* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download całość artykułu w formacie PDF
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian declension wikipedia , lookup
Vietnamese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
² Warsztaty translatorskie III / Workshop on translation III, red./eds. R. Sokoloski, H. Duda, K. Klimkowski, Lublin–Ottawa 2003, ISBN 83-7306-113-4 ± ¯ ° Tomasz Kotliński Teacher Training College Zamość Rendering word-formation motivated neologisms in James Joyce’s “Ulysses” The following paper will look at the issue of equivalence in Maciej Słomczyński’s translation of word-experiments in James Joyce’s “Ulysses”. This brief analysis will attempt to reflect both structural and culturally based differences between the languages, and the use of formal and dynamic equivalence in the renderings. It will be worthwhile to place “Ulysses” in its literary context to investigate the importance of its innovative language. What links “Ulysses” with its Homeric prototype, the O d y s s e y , is not only the central theme of home-coming and the cast of characters but also the language. Joyce ingenuously transferred mythological characters into the streets of Dublin and he did the same with the language, deftly adapting the patterns of Homeric epithets, i. e. combinations of adjectives and nouns to make compound adjectives.1 The text of “Ulysses” abounds in such epithets providing us with interesting material for analysis. We will discuss such experiments by pointing to the word formation rules underlying this creativity.2 The most numerous group of experiments in “Ulysses” are composite epithets, which are formed according to the rules of compounding, that 1 A Dictionary of Literary Terms, Penguin Books, defines an epithet as “usually an adjective of phrase expressing some quality or attribute which is characteristic of a person or thing. Homer joined adjectives and nouns to make compound adjectives known as ’Homeric epithets’ when applied to stock nouns. Two famous examples are ’winedark sea’ and ’rosy fingered dawn’ but there are a great many in the Iliad and the Odyssey and they became an important feature of poetry in the oral tradition”, (pp. 241, 309) 2 The analysis of the composition of word-experiments will be based on the following material: Satkiewicz H. (1969), Handke K. (1976), Kurzowa Z. (1976) (Polish word-formation). English word-formation patterns are taken from Bauer L. (1983). 70 Tomasz Kotliński is “adding one base to another such that usually the one placed in front in some sense subcategorizes the one that follows”, where by “base” we mean “a form to which a rule of word-formation is applied” (Quirk & Greenbaum 19??: 430). The compound adjectives have been selected on the basis of what parts of speech compose a given adjective and what kind of difficulties the translator had to cope with. The Polish renderings will be discussed in order to show the structural differences between the two languages and reveal the methods applied by the translator. Textual contexts will be provided to help elucidate the meaning. Numbers in brackets refer to pages of the Penguin edition of “Ulysses” and its Polish translation by Maciej Słomczyński, (Warsaw: PIW 1981), from which all the examples have been taken. 1. (Noun+Adjective) Noun The first group comprises adjectives consisting of a noun and an adjective describing another noun, ( N o u n + A d j e c t i v e ) N o u n. Examples: (1) Tides, myriad islanded, within her, blood not mine, oinopa ponton, a winedark sea. (p. ??) A w niej przypływy o niezliczonych wyspach, nie moja krew, oinopa ponton, morze ciemne jak wino. (p. 55) (2) On the curbstone before Jimmy Geary the sexton’s an old tramp sat, grumbling, emptying the dirt and stones out of his huge dustbrown yawning boot. (p. 101) Na krawężniku, przed domem kościelnego Jima Geary siedział stary włóczęga, mamrocząc, wysypując piasek i kamyki z wielkiego, brunatnozakurzonego rozdziawionego buta. (p. 109) (3) A sugarsticky girl shovelling scoopfuls of creams for a Christian brother, (p. 150) Lepkosłodka dziewczyna nakłada całe szufelki nadziewanych czekoladek chrześcijańskiemu braciszkowi. (p. 162) (4) Under Tom Kernan’s ginhot words the accompanist wove music slow. (p. 290) Rendering word-formation motivated neologisms 71 Pośród dżinem płonących słów Toma Kernana akompaniator prządł powolną muzykę. (p. 301) The Polish renderings range from paraphrases to very close translation, preserving the form of the adjective in question. The reason why winedark sea has been translated as ciemne jak wino may lie in the semantic shift the noun wino undergoes when changed into the adjective