Paropamisos mountains Paros Parthenon Parthia Parthian, rulers Pasargadai Pasion, Athenian banker Pastoral Epistles Pastoralism Patala Patara Paterfamilias Patmos Patrai Patria potestas Patriarchs, Christian Patriarchs, Jewish (Nasi) Patricians Patrios politeia Patroklos, Ptolemaic commander Patron, patronage, Byzantine Patron, patronage, Roman Patronage, literary Paul, Acts of Paul of Aigina Paul, Apocalypse of Paul and Pauline Epistles Paul of Samosata Paul Silentiarius Paulinus of Nola Paulus of Alexandria Pausanias Pausanias II, Spartan king Pausanias, Spartan regent Pax deorum Peace Peasant society Peculium Pedubast I–III Peisistratos Pelagianism Pelasgi Pella Pelopidas Peloponnese Peloponnesian League Peloponnesian War Pelops xlix l LIST OF ENTRIES Peltasts Pelusium Penance Penates, di penates Peneios Pentakosiomedimnoi Pentekontaetia Pentekonter Peparethos Pepi I and II Pepinakht Heqaib Peraea (Jewish Transjordan) Perati in Attica Perdikkas II Perdikkas III Perdikkas, son of Orontes Perfumes and unguents, Greece Perfumes and unguents, Pharaonic Egypt Perfumes and unguents, Rome Pergamon Perge Periander of Corinth Peribsen Perikles Perinthos Perioikoi Peripatetics Peripeteia Peristyle Perjury Perpetua Perrhaibia Persecution of Christians Persecution, religious, Byzantine Persephone, Kore Persepolis Persepolis tablets Perseus, Macedonian king Persia and Byzantium Persia and Greece Persia and Rome Persian, Persians Persians in Egypt Persica Personification Pertinax (Publius Helvius Pertinax Augustus) Peru-nefer Pescennius Niger, Gaius Pessinous Petalismos Peter, Acts of Peter, Apocalypse of Peter, Apocalypse of (Coptic) Peter the Apostle Peter the Fuller Peter, Gospel of Peter the Iberian Peter Mongos Peter Patrikios Petillius Cerialis Caesius Rufus, Quintus Petosarapis Petra Petra papyri Petras in Crete Petronius Pezhetairoi Phaenomena, saving the Phaistos Phalanthos of Sparta Phalanx (hoplite) Phalanx (Macedonian) Phalaris Pharaoh Pharaonic glass Pharisees Pharmacology, Egyptian Pharmacology, Greece and Rome Pharmacology, Mesopotamian Pharnakes I of Pontos Pharnakes II, son of Mithradates VI Pharos, Adriatic island Pharos, Egypt Pharsalos, battle of Phaselis Phasis Pheidon of Argos Pherekydes of Athens Phialai exeleutherikai Philadelphia Philai Philetairos Philhellenism Philinos of Akragas Philinos of Kos LIST OF ENTRIES Philip II of Macedon Philip V of Macedon Philip, Acts of Philip III Arrhidaios Philip, Gospel of Philip (Marcus Julius Philippus Augustus) Philippi Philippikos, emperor Philippopolis Philistines Philistos of Syracuse Philo of Byzantium Philo the Epic Poet Philo Judaeus Philo, Pseudo-, Biblical Antiquities Philochoros of Athens Philodemos, Epicurean Philokrates Philolaos of Kroton Philomelos Philopoimen Philosophy, Byzantine Philosophy, Classical Greece Philosophy, Hellenistic Philosophy, Roman Philostorgius Philostrati Philotas Philoxenos of Mabbug Phlegon of Tralles Phlegraean Fields Phleious Phocylides, Pseudo- (Jewish author) Phoenice, treaty of Phoenicia, Phoenicians Phokaia Phokas, emperor Phokion Phokis Phormion Phormisios Phraates IV of Parthia Phraates V of Parthia Phratry Phrontistes Phrygia Phrynichos Phylakopi on Melos Phylarchos Phyromachos Physics Physiognomy Physiologus Piazza Armerina Pietas Pigs Pigs, ancient Near East Pilgrimage Pilum Pindar