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HAP UNIT 7 STUDY GUIDE MUSCLES PART 1: OVERVIEW OF MUSCLES 1. Changes chemical energy (in the form of ATP) into mechanical energy (with the movement of muscle) 2. Fill in the following chart to contrast the three types of muscles: Type Found in what Striated? Voluntary ? area of body? skeletal Attached to bone Yes yes Cardiac Heart Yes No Smooth Internal organs No no 3. Muscle need to be, excitable to receive messages from the brain, contractable to move bone, extensible to stretch and elastic to “bounce back” into its original shape. PART 2: GROSS MUSCLE ANATOMY 4. Explain the meaning of the following prefixes and root words: a. Mys/myo- muscle b. Endo- inside c. Epi- outside d. Peri- near e. Sarco- flesh (muscle) f. Lemma- membrane g. Plasm- cytoplasm ill in #5-9 using the following wordbank: 5. Each muscle cell or fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath or capsule called the ENDOMYSIUM 6. A bundle of muscle fibers are called FASICLE and are surrounded by a collagen sheath called PERIMYSIUM 7. These cell bundles are grouped together to make a muscle. The entire muscle is bound together with a “overcoat” or EPIMYSIUM 8. All the sheaths or coverings converge together at the end of the muscle and form the TENDON which connects the muscle to the bone. 9. The connective tissue that is coarse and fibrous that surrounds groups of muscles and neighboring organs is called FASHIA 10. Label the following picture: Tendon Epimysium Endomysium Fiber bone Perimysium Fascicle (bundle) Blood vessel Endomysium PART 3: MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE FIBER (MUSCLE CELL) 11. Each cell is protected and strengthened by a permeable connective tissue “overcoat” called the ENDOMYSIUM 12. The muscle cell plasma membrane that is found inside the endomysium is called the SARCOLEMMA 13. Two organelles that are found in numerous amounts inside a muscle fiber MITOCHONDRIA, NUCLEI 14. A special name for cytoplasm of a muscle cell SARCOPLASM 15. Nuclei are pushed aside by long ribbonlike organelles called SARCOMERES that have light and dark bands which give the muscle its striped appearance. 16. Another name for muscle fiber is MYOFIBRILS 17. Rod-like organelles that run the length of a fiber and is divided into tiny contractile segments called MYOFILAMENTS 18. Smaller structures that actually perform the movement in a muscle fiber are called MYOFILAMENTS and come in two types MYOSIN (thick bands) and ACTIN (thin bands). 19. Label the following diagram of the muscle cell: actin H zone Z line mysin sarcomere PART 4: MUSCLE CONTRACTION 20. Explain how a muscle is told to contract by a nerve. a. What is the muscle fiber like at rest? Sodium is outside the cell (overall positive charge); potassium is inside (overall negative charge); cell is impermeable to ions. b. What happens to cause depolarization? The nerve releases acetylcholine which travels across the synaptic cleft to the muscle. c. What happens during depolarization? The neurotransmitter attaches to the protein gate in the sarcolemma which opens it to sodium. Sodium moves into the cell, making the outside an overall negative charge and inside overall positive. d. What happens during repolarization? The cell opens potassium gates and potassium moves outside, returning the charges to normal (positive outside, negative inside) e. What happens during restoration? The cell uses ATP to pump sodium out of the cell and potassium back into the cell to restore the ions to their original locations. f. How does a muscle stop contracting? Enzymes on the surface of the cell break down the neurotransmitter to close sodium gates. 21. Explain the mechanism of contraction of a muscle using the theory outlined below: Use the following terms to guide your answer a. In a resting muscle fiber- Actin and myosin sit close to each other but not touching. b. A nerve cell does what? And generates what? The nerve cell starts an action potential by causing depolarization. This signal moves through the sarcolemma and down into the T tubules/system. c. What is released? Where does it go? Calcium is released from the t tubules and travels down into the myofilaments. Where it binds to actin. d. What now occurs? What forms? Actin changes shape and forms crossbridges with myosin. Now they are physically touching. e. Movement of myofilaments? The change of shape causes the crossbridges to “snap back” and walk actin over the surface of myosin, causing the H zone to disappear. f. Need for energy? In what form is the energy found and what does it do? ATP is used to release the calcium from the actin which releases the crossbridges. If the muscle is not fully contracted, this will happen again. 22. Actin detaches and reattaches several times to fully contract the muscle. 23. The speed of the nerve signals to the muscle can cause tetanus (a fully contracted muscle) and the more fibers or motor units in the muscle being signaled create a larger contraction PART 5: USING ENERGY FOR EXERCISE 24. There are two types of muscle fibers- red-slow twitch fibers create slower more sustained contractions; white fast twitch fibers make faster, shorter contractions. Most people have more/less of each kind. 25. You build up calcium in the t tubules to use for contraction; you improve enzyme function by increasing the temperature. 26. You could pull a muscle or tear a tendon. 27. Making small tears in the fibers which repair themselves by branching and stimulating them to make more myofibrils. 28. Muscle fibers can produce ATP using 3 different methods. Fill out the following chart to describe these processes: TAKES PLACE ADVANTAG DISADVANTAG METHOD RAW OF ATP IN MATERIALS E(S) E(S) PRODUCTI NEEDED ON Creatine 1. cytoplasm 1.creatine 1. short quick 1. only lasts a few PO4 phosphate burst of seconds energy 2.ADP Aerobic Respiration 1. mitochondri Resting: 1. makes lots a 1. oxygen of ATP 1. only works with oxygen 2. slow process 2.fatty acid Working: 1.oxygen 2.glycogen Anaerobic pathway also called- 1. cytoplasm 1. glycogen 1. helps create energy without oxygen 1. inefficient use of sugar 2. causes soreness due to lactic acid buildup PART 6: DISEASES AND DISORDERS MATCH THE FOLLOWING DISEASES/DISORDERS TO THEIR SYMPTOMS botulism -Toxin that is highly lethal; keeps acetylcholine from functioning; found in improperly canned food Myasthenia gravis -A disease where neuromuscular junction stops functioning causing degeneration of muscle tissue rigor mortis -Condition where muscles run out of ATP so myosin crossbridges can’t release from actin Trichinosis -A disease caused by worms that lay cysts in muscle tissue; caused by improperly cooked and low quality pork.