winny; consider a possibility of winnociemne — the first element is ambiguous. It may either refer to wine as in “ocet winny” (vinegar) or to the taste as in “winne jabłko” (sour apple). In this case, the descriptive method of translation, though diminishing some of the original compactness of the phrase may be justified. In the second example compounding is retained in the translation. However, the meaning of the self-explanatory English compound dustbrown is somehow distorted in brunatnozakurzony in the way that the original compound describes the colour and does not mention that the boot was dusted. Słomczyński decides to slightly distort the sense of the phrase for the sake of keeping the compounding form, realizing it contributes to the meaning to the same degree as its sense does, as is our assumtion that compound adjectives in “Ulysses” are a direct link with the language of the O d y s s e y . A case of fairly faithful translation is seen in the rendering of sugarsticky girl by lepkosłodka dziewczyna. The Polish compound reads naturally and the change of the English noun sugar into the adjective słodka does not change the overall meaning of the rendering. The translation of ginhot causes some trouble. Here, the compound meaning “hot as gin” is rendered by dżinem płonące, using a participle. Again, the meaning is close but the fact that the author used the compound in the original is lost in the translation. There seems to be no obstacle why the Polish phrase should not be written jointly (dżinempłonące) and in this way render both the sense and the form of the original compound. As we have seen, none of the Polish renderings is a formal equivalent of the English compound, none has preserved the structure N o u n + A d j e c t i v e. This is so because the process of compounding operates in Polish on a different basis than it does in English. It is even believed that compounding is not a productive process in Pol- 72 Tomasz Kotliński ish but rather an imitation of Germanic formations. Refuting this view and giving clear patterns of Polish compounds, Kurzowa (1976: 114) observes that compounding and derivation by means of affixation are two overlapping processes. It is often the case that the formation of Polish compounds requires the use of both processes (in lepkosłodka, brunatnozakurzony we have the presence of the infix -o-). Therefore the interaction of the two processes may complicate the formation of Polish compounds and restrict its productivity. On the other hand, English draws abundantly on its Germanic origins, and compounding has always been a major way of creating its word-stock. As Wrenn (1952) observes English has never at any time lost its native powers of making new words by derivation, of building up words of native stocks and parts. Though these powers were atrophied by centuries of foreign domination in cultural matters during the French supremacy, and to a less extent by the almost overwhelming importance of Latin at the Renaissance, they never ceased to be; and its huge expansion in the latter centuries, these powers have been to some extent called into use. (Wrenn 1952: 107-108) The loss of the inflectional endings in the course of the development of English only helped such compounds as ginhot, sugarsticky to be formed. How prolific the compounding may be, can be seen in other examples from the text of “Ulysses” and their renderings from the Polish translation. Compound adjectives coined from a noun and a participle form quite a numerous group in the text; they amount to 35 items, from which the most representative will be discussed here. 2. (Noun+Participle) Noun (5) The scrotumtightening sea. (p. 11) Mosznękurczące morze. (p. 9) (6) From a hill above a corpsestrewn plain a general speaking to his officers, leaned upon his spear. (p. 30) Ze wzgórza nad pokrytą ciałami równiną wsparty na włóczni generał przemawia do swoich oficerów. (p. 30) Rendering word-formation motivated neologisms (7) 73 Dicers and thimbleriggers we hurried by after the hoofs, the vying caps and jackets and past the meatfaced woman, a butcher’s dame, nuzzling thirstily her clove of orange, (p. 38) Mijając graczy i naciągaczy spieszyliśmy za kopytami, współzawodniczącymi czapeczkami i kurtkami, mijając mięsistogębą kobietę, damulę rzeźnika, łapczywie ryjącą w swej ćwiartce pomarańczy. (p. 38) (8) The whitemaned seahorses, champying, brightwindbridled, the steeds of Mananaan. (p. 43) Białogrzywe konie morza, gryzące wędzidła jasnych wiatrów, rumaki Mananaana. (p. 44) (9) She blinked up of her avid shameclosing eyes, mewing plaintively and long, showing him her milkwhite teeth. (p. 58) Zamrugała chciwymi, wstydliwie