Piracy Piraeus Piramesse Pisa Pishra de-Rabbi Hanina ben Dosa (Jewish magical text) Pisidia Pistis Sophia Pithekoussai Piy (Piankhy) Piyyut (Jewish liturgical and secular poetry) Plague VOLUME X Plants, sacred, Greece and Rome Plataia Plate, domestic and liturgical, Byzantine Plato Plato, cosmology Platorius Nepos, Aulus Plautus (Titus Maccius Plautus) Plebeians Plebiscitum Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus) Pliny the Younger (Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus) Plotinus Plow Plumbing Plutarch li lii LIST OF ENTRIES Pluto Plynteria Pneumatics Pnyx Po Poetovio Pola Polemic Polemon, Marcus Antonius Poletai Police, Greece and Rome Police, Pharaonic Egypt Poliochni Polis Politeia Politeiai Politeuma Political pay (Greece) Poll tax, Ptolemaic Poll tax, Roman Pollution, Greece and Rome Polyaenus Polybius Polycarp of Smyrna Polykrates of Samos Polyperchon Pomerium Pomona Pompeii Pompeii, destruction of Pompeius Magnus Pius, Sextus Pompeius Trogus Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Pompilius Numa Pomponius Atticus, Titus Pomponius Mela Pont du Gard Pontifex, pontifices Pontifical Chronicle Pontius Pilate Pontos Popes Popillius Laenas, Gaius Poppy Pornography Porolissum Porphyry Port of trade Portents Porticoes Portraiture, Byzantine Portraiture, Greece and Rome Portraiture, Pharaonic Egypt Ports, Byzantine Ports, Roman Portunus Portus Porus, Indian dynast Poseidi in Chalcidice Poseidippos Poseidon Poseidon Sounion sanctuary Poseidonios Possessio Postal services Postcolonialism Postumius Albinus, Aulus Potaissa (Cluj, Romania) Poteidaia Pottery, ancient Near East Pottery, Archaic and republican Rome Pottery, Bronze Age Pottery, Byzantine Pottery, Classical and Hellenistic Greece Pottery, Pharaonic Egypt Pottery, Roman Empire Pottery trade Poultry Praefectus Praeneste Praetor Praetorian cohorts Praetorian Prefect Praetorium Pragmatic history Praisos Praxagoras of Kos Prayer, Christian Prayer, Greek Prayer, Jewish Prayer, Pharaonic Egypt Prayer, Roman Precedent, Greek Precedent, Roman LIST OF ENTRIES Precession Predynastic Period, Egypt Prefect of Egypt Pregnancy Presbyter Presses Priapus Price formation Prices Priene Priests and Levites (Jewish) Priests and priestesses, Egypt Priests and priestesses, Greek Priests and priestesses, Roman Primitivism Primus pilus Principales Principia Prinias in Crete Prison, prisoners Privacy Privilegium, of legal forum Probole Probouloi Probus (Marcus Aurelius Probus Augustus) Procedure, legal, Greek and Roman Procedure texts and lunar predictions, Babylonian Processions, Greek Processions, Roman Procharisteria Proclus Procopius Prodigies, Greece and Rome Proerosia Profit Prognosis Proletarii Prometheus and Prometheia Promiscuity Pronnoi Proof Proof, legal, Greek and Roman Property, Greek and Roman Prophecy and oracles, ancient Near East Prophets, Late Antiquity Propontis Proportion Proselytes and proselytism, Jewish Proserpina Proskynema formulas Proskynesis Prosphora Prostates Prostitution Prosymna Protagoras Protevangelium Jacobi Proto-Euphratic, Proto-Tigridic languages Proverbs, book of Hebrew Bible Proverbs, Greek Proverbs, Roman Provincial administration, Byzantine Provincial administration, Roman Republic Provincial capitals Provocatio Proxenia Prudentius, Aurelius Clemens Prusa Prusias I of