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Human Physiology - Problem Drill 20: Energy Balance and Metabolism
Question No. 1 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper
as needed, (3) Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
1. Which unit is commonly found on food labels and serves as the nutritional unit
of energy?
Question #01
(A) calories (lower case “c”)
(B) kilocalories
(C) Calories (upper case “C”)
(D) Joules
(E) grams
A. Incorrect!
Calories, spelled with a lower case “c”, refer to the scientific unit of energy – the
amount of heart required to raise 1 g of water 1 degree Celsius.
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Each Answer
Choice
B. Incorrect!
Kilocalories are not the unit commonly found on food labels regulated by the FDA.
C. Correct!
Calories with an upper case “C” is the unit commonly displayed on food labels.
D. Incorrect!
Joules is a measurement of energy, but does not appear on food labels regulated
by the FDA.
E. Incorrect.
Grams are a measure of mass, not of energy.
Remember Calories with a capital “C” are the nutritional unit of energy commonly
reported on food labels.
The correct answer is (C).
Solution
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Question No. 2 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper
as needed, (3) Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
2. Which is the primary hormone released when blood sugar levels are reduced?
Question #02
(A) Insulin
(B) Anti-diuretic hormone
(C) Thyroid
(D) Estrogen
(E) Glucagon
A. Incorrect!
Insulin is released when blood sugar levels are elevated, not reduced.
B. Incorrect!
Anti-diuretic hormone is not involved with blood sugar maintenance.
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Choice
C. Incorrect!
Thyroid hormones increase metabolism and are not released in response to low
blood glucose levels.
D. Incorrect!
Estrogen is involved with reproductive functions, not blood sugar levels.
E. Correct!
Glucagon, released from the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels,
serves to increase blood glucose levels to normal.
Remember insulin and glucagon is opposing hormones. Glucagon is released when
blood glucose levels are low. Glucagon causes the break down of glycogen from
the liver and muscles, as well as the catabolism of lipids, in order to return blood
glucose levels to normal.
The correct answer is (E).
Solution
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Question No. 3 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper
as needed, (3) Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
3. Which of the following metabolic hormones is released from the adrenal glands?
Question #03
(A) cortisol
(B) insulin
(C) thyroid hormone
(D) glucagon
(E) growth hormone
A. Correct!
Cortisol helps maintain blood glucose and is released from the adrenal cortex.
B. Incorrect!
Insulin is released from the pancreas.
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Answer
C. Incorrect!
Thyroid hormone is released from the thyroid gland.
D. Incorrect!
Glucagon is released from the pancreas.
E. Incorrect!
Growth hormone is released from the pituitary gland.
The adrenal glands play an important role in metabolism by releasing cortisol when
blood glucose is low, as well as the stress hormones, epinephrine and
norephinephrine.
The correct answer is (A).
Solution
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Question No. 4 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as
needed, (3) Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
4. Which molecule is the primary energy source for the central nervous system?
Question #04
(A) carbohydrates
(B) lipids
(C) proteins
(D) cholesterol
(E) ketones
A. Correct!
Carbohydrates are the primary energy source of CNS, especially glucose.
B. Incorrect!
Carbohydrates are the primary energy source of CNS. Although lipids can be
converted to ketones which can be used by the CNS.
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Choice
C. Incorrect!
Carbohydrates are the primary energy source of CNS.
D. Incorrect!
Carbohydrates are the primary energy source of CNS.
E. Incorrect!
Carbohydrates are the primary energy source of CNS, although if glucose is not
available, ketones can be used.
Carbohydrates are the fuel most preferred by the central nervous system. Blood
glucose levels are continually monitored to make certain the CNS has adequate
energy.
The correct answer is (A).
Solution
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Question No. 5 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as
needed, (3) Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
5. Which molecule is metabolized in the urea cycle?
Question #05
(A) carbohydrates
(B) proteins
(C) lipids
(D) cholesterol
(E) sucrose
A. Incorrect!
Proteins are metabolized in the urea cycle.
B. Correct!
Proteins are metabolized in the urea cycle, to limit the production of harmful
ammonia.
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Choice
C. Incorrect!
Proteins are metabolized in the urea cycle.
D. Incorrect!
Proteins are metabolized in the urea cycle, and cholesterol is a lipid.
E. Incorrect!
Proteins are metabolized in the urea cycle, and sucrose is carbohydrate.
Proteins are metabolized using the urea cycle. Proteins contain nitrogen groups
which can form ammonia ions. Ammonia ions are toxic to the body. So, during the
urea cycle, nitrogen groups from proteins are formed into urea.
The correct answer is (B).