przymkniętymi oczami, miaucząc żałośnie, przeciągle i ukazując mu swe mlecznobiałe zęby. (p. 61) (10) Dullthudding Guinness’s barrels. It passed stately up the staircase steered by an umbrella, a solemn beardframed face. (p. 119) Głuchodudniące beczki Guinnessa. Weszło majestatycznie na schody, poprzedzone przez parasol, uroczyste, brodąobramowane oblicze. (p. 128) The series presented here renders well the accumulation of compounds in Joyce’s prose. What strikes most about this pattern is a fairly great number of descriptive renderings in Polish. Actually the pattern noun + verb + word forming inflectional ending and infix -o- does exist in Polish, though as Kurzowa (1976: 102) points out, adjectives of this type are no longer used and are thought to be archaic (the examples given include deszczorody, dzieworody, cudotwórczy. On the other hand, the English pattern is very productive though sometimes classified together with noun + adjective compounds (Bauer1983: 209). The formations mosznękurczące, brodąobramowane are worth looking into. Both Polish and English compounds of this type consist of a verb and a modifying noun as a direct object of the verb (scrotumtightening sea: sea tightening the scrotum; mosznękurczące morze: morze kurczące mosznę). The question is whether such formations can be treated as 74 Tomasz Kotliński well-formed compounds in Polish; the only information of their compound character is the ordering and joint spelling; what breaks the rules is the lack of the infix and the retaining of the nominal inflection. Such semi-compounds can be however accepted on the basis of their innovativeness and our tenet that the form is as important as the sense. As mentioned before, descriptive renderings dominate in this pattern. A very compact phrase, brightwindbridled horses, is rendered by means of a lengthy sentence. Worth noting here is the number of elements in the original compound (3) which may add to the difficulties in the translation. Nevertheless, Polish knows compounds of more than two elements, especially in the bureaucratic jargon; dobotonażokilometr, efektogodzinopraca are good examples of such formations. However their use is very restricted and they cannot set a general rule, which could justify the translator. Yet, it is enough to mention a masterly translation of a fragment of the text accumulating a great deal of compound adjectives in one sentence to see the translatoric talents of Słomczyński: “Come on, you winefizzling, ginsizzling, booseguzzling existences! Come on, you doggone, bullenecked, beet1ebrowed, hogjowled, peanutbrained, weaseleyed fourflushers, false alarms and excess baggage. (p. 425) This delirious invocation to imaginary persons is rendered as: “Pójdźcie wy. winożłope, dżynochłepte, gorzałochlejne istoty! Pójdźcie wy, spsiałe, byczoszyje, lwiobrewe, świnioryje, orzeszkomózgie, łasiczookie szulery, fałszywe alarmy i zbyteczne bagaże. (p. 462) In the case of the first sentence, the Polish renderings are all formal equivalents of the original compounds, their structures are exactly the same: winefizzling (N o u n + P a r t i c i p l e): winożłope (N o u n + P a r t i c i p l e). Moreover, the Polish compounds conform to the rules of word-formation (the presence of the infix) and are fully acceptable. The Polish compounds in the second sentence are formed on a different pattern than the original, so the translator has been using the method of dynamic equivalence. However, it does not influence the meaning in the least way. The only omission is spsiałe, where a compound in the original is rendered by means of a simplex (not compounded) adjective, well rooted Rendering word-formation motivated neologisms 75 in the word stock. Because of the series of compounds in one sentence, this omission does not impoverish the formal meaning of the whole. 3. (Adjective/Adverb+Participle) Noun Another group of compounds, by far the most numerous in the text, are formed on the pattern (A d j e c t i v e / A d v e r b + P a r t i c i p l e) N o u n. The examples include: (11) A voice, sweettoned and sustained, called to him from the sea. (p. 29) Głos słodkobrzmiący i niemilknący wołał go z morza. (p. 28) (12) They swarmed loud, uncouth about the temple, their heads thickplotting under maldroit silk hats. (p. 40) Mrowi1i się głośno w świątyniach, nieokrzesani, gruboknujące głowy pod krzywo nałożonymi cylindrami. (P. 40) (13) At the lacefringe of the tide he halted with stiffhoofs, seawardpointed ears. (p. 51) Przy rąbku koronki przypływu przystanął prostując przednie kopytka, uszami zwrócony w stronę morza. (p. 53) (14) Then he went to the dresser, took the jug Hanlon’s milkman has just filled