Bithynia Prusias II of Bithynia Prytaneion Psalms of Solomon Psamtik/Psammetichus I–III Psephisma Pseudepigrapha in early Christianity Psusennes Psychology Ptah Ptolemaia Ptolemaic possessions outside Egypt Ptolemais/Acco Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphos Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Ptolemy IX Soter II liii liv LIST OF ENTRIES Ptolemy X Alexander I Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Auletes Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Ptolemy XV Caesar Ptolemy (astronomer, mathematician) Ptolemy (Gnostic) Puabi Public health, Egypt Public health, Greece and Rome Publicani Publication Puduheba Punic wars Punt Purchase, Greek and Roman Purification, Christian Purification, Greek Purification, Jewish Purification, Roman Purple (dye, textile) Purušhanda Puteoli Pydna, battle of Pylos Pyramid Pyrenees Pyrrhos, king Pythagoreanism Pytheas of Massalia Pythia Pythian Games Pythioi (Spartan) Qaa Qadesh, battle of Qadishtum Qal’at Sem’an Qarqar Qasr ibn Wardan Qasr Ibrim Quadratus Quaestio Quaestio perpetua Quaestor Quarries Quartodeciman Controversy Que Queens, ancient Near East Queens, Pharaonic Egypt Querela inofficiosi testamenti Quesna Quindecimviri sacris faciundis Quinquatrus Quinquevirale iudicium Quintilian Quintus Smyrnaeus Quirinus Qumran Qur’ān Rabbinic literature Rabbis Rabbula of Edessa Race and racism Raetia Rameses I–XI Ransom Rape Raphia, battle of Raqqa Rational actor models Ravenna Ravenna Papyri Re and Re Horakhty Rebellions, Roman Empire Reciprocity Recitations, historical works Recruiting, military Recuperatores Red Sea Redistribution Refrigeria, Christian Regimen Regionalism Regula Fidei Relics Reliefs, Greece and Rome Religion, Anatolian Religion, Byzantine popular Religion, Celtic Religion, Dacian Religion, Etruscan Religion, Greco-Roman Egypt Religion, Italic LIST OF ENTRIES Religion, Jewish Religion, Minoan and Mycenaean Religion, North African Religion, Persian Religion, Pharaonic Egypt Religion, Roman Religion, Roman, terminology of Religion, Samaritan Religion, Syrian Religious deviance and persecution Renenutet Representation/representative government Repudium Res gestae of Augustus Rescriptum Reserve heads Responsa Retirement Retrospective diagnosis Reus Revelation, Book of Revenue Laws Revolts, Egyptian Revolts, Jewish Rex Rex sacrorum Rhamnous Rhegion Rheneia Rhetoric, Byzantine Rhetoric, Greek Rhetoric, Roman Rhetoric and science Rhetorical history Rhetra Rheumatism Rhine Rhodes Rhomaia Rhône Rib-Hadda of Byblos Riegl, Aloı̈s (1858–1905) Rim-Sin I of Larsa Riparienses milites Risk (management) Rites of passage River deities Rivers Roads, Byzantine Roads, Roman Empire Roads, Roman Republic Robert, Louis (1904–1985) Rock art Roma, goddess Roman Empire, regional cultures Roman Republic, constitution Romanization Romanos the Melode Rome, city of: 1. Prehistoric (earliest remains) Rome, city of: 2. Republican Rome, city of: 3. Augustan Rome, city of: 4. Julio-Claudian Rome, city of: 5. Flavian and Trajanic Rome, city of: 6. Hadrianic and Antonine Rome, city of: 7. Severan and third century Rome, city of: 8. Tetrarchic Rome, city of: 9. Fourth century Rome, Fall of Rome, resistance to (cultural) Rome, resistance to (Gaul) Rome, resistance to (Syria) Rome, Seven Hills Romuliana (Gamzigrad, Serbia) Romulus