Solution
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Question No. 6 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as
needed, (3) Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
6. Which organ is the primary regulator of eating behavior?
Question #06
(A) pancreas
(B) thyroid
(C) hypothalamus
(D) heart
(E) adrenal glands
A. Incorrect!
Although the pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon, the hypothalamus is the
primary regulator of eating behavior.
B. Incorrect!
The hypothalamus is the primary regulator of eating behavior.
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Choice
C. Correct!
The hypothalamus is the primary regulator of eating behavior.
D. Incorrect!
The heart does not regulate eating behavior.
E. Incorrect!
The hypothalamus is the primary regulator of eating behavior.
Remember that the hypothalamus is the primary regulator of eating behavior. This
tissue regulates a number of bodily functions, and receives information from the
cerebral cortex and the adipocytes concerning metabolic status.
The correct answer is (C).
Solution
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Question No. 7 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as
needed, (3) Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
7. Which type of molecule is the most concentrated form of energy?
Question #07
(A) Carbohydrates
(B) Lipids
(C) Proteins
(D) Cholesterol
(E) Glycogen
A. Incorrect!
Lipids have more than twice the kilocalories per gram than carbohydrates.
B. Correct!
Lipids are the most concentrated form of energy at 9 kilocalories per gram.
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Each Answer
Choice
C. Incorrect!
Lipids have more than twice the kilocalories per gram than proteins.
D. Incorrect!
Lipids are the most concentrated form of energy.
E. Incorrect!
Lipids are the most concentrated form of energy.
Remember that lipids are the most concentrated form of energy. They contain 9
kilocalories per gram, compared to carbohydrates which have 4 kilocalories per
gram.
The correct answer is (B).
Solution
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Question No. 8 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as
needed, (3) Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
8. Which molecule can form ketones?
Question #08
(A) Carbohydrates
(B) Lipids
(C) Proteins
(D) Cholesterol
(E) Glycogen
A. Incorrect!
Lipids form ketones.
B. Correct!
Lipids form ketones.
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Each Answer
Choice
C. Incorrect!
Lipids form ketones.
D. Incorrect!
Cholesterol cannot form ketones.
E. Incorrect!
Lipids form ketones.
Lipids, in the form of free fatty acids, form ketones when carbohydrate intake is
severely limited. The central nervous system is able to use these ketones for energy
when glucose is not available. Carbohydrates and proteins do not form ketones.
The correct answer is (B).
Solution
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Question No. 9 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as
needed, (3) Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
9. Which process refers to the breakdown of components and the release of
energy?
Question #09
(A) anabolism
(B) catabolism
(C) absorption
(D) calorimetry
(E) gluconeogenesis
A. Incorrect!
Anabolism is a building process and requires energy.
B. Correct!
Catabolism is the process by which substances are broken down and energy is
released from chemical bonds.
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Choice
C. Incorrect!
Absorption is the process by which nutrients are transported from the digestive tract
to the cells.
D. Incorrect!
Calorimetry is a process by which heat production is measured, for example from
the oxidation of food or heat produced by the human body.
E. Incorrect!
Gluconeogenesis is the process by which proteins or amino acids are converted to
glucose.
Metabolism is primarily the sum of two processes – catabolism and anabolism.
Catabolism is the break down of components and the release of energy, whereas
anabolism requires energy to build substances. The body links catabolic reactions
with anabolic processes.
The correct answer is (B).
Solution
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Question No. 10 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as
needed, (3) Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
10. If a food label lists 10 g of carbohydrates per serving, how many Calories from
carbohydrates are there per serving?
Question #10
(A) 10
(B) 20
(C) 40
(D) 80
(E) 90
Calories
Calories
Calories
Calories
Calories
A. Incorrect!
Carbohydrates contain 4 Calories (kilocalories) per gram, so 10 g of carbohydrates
would contain 40 Calories.
B. Incorrect!
Carbohydrates contain 4 Calories (kilocalories) per gram, so 10 g of carbohydrates
would contain 40 Calories.
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Each Answer
Choice
C. Correct!
Carbohydrates contain 4 Calories (kilocalories) per gram, so 10 g of carbohydrates
would contain 40 Calories.
D. Incorrect!
Carbohydrates contain 4 Calories (kilocalories) per gram, so 10 g of carbohydrates
would contain 40 Calories.
E. Incorrect!
Carbohydrates contain 4 Calories (kilocalories) per gram, so 10 g of carbohydrates
would contain 40 Calories.
Remember carbohydrates contain 4 Calories (kilocalories) per gram. On food labels,
the grams of carbohydrates are listed per serving. To determine the Calories from
carbohydrates, simply multiply the grams of carbohydrates time 4.
The correct answer is (C).
Solution
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