for him, poured warmbubbled milk on a saucer and set it slowly on the floor. (P. 58) Później podszedł do kredensu, wziął dzban napełniony przed chwilą przez mleczarza od Hanlona, nalał ciepłego, pokrytego bąbelkami mleka na spodek i postawił go ostrożnie na podłodze. (p. 62) (15) What was the name of that priestylooking chap who was always squinting in when he passed? (p. 155) Jak się nazywał ten księżowyglądający facet, który zezował zawsze w naszym kierunku przechodząc? (p. 167) (16) Portals of discovery opened to let in the quaker librarian, softcreakfooted, bald, eared and assiduous. (p. 190) Wrota odkryć otworzyły się, aby wpuścić kwakierskiego bib- 76 Tomasz Kotliński liotekarza, miękkoskrzypostopego, łysego, wielkouchego i gorliwego. (p. 204) This type of compounds is difficult to classify because the first element is an adjective in form but seems to function as an adverb semantically (Bauer 1983: 212). For the sake of clarity the second element is treated here as a participle, though it functions adjectivally. The pattern is highly productive both in English and Polish so the fairly great number of omissions (about 50%) is striking. The omissions include the cases where Polish has no corresponding one word adverb: seaward — “ku morzu, w stronę morza” or where there is no corresponding participle; thinsocked ankles (p. 223) — kostki okryte cienkimi skarpetkami (p. 240), darkbacked figure (p. 227) — postać o ciemnym grzbiecie (p. 244). The ease with which English nouns can be converted into verbs and into participles adds to the productivity of this pattern in English: sock (Noun) > to sock (Verb) > socked (Participle). On the other hand, the process of conversion (zero derivation) is not a productive process in Polish word-formation. Where Polish has corresponding adverbs and participles/adjectives, the translator had no difficulty in joining them to build well-formed compounds: słodkobrzmiący, gruboknujące, księżowyglądający. Special attention must be paid to the compound adjective consisting of three bases: softcreakfooted, which has been skillfully translated as miękkoskrzypostopy. The same talent has been revealed in the rendering of the following sentence, describing hyperbolically the Citizen, a character from the Cyclops episode: The figure seated on a large boulder at the foot of a round tower was of a broadshouldered deepchested stronglimbed frankeyed redhaired freely freckeled shaggybearded widemouthed largenosed longheaded deepvoiced barekneed brawnyhanded hairylegged ruddyfaced sinewyarmed hero. (p. 294) This inflated description is ingeniously translated into Polish by the following sentence: Owa postać spoczywająca na ogromnym głazie u stóp krągłej wieżycy był to rozłożystoramienny szerokopierśny krzepkoczłony Rendering word-formation motivated neologisms 77 szczerooki czerwononosy gęstopiegi rozwianobrody szerokousty wielkonosy długowłosy niskogłosy gołoudy mocarnoręki włochatonogi rumianolicy węźlastociosany bohater. (p. 317) As we can see every English compound adjective in the sentence has its Polish rendering, equivalent both to the form and sense of the original and well expressing the gigantic effect. The only objection may be raised concerning the translation of sinewy armed by obscure węźlastociosany. From the structure of the self explanatory sinewy armed one infers that the person in question is one with sinewy arms, muscular. So, the Polish compound węźlastociosany has hardly any semantic affinity with its English counterpart, but its expressiveness may compensate for its divergence from the original. So far we have been dealing with compound adjectives in the text of “Ulysses” which are a direct reflection of Homeric epithets. However, Joyce’s inventiveness goes further, and using the resources of the English language he coins a number of phrase compound adjectives, that is such constructions where an entire phrase seems to be involved in the formation of a new adjective. The examples include: (17) And Bloom, of course with his knockmedown cigar putting on swank with his lardy face. (p. 304) A Bloom oczywiście, z tym cwaniackim cygarem, tak jak by chciał zadawać szyku tą swą opasłą gębą. (p. 327) (18) I seen you up Faithful place with your squarepusher, the greaser of the railway, in his cometobed hat. (p. 427) Widziałem cię na placu Faithful z tym twoim kochaneczkiem, z tym smarowaczem kolejowym, ubranym w skocz-mi-do-łóżka kapelusz. (p. 465) (19) For which and further reasons he felt it was interest and duty even to wait on and profit by the unlookedfor occassion, though why. . . (p. 567) Dla tej i innych przyczyn poczuł, że jest to ciekawe a nawet jest to jego obowiązkiem