Augustulus VOLUME XI Romulus and Remus Rosetta Stone Rosmerta Rostra Rotas Sator Roxane Royal land Royal road(s) Rubicon Rufus of Ephesos Rufus of Samaria Ruler cult, ancient Near East Ruler cult, Greek and Hellenistic Ruler cult, Pharaonic Egypt lv lvi LIST OF ENTRIES Ruler cult, Roman Rumina Rural economy Rusafa (Sergiopolis) Ruth, Book of Rutilius Gallicus, Gaius Rutilius Rufus, Publius Sabas, Great Lavra of Sabazios Sabbath Sabellius, Sabellianism Sabines and Samnites Sabratha Sacraments in early Christianity Sacramentum Sacred Band Sacrifice, ancient Near East Sacrifice, Greek Sacrifice, Jewish Sacrifice, Pharaonic Egypt Sacrifice, Roman Sacrilegium Sadducees Saeculum Sagalassos Saguntum (Sagunto) Sahara Sais, Sa el-Hagar Saite Period, Egypt Salacia Salaminia Salaminioi Salamis (Cyprus) Salamis, island and battle of Saliagos Salii Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus) Salome Alexandra Salona (Solin, Croatia) Salt Salt tax Saltus Salus Samaria Same Samos Samosata Samothrace Samothrace, Mysteries of San Vitale Sanga Sangarios Sanhedrin, Jewish court of law Sappho Saqqara Sarapis Sardinia Sardis Sargon of Akkad and his dynasty Sargon II of Assyria Sarmizegetusa Regia Saronic Gulf Sasanian Lawbook Sasanians Satet Satire Satraps Satraps’ revolt Satricum Saturnus and Saturnalia Scales Schism Science, Byzantine Science, Egyptian Science, Greek Science, Mesopotamian Science, Roman Sciences, exact Scipio Aemilianus (Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus) Scipio Africanus (Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus) Scipio, Dream of Scorpion (king) Screw Scribes, ancient Near East Scribes, Byzantine Scribes, Egypt Scribes, Greece and Rome Scripts, Byzantine Sculpture, Greece and Rome Sculpture, Pharaonic Egypt Scythia LIST OF ENTRIES Scythians Sea deities Sea Peoples Seals, ancient Near East Seals, Byzantine Seals, Greece Seals, Roman Sebeos of Armenia Second Intermediate Period, Egypt Second Treatise of the Great Seth Seeck, Otto (1850–1921) Seers, Greece Seers and sortilegi, Roman world Sefer Assaph ha-Rofe (Jewish medical text) Sefer ha-Razim (the Book of Mysteries) (Jewish magical text) Sefer Yetzira (Jewish mystical text) Seisachtheia Seismology Sejanus (Lucius Aelius Seianus) Sekhemkhet Sekhmet Seleucid era Seleucids Seleukeia Seleukeia ad Calycadnum/Tracheia Seleukos I Nikator Seleukos II Kallinikos Seleukos III Keraunos Seleukos IV Philopator Selinous Sellasia, battle of Semerkhet Semiramis (Sammuramat) Semitic languages Sempronius Asellio Senate, Byzantium Senate, Roman Republic and Empire Seneca the Elder (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) Seneca the Younger (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) Senenmut Sennacherib Sentences of Sextus Sententia Sententiae of Paulus lvii Senwosret (Sesostris) I–IV Sepphoris Septemviri epulones Septimius Severus Pertinax Augustus, Lucius Septimontium Septuagint Seqenenre Taa Serabit el-Khadim Serapeum, destruction of Serapion of Thmuis Serdica (Sofia, Bulgaria) Serenus Sammonicus, Quintus Sergios I, patriarch of Constantinople Seriphos Serket, Selket Sermons, Late Antiquity Sertorius, Quintus Servius Seshat Sesklo Seth Sethianism Settefinestre Sety (Seti) I–II Seven Liberal Arts Severus Alexander (Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus) Severus