czekać nadal i skorzystać z nieprzewidzianej sposobności, choć dlaczego. . . (p. 671) (20) He turned a long you are wrong gaze on Stephen of timorous dark 78 Tomasz Kotliński pride at the soft impeachment, with a glance also of entreaty for he seemed to glean in a kind of a way that it wasn’t all exactly . . . (p. 563) Skierował przeciągłe nie masz r acji spojrzenie na Stefana, pełne bojaźliwej mrocznej dumy z powodu łagodnego oskarżenia, a także prośby, gdyż zaświtało w nim coś, co powiedziało mu w pewien sposób, że nie wszystko jest dokładnie tak, jak. . . (p. 667) (21) A sudden-at-the-moment-though-from-lingering-illness-often-previously-expectorated-demise. Lenehan said. (p. 144) Nagły-choć-pochodzący-z-przewlekłej-choroby-przedtem-wyksztuszony-zgon, powiedział Lenehan. (p. 154) None of the Polish sources (Kurzowa (1976), Handke (1976), Satkiewicz (1969) list phrase compounds as autonomous formations in their studies of Polish compounds. On the other hand Bauer (1983) gives examples not only from English but also from other languages, mainly Germanic. Perhaps the alien character of such compounds in Polish accounts for their rather poor rendition. Actually, the translator has to introduce this type of compounding into Polish if he decides to retain their original form. Let us have a closer look at the rendition of the above mentioned phrase compounds. Out of the five examples provided, three are translated as compounds into Polish: 18. skocz-mi-do-łóżka kapelusz, 20. nie masz racji spojrzenie and 21. nagły-choć-pochodzący-z-przewlekłej-choroby-przedtem-wykrztuszony-zgon. Those phrases which are hyphenated seem to be acceptable in Polish, whereas (20) may be confusing for the Polish reader; the phrase nie masz racji may not be necessarily perceived as an adjective and the lack of hyphenation may also contribute to it. It has to be noted that in English noun phrases, the adjective always precedes the noun and therefore may be easily identified, quite contrary to Polish with its freedom of placing the adjective within the noun phrase. The cases where compounding has not been retained in the translation include the rendition of unlookedfor by uncompounded, already Rendering word-formation motivated neologisms 79 established simplex adjective nieprzewidziany and knock-me-down by obscure cwaniacki. 4. Phrase Compound Noun Apart from phrase compound adjectives, there are also a number of p h r a s e c o m p o u n d n o u n s coined by Joyce in “Ulysses”. They are the following: (22) There’s whatdoyoucallhim out of. How do you? Doesn’t see. (p. 63) Ten jak że mu tam wychodzi z. Jak się pan? Nie widzi. (P. 67) (23) Bury him cheap in a whatyoumaycall. (p. 72) Pochowaj go tanio w czymkolwiek bądź. (p. 78) (24) Practice dwindling. A mighthavebeen. Losing heart. Gambling. Debts of honour, (p. 127) Podupadająca praktyka. Zmarnowany. Stracił serce. Hazard. Długi honorowe. (p. 136) (25) After him, freshfound, the hue and cry zigzag, gallops in hot pursuit of follow my leader 65C 66C night watch, John Henry Menton, Wisdom Hely, V. B. Dillon, (. . . ) Whatdoyoucallhim, Strancreface, Fellowthat’slike, Sawhimbefore, Chapwith, Chris Callin, (. . . ) handsomemarriedwomanrubbedagainstwidebehindinClonskeatram, (. . . ) Miss Dubedatandshdidbedad (. . . ). (p. 519) Za nim, zwietrzywszy na nowo trop, pogoń i wrzawa galopuje zygzakiem, gęsiego, ścigają go 65C i 66C policjanci nocnego patrolu, John Henry Menton, Wisdom Hely, V. B. Dillon, (. . . ) Jakżemutam, Obcatwarz, Facetpodobnydo, Gdzieśgojużwidziałem, Tencobyłztym, Chris Callinam, (. . . ) przystojnamężatkaoktórejrozłożystytyłekotarłemsięwtramwajudoClonskea, (. . . ) Miss Dubedatktóradupyda (. . . ). (p. 610) (26) . . . he at the outset in principle, at all events, was in thorough sympathy with peasant possession, as voicing the trend of modern opinion, a partiality however, which, realising his mistake, he subsequently cured of, and even was twitted with going a step further than Michael Davitt in the striking views he at one time inculcated as a backtothelander, . . . (p. 577) . . . na początku w każdym razie, żywił głęboką sympatię do sprawy 80 Tomasz Kotliński uwłaszczenia chłopów, wypowiadając się w duchu nowoczesnych poglądów, ale ze skłonności tej jednak, zdawszy sobie sprawę ze swego błędu, wyleczył się później częściowo, a nawet robiono mu zarzuty, ze posunął się o krok dalej niż Michael Davitt w swych uderzających poglądach, które ongiś wpajał zachwalając swój narolępowrócizm . . . (p. 683) A closer look will show that even such semi-compounds as whatdoyoucallhim or whatyoumaycall cause problems in rendering. What points to their nominal character is not only their joint spelling but also the fact that they take articles: a whatyoumaycall. Perhaps the unimportant function these compounds play in the text led the translator to disregard the formal equivalence of the renderings. A more interesting example is a mighthavebeen. It is also a phrase compound, but this time coined from the perfective form of a modal verb. Such formations, based on some syntactic structures are not uncommon in English. Compare words denoting people such as: has-been (Noun) “person who, thing which has lost a quality or proficiency formerly possessed, out-of-date person or thing”, haves and have-nots (Noun) “the rich and the poor”, would-be (Adjective & Adverb) “denoting unachieved aspiration or intention”. (The examples come from the Concise Oxford Dictionary, The Seventh Edition). The rendition of mighthavebeen by zmarnowany. though semantically correct, does not reflect the compound form of the original phrase.3 Joyce had a strong liking for mocking names and he was especially fond of long, compounded German surnames. In the fragment presented above, we are dealing with similar names and some members of the crowd pursuing Bloom, the central character of “Ulysses”, bear very strange names indeed: Whatdoyoucallhim, Strangeface, Sawhimbefore. These formations are nominalized phrases which are meant to resemble proper names. It must be admitted that their rendition does not raise any objections. One has also to note the extremely long compound hand3 Satkiewicz (1969) gives some examples of Polish nouns and adjectives derived from some syntactic sructures such as nouns derived from prepositional phrases: międzyczas, przedbieq, miedzybieg, nadtytuł (p. 99) and adjectives such as bezprzewodowy, bezcłowy, docelowy, miedzyzakładowy (p. 155). It seems however that such formations are not derived by a productive process but rather by analogy. Rendering word-formation motivated neologisms 81 somemarriedwoman. . . , which consists of ten elements. As in the case of the surnames, this compound did not cause any problems in translation, because seemingly no special derivational process or rules had been involved — all elements had been joined together to form nominal units. Much more interesting is the rendition of the proper name Miss Dubedatandshedidbedad. Actually, Joyce plays on the surname of a female character. Miss Dubedat, whose name is evidently ambiguous. It may be read as a homophone of the phrase “do bed at”, and Joyce deftly puns on it adding the sequel “and she did bed (ad)". Note how ingeniously the translator managed to render it; Dubedatktóradupyda not only retains the unchanged surname but it also plays the pun with exactly the same sexual connotations. The change of the grammatical tense of the phrase from the past of “did bed” to the future of “dupy da” seems to be irrelevant considering the overall success in rendering that particular compound. Such translation is an instance of formal equivalence both in the form and the sense. The last example in this series is a word derived by means of two word-formation processes: compounding and suffixation. A backtothelander, one infers from the context, is a person who advocates going back to the land in terms of agrarian policy. Compounding is responsible for the phrase compound backtotheland, whereas suffixation adds the agentive suffix -er. It should be added that the occurrence of two word-formation processes in one word usually points to the acceptability of a given formation. In the Polish rendering we are also dealing with the two processes. Narolępowrócizm requires both compounding (note the retaining of inflection in narolę) and suffixation with -izm forming abstract nouns. The shift from the personal noun in the English sentence into the abstract one in the rendition requires a slight rephrasing. On the whole, the rendering is acceptable both as far as the form and sense are concerned thanks to the use of dynamic equivalence. 5. Compound Verbs C o m p o u n d v e r b s in English are formed in the same manner as compound adjectives and nouns. The following are the examples from the text of “Ulysses”: (27) He smellipped the cordial juice and bidding his throat strongly to 82 Tomasz Kotliński speed it, set his wineglass delicately down. (p. 172) Smakusączył kordiał i zmusiwszy przełyk, by przełknął, ostrożnie odstawił szklankę. (p. 185) (28) Unwed, unfancied, ware of wiles, they fingerponder nightly each his variorum edition of “The Taming of the Shrew”, (p. 213) Nie zaślubieni, nie zakochani, wystrzegający się podstępów, co noc wertująkartkują każdy swe krytyczne wydanie “Poskromienia złośnicy”. (p. 219) (29) The boys sixeyed Father Conmee and