of Antioch Sex and sexuality, ancient Near East Sex and sexuality, Greece Sex and sexuality, Pharaonic Egypt Sex and sexuality, Rome Shabaka Shadrapa Shādūf Shakkanakkum Shalmaneser III Shamash (Utu) Shammai, Rabbi Shamshi-Adad and sons Sharecropping Shasu Shem, Treatise of (Jewish astrological text) Shemoneh Esreh (Jewish daily prayer) lviii LIST OF ENTRIES Shenoute Sheshonq I–VI Shi’ism Shimeon ben Shatah, Rabbi Shimon ben Laqish, Rabbi Ships, shipping, ancient Near East Ships, shipping, Byzantine Ships, shipping, Greece Ships, shipping, Pharaonic Egypt Ships, shipping, Rome Shipwrecks, exploration of Shi‘ur Qomah (Jewish mystical texts) Shubat-Enlil Shuruppak Siblings Sibylline Oracles Sibyls and Sibylline books, Greece and Rome Sicelica Sicilian expedition Sicily Side Sidon Sieges and siegecraft, Byzantine Sieges and siegecraft, Classical and Hellenistic Greece Sieges and siegecraft, Roman Sigeon Signifer Signs and sign inference Sikinos Sikyon Silence in Roman literature Silius Italicus, Tiberius Catius Asconius Silk Silvanus Silver Simokattes, Theophylaktos Simon bar Giora Simon the Just Simon Maccabaeus Simonides Simplicius Sin (Nanna) Sinai Sinai, Monastery of St. Catherine Singidunum (Belgrade) Sin-kashid of Uruk and his dynasty Siphnos Sippar Siptah Siris Sirmium Siscia (Sisak, Croatia) Sisenna, Lucius Cornelius Sistrum Sitesis Sitologos Sitophylakes Siwa Oasis Skerdilaidas Skiathos Skillous Skione Skira Skopas, Aitolian Skylax of Karyanda Skyros Slavery, ancient Near East Slavery, Greece Slavery, Late Antiquity and Byzantium Slavery, Pharaonic Egypt Slavery, Rome Sleep Slings, slingers Smyrna Sneferu Sobek Sobekhotep Sobeknefru Social structure and mobility, ancient Near East Social structure and mobility, Byzantine Social structure and mobility, Greece and Rome Social War, Classical Greece Social War, Roman Republic Societas Socii Socrates Socrates of Constantinople Sodales Sogdia Sokar LIST OF ENTRIES Soloi Solomon Solon Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (Dead Sea Scrolls) Sopdet/Sothis Sophia, empress Sophists, Greece Sophists, Roman Empire Sophocles Sophronios, patriarch of Jerusalem Soranus, physician Sortition, Greece Sortition, Roman Sosibios Sosigenes, astronomer Sosius Senecio, Quintus Soterichos of Oasis Soul, Christian Soul, Greece and Rome Soul, Jewish Sound Sozomen of Gaza Spalatum (Split, Spalato): Diocletian’s Palace Sparta Spartacus Spartan kings Spartokids Spasinou Charax Speeches in historical works Speos Artemidos Speusippos Sphakteria island Sphinx Sphodrias Spices Spina Spinster Spits Spolia opima Spondai Sponsalia Sponsio (judicial wager) Sporades islands Sport Sports and games, Pharaonic Egypt Springs, sacred Stageira Standards of living, wealth Stasis Statius, Publius Papinius Statues Status Stein, Ernst (1891–1945) Stelae, Egypt Stelae, Greek Stepfamily Stephanus of Athens Stephanus of Byzantium Sterility Stesimbrotos of Thasos Stipendium (military pay) Stipulatio Stirrup jar Stock rearing, Roman Empire Stoicism Stola Stones, sacred Stoneworking, Byzantine Stoneworking, Greece and Rome Stoneworking, Pharaonic Egypt Storage Stoudios monastery; Studite typikon Strabo of Amaseia Strategikon of Maurice Strategoi Strategos, Egypt Strategy, Byzantine Stratokles, Athenian politician Straton of Lampsakos Stratonikeia