laughed. (p. 219) Chłopcy zerknęli sześciooko i parsknęli śmiechem. (p. 236) (30) The Hobgoblin: (His jaws chattering, capers to and fro, goggling his eyes, squeaking, kangaroohopping, with outstretched clutching arms. . . ) (p. 472) Gnom: (Poruszając szczękami, pląsa tu i tam, przewraca oczyma, piszczy, skacze jak kangur, ma rozwarte zagięte ramiona. . . ) (p. 535) (31) Fiacre and Scotus on their creepy stools in heaven spilt from their pintpots, loudlatinlaughing: Euge! Euge! (p. 47) Fiacre i Scotus rozlewają z kufli, siedząc na swych oślich ławeczkach w niebie, rżącgrzmiąc łaciną: Euge! Euge! (p. 48) Although according to Bauer, English compound verbs are rather rare and the majority of them are formed by back-formation or conversion from compound nouns rather than putting two lexemes (bases) together (Bauer 1983: 207), and also the Polish sources hardly give any examples, the text abounds in quite a number of them. Considering the first verb presented in this series (27.), one infers from the context that smellsipping denotes the combined actions of smelling and sipping, savouring a drink. A satisfactory translation must render such action in one word, which smakusączyć does well. The only objection is the use of the interfix –u-, which though exists in Polish compounds, its use is restricted to a very few, mainly lexicalized items, such as południe, and proper names Bogusław, Bogumił, etc. (Handke1976: 102). A somewhat different method has been applied by the translator in the rendition of the verb fingerponder. The English compound metaphor- Rendering word-formation motivated neologisms 83 ically describes the action of reading, browsing through books, pondering with fingers. Słomczyński joins two existing Polish verbs wertować and kartkować, both denoting “browsing”, “reading desultorily”. Wertująkartkują although renders some of the original sense is deficient formally. It looks like a compound but it is not a one since a compound joins two lexemes to form a new one and wertowaćkartkować does not bring any new meaning; it rather intensifies the separate meanings of the two lexemes. The same is true of the translation of loudlatinlaughing by rżmiącgrzmiąc łaciną. Again, rżmiącgrzmiąc is a combination of two separate verbs rather than a new, modified verb. Still another way of translating is presented in example 29. The English verb coined by Joyce to sixeye (to look with six eyes, three people looking at the same time) is rendered by means of modifying the verb patrzeć by coined, compounded adverb sześciooko. By doing so, the translator managed to retain both the same sense and form, though transferred to another part of the sentence. Such procedure falls under the category of dynamic equivalence. An example of the descriptive method of translation is found in the rendition of the verb to kangaroohop by skakać jak kangur. Although the Polish phrase exactly renders the sense of the English compound it loses some of its meaning by not reflecting its form. To supplement our review of word-formation processes, of which compounding has been given primary attention, one has to present some instances of words derived by means of c o n v e r s i o n or z e r o - d e r i v a t i o n. We have mentioned conversion when discussing participles formed from verbs derived in turn by conversion from nouns. Such a way of producing new words is extremely productive in English, whereas in Polish such processes do not occur,4 if we understand that “conversion is the use of a form which is regarded as being basically of one form class as though it were a member of a different form class, without any concomitant change of form.” (Bauer 1983: 227) Polish, on 4 Satkiewicz (1969) admits that conversion is a typically Germanic wordformation process but she provides some interesting examples of substantivization of adjectives in Polish without the modification of the base. The examples she gives include: aparatowy, dźwigowy, grupowy, salowy (p. 195). Although she states that the use of substantivization is on the increase in Polish, as for now conversion cannot be labelled a productive and autonomous word-formation process in Polish. 