Stratonikeia/Hadrianopolis Stratos Strymon Stuprum Stylite (pillar saint) Stymphalos Subartu Successors, wars of Suda Suetonius Sufetula (Sbeitla) Suhu lix lx LIST OF ENTRIES Sui heredes Sui iuris Suicide Sukkalmah Sulis Sulla (Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix) Sulpicia, Augustan poet Sulpicia, Flavian poet Sulpicius Severus Sumerian King List Sumerian language Šumma ālu Šumma izbu Summanus Sumptuary legislation, Greece Sun gods, Greece and Rome Sundials Suovetaurilia Superstition Suppiluliuma I Supplication Surgery, Greek and Roman Surgery, Mesopotamian Susa Swimming Sybaris Syene Symeon of Emesa (Symeon the Fool) Symeon the Stylite the Elder Symeon the Stylite the Younger Symmachia Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius (signo Eusebius) Symmoria Sympathy and antipathy Sympoliteia Symposium Synagogues, Jewish Synchronisms, ancient Near East Synesius Synoecism Syracuse Syria (pre-Roman) Syria (Roman and Byzantine) Syriac literature Syrian wars Syro-Roman law book Syros Syssitia Tabellarii Tabelliones Tablettes Albertini Tabula Banasitana Tabula Bantina Tabula Contrebiensis Tabula Hebana and Tabula Siarensis Tabula Heracleensis Tabulae Herculanenses Tabulae nuptiales Tabularium Tacfarinas Tacitus Tacitus (Marcus Claudius Tacitus Augustus) Tages Tagos Taharqo, Taharqa, Taharka Talayotic culture Talmud, Palestinian and Babylonian Tanagra Tanais Tanis, San el-Hagar Tanit Tanning, tanners Tanutamun, Tanwetamani Taprobane Taras/Tarentum Tarchon Targum (Aramaic translations of the Hebrew Bible) Tarquinii (Tarquinia) Tarquinius Priscus Tarquinius Superbus Tarracina Tarraco (Tarragona) Tarsos Tartessus Tatian Taula Taurobolium Tauromenium (Taormina) Tausret Taweret Tax, Jewish (fiscus Judaicus) Taxation, Byzantine LIST OF ENTRIES Taxation, Pharaonic Egypt Taxation, Roman Tax farming Taxila Taygetos mountain Tayma Technitai Technological change Technology, domestic Technology, Egyptian Technology, Greek Technology, Roman Teeth Tefillin Tefnut Tegea Telechos of Sparta Teleology Telepinu Tell el-Balamun Tell el-Borg Tell el-Maskhuta Tell Ibrahim Awad Tellus Temple economy, Greek and Roman Temple, Jewish, in Jerusalem Temple, Samaritan, on Mount Gerizim Temple Scroll, the (Dead Sea Scrolls) Temple treasuries (tamieion, tamiai) Temples, ancient Near East Temples, Greek Temples, Hellenistic Temples, Late Antiquity Temples, Pharaonic Egypt Temples, Roman Tenancy, Greek and Roman Tenos Ten Thousand, the Teos Terence (Publius Terentius Afer) Terentia Termessos Terminus Terqa Terracing VOLUME XII Tertullian Tessera nummularia Tesserarius Testament of Abraham Testament of Job Testament of Solomon Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs Testamentum Testamentum porcelli Testatio Testimonium Testudo Teti Tetisheri Tetrarchy Teuta, Illyrian queen Teutoburgiensis Saltus (Kalkriese) Textiles, Byzantine Textiles, Greece and Rome Textiles, Pharaonic Egypt Thagaste Thalassocracy Thapsos Thasos Theagenes of Megara Theangela/Syangela Theater, Greek and Roman Thebes (Diospolis Magna), Ptolemaic and Roman periods Thebes in Boiotia Thebes, East Thebes, West Thecla Theft Themata Themison of Laodikeia Themistius Themistokles Theocritus Theoderic Theoderic, Edict of Theodora, empress Theodore of Mopsuestia Theodore (saints) Theodore of Sykeon lxi lxii LIST OF ENTRIES Theodoret of Cyrrhus Theodorus Priscianus Theodosian Code Theodosius I Theodosius II Theodotians Theodotus, poet Theognis Theogony Theokles of Chalcis Theologia tripertita Theon of Alexandria Theon of Smyrna Theophanes the Confessor Theophanes of Mytilene Theophilos of Antioch Theophilos of Edessa Theophilos, emperor Theophilos, patriarch Theophrastus Theopompos of Chios Theopompos of Sparta Theoria Theorika, Theoric Fund Theos Hypsistos Theotokos (Virgin Mary) Theoxenia Thera Theramenes Therapeutae Thermon Thermopylai Theron, tyrant of Akragas Theseus and Theseia Thesmophoria Thesmos Thespiai Thessalonike, city Thessalonike, Macedonian Thessalos of Tralles Thessaly Thetes Thetis Theurgy Thinis Third Intermediate Period, Egypt Thirty Tyrants, at Athens Thirty Years’ Peace Thomas, Acts of Thomas, Gospel of Thomas, Infancy Gospel of Thorikos Thoth Thourioi Thracia Thrasyboulos, Athenian democrat Thrasyboulos, Milesian tyrant Thrasyllus, astrologer Threptoi Threshing Thucydides Thugga (Dougga) Thule Thuria, Peloponnese Thutmose I–IV Thysdrus (El Jem) Tiamat Tiber Tiberias Tiberios II, emperor Tiberius (Tiberius Caesar Augustus) Tibur (Tivoli) Tigellinus (Gaius Ofonius Tigellinus) Tiglath-pileser I Tiglath-pileser III Tigranes II–IV of Armenia Tigranocerta Timaeus of Tauromenium Timagenes of Alexandria Time, measurement of Timgad (Thamugadi) Timocharis Timoleon Timotheos Tin Tingis Tiro, Marcus Tullius Tiryns Titulary, Pharaonic Egypt Titus (Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus) Tiy Tlos Tmolos mountain LIST OF ENTRIES Tobiads Tobit, Book of Tod Toga Toll Tolosa (Toulouse) Tomis Topography Torone Torture Tourism Tower of the Winds, Athens Town planning Trade, ancient Near East Trade, Byzantine Trade, Greek Trade, Pharaonic Egypt Trade, Roman Tragedy, Greek Tragedy, Latin Tragic history Trajan Decius (Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius Augustus) Trajan (Nerva Traianus Augustus) Trajan’s Canal Trajan’s Column Tralles Transhumance Translation Transport, Byzantine Transport, Greece Transport, Pharaonic Egypt Transport, Roman Transportation technology Trapezos Trasimene, battle of Treaties, ancient Near East Treaties, Archaic and Classical Greece Treaties, Hellenistic Treaties, Late Antiquity Treaties, Pharaonic Egypt Treaties, Roman Trebonianus Gallus (Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus Augustus) Tres militiae Tresviri monetales Tribonian Tribuni plebis Tribunus militum Tribus Tribute Tribute Lists, Athenian Trimalchio Trinity, doctrine of the Triopion Cape Triparadeisos, treaty of Triphylia Trireme Trittys, trittyes Triumph Troad Troizen Troodos mountain Troop movements, Roman Empire Tropaeum Traiani (Adamklissi) Trophonios Troy Tsoungiza Tubicen Tukulti-Ninurta I Tullius, Servius Turicum (Zürich) Turks Turma Tusculum Tushratta Tutankhamun Tutela Tutu Twelve Tables Twins Tyche Tylissos in Crete Typology Tyrannicides Tyranny Tyre Ugarit Ugaritic language Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, Romania Ulpianic life table Uluburun shipwreck Umayyads Umbrians lxiii lxiv LIST OF ENTRIES Umma Umman-manda Unas Unemployment Universal history Ur Ur III Dynasty Ur, Royal Tombs of Urartu Urkesh Ur-Nanshe and the First Dynasty of Lagash Uruinimgina Uruk Usucapio Ususfructus Uthina (Oudna) Utica (Utique) Vadimonium Valens Valentia (Valencia) Valentinian I Valentinian II Valentinian III Valentinus/Valentinians Valerian (Publius Licinius Valerianus Augustus) Valerius Antias Valerius Flaccus Setinus Balbus, Gaius Valerius Maximus Valley of the Kings Vandals Vapheio in Lakonia Varro, Marcus Terentius Varus, Publius Quinctilius Vasio (Vaison-la-Romaine) Vediovis Vegetius Renatus, Flavius Vegoia Veii Veiling Velia Velites Velitrae Velleius Paterculus Venta Silurum (Caerwent) Venus Ver Sacrum Vercingetorix Vergil (Publius Vergilius Maro) Vergina Verginius Rufus, Lucius Vernae Verres, Gaius Verulamium (St. Albans) Vespasian (Vespasianus Augustus) Vesta and Vestals Vestibule Vestricius Spurinna, Titus Vesuvius Vetera (Birten, Germany) Veterans Veterinary medicine Vettius Valens Vetulonia Vexillatio Vexillum Via Appia Via Egnatia Via publica Viceroy of Kush Vicques, villa (Switzerland) Victoria Vicus Vienna (Vienne, France) Vigiles Vilicus Villa Villages, Byzantine Villages, Greek Villages, Pharaonic Egypt Villanovan culture Viminacium Vindex Vindicianus Vindobona (Vienna, Austria) Vindolanda tablets Vindonissa (Brugg, Switzerland) Vinius, Titus Violentia Vipsanius Agrippa, Marcus Virginity Viriatus Virunum (Zollfeld, Austria) LIST OF ENTRIES Vis Visigoths Vitellius (Aulus Vitellius Augustus Germanicus) Viticulture Vitruvius (Pol(l)io) Vitsa Zagoriou Viviscus (Vevey, Switzerland) Volaterrae Volcanoes Volcanus Volscians Volubilis Voluntarii Volusian (Gaius Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus Volusianus Augustus) Vortumnus Vow, Greece and Rome Vulci Wadi Hammamat Wadi Tumilat Wadjyt, Wadjet Wage labor Wahibre (Apries) Waldgirmes, Germany Wall-painting, Greek and Roman Walls, city, Greece Walls, city, Roman Wanax War Scroll, the (Dead Sea Scrolls) Warfare, ancient Near East Warfare, Byzantine Warfare, Greece Warfare, Pharaonic Egypt Warfare, Roman Warfare, technology Wars, sacred Washukanni Water meter Water supply, Byzantine Water supply, Greek and Roman Wax Weaponry, ancient Near East Weaponry, Byzantine Weaponry, Greece Weaponry, Pharaonic Egypt Weaponry, Rome Weather prediction Wedding Weights and measures, ancient Near East Weights and measures, Greek Weights and measures, Pharaonic Egypt Weights and measures, Roman Welfare institutions, Late Antiquity Wepwawet Wet-nurse, wet-nursing Wheat Wheel White Monastery Federation Widows Wilbour Papyrus Wills, of Hellenistic kings Winnowing Wisdom literature, ancient Near East Wisdom literature, Jewish Wisdom of Solomon Witch Witnesses, Greek and Roman Women, Byzantium Women, Greece Women, Hellenistic Women, Jewish Women, Pharaonic Egypt Women, Roman Women’s quarter Wonders of the world Wood and woodworking Wool World chronicle Wounds, nature and treatment of Writing materials Xanten, Germany Xanthos Xanthos, Lydiaca Xenodocheion Xenodokoi Xenoi Xenophobia Xenophon Xoanon Xobourgo on Tenos Yadnana Yahweh lxv lxvi LIST OF ENTRIES Yarmuk, battle of Zagora Zagros mountains Zakkur of Hamath Zakros in Crete Zakutu (Naqi’a) Zakynthos Zaleukos of Lokroi Zama, battle of Zealots (Jewish) Zeno, emperor Zeno of Kition Zeno of Rhodes Zenobia Zenodotos of Ephesos Zenon Archive Zeugitai Zeus Zeuxis Zimri-Lim of Mari Ziqqurrat Zonaras, John Zoology Zoroastrianism Zosimus, alchemist Zosimus, historian Zurvan Zygouries

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