84 Tomasz Kotliński the other hand in the majority of cases requires a class changing suffix as in kora (Noun) > korować (Verb). Therefore, it may be supposed that the translation of English words derived by conversion will cause problems comparable to those of compounds and a close look at the rendition will show some more methods employed by he translator. The examples from text of “Ulysses” include: (32) After he woke me up last night same dream was it? Wait. Open hallway. Street of harlots. Remember. Haroun al Raschid. I am almosting it. That man led me, spoke. I was not afraid, (p. 52) Kiedy obudził mnie zeszłej nocy, czy nie był to ten sam sen? Zaczekaj. Otwarta sień. Ulica nierządnic. Pamiętam. Już prawiewiem. Ten człowiek prowadził mnie, mówił. Nie bałem się. (p. 54) (33) He thous and thees her with grave husbandwords. Dost love, Miriam? Dost love thy man? (p. 196) Ty, jej rzecze, wy jej rzecze, poważnymi panamężowymi słowami. Czyli miłujesz, Miriam? Czyli miłujesz męża twego? (p. 211) (34) He had been meantime taking stock of the individual in front of him and Sherlockholmesing him up, ever since he clapped eyes on him. (p. 556) W ciągu całego tego czasu badał i oceniał osobnika siedzącego naprzeciwko i Sherlockholmesował go, od chwili gdy oczy jego spoczęły na nim. (p. 658) The first example presents a case where conversion has been utilized to derive a verb from an adverb, hence the form to almost, in this context meaning to recollect, to remember almost precisely. The translator cannot rely on a corresponding process in Polish for the lack of it, so the only chance of success offers itself in any form of compensation for this lack. And Słomczyński does it surprisingly well by coining a compound verb prawiewiedzieć in the place of the converted adverb. The result reads well and has also the air of compactness as the original formation. An instance of converting pronouns into verbs is shown in (33) where archaic forms of second person pronouns thou (nominative singular) and thee (objective singular) are used as verbs. The Concise Oxford Dictionary gives the meaning of to thou as to “address (person) as thou; Rendering word-formation motivated neologisms 85 use thou instead of you”. Again, the translator has to compensate for the lack of similar forms; he does so by using archaisms: rzecze, słowy, czyli, miłujesz, twego. As we can see, the translation is as packed with archaisms as the original, though the converted pronouns do not have formal equivalents. Note also the skillful rendition of husbandwords by formally equivalent panamężowesłowa. Sherlockholmesować presents itself as a successful rendition of to Sherlockholmes as a verb, possibly meaning to act like Sherlock Holmes. The ease with which even a proper name has been converted into the verb coincides with the ease the Polish equivalent was derived by means of a class-changing suffix. This coincidence accounts for the successful rendition of this verb. This analysis dealt with some word-formation motivated experiments in “Ulysses”. In the first part we dealt with composite adjectives, which have their prototypes in the Odyssey, and which are derived by the process of compounding. Compounding was also used by the author to derive nouns and verbs. We also provided some examples of verbs derived by conversion. By presenting Polish renderings of the original experiments we were able to see the differences and similarities between English and Polish word-formation rules, and it enabled us to establish the methods employed by the translator, that is the use of formal and dynamic equivalence, and some instances of omissions. REFERENCES Bauer L. (1983) English Word-formation, Cambridge University Press. Handke K. (1976) Budowa morfologiczna i funkcje compositów polskich, Prace Językoznawcze PAN. Kurzowa Z. (1976) Złożenia imienne w języku polskim, PWN, Warszawa-Kraków Quirk R., Greenbaum S., A University Grammar of English, Longman. Satkiewicz H.(1969) Produktywne typy słowotwórcze współczesnego języka ogólnopolskiego, Warszawa, Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wrenn C. L. (1952) The English Language, Methuen & Co, London. Rendering word-formation motivated neologisms in James Joyce’s “Ulysses” 86 Tomasz Kotliński Abstract The following paper will look at the issue of equivalence in Maciej Słomczyński’s translation of word-experiments in James Joyce’s “Ulysses”. This brief analysis will attempt to reflect both structural and culturally based differences between the languages, and the use of formal and dynamic equivalence in the renderings. In the first part we deal with composite adjectives, which have their prototypes in the Odyssey, and which are derived by the process of compounding. The same derivational process was also used by the author to derive nouns and verbs. We also provide some examples of verbs derived by conversion. By presenting Polish renderings of the original experiments we aim to see the differences and similarities between English and Polish word-formation rules, and therefore we will investigate the methods employed by the translator, that is the use of formal and dynamic equivalence, and some instances of omissions.