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Superpowers Face Off in the Cold War I€&) The alliances of the Cold War were led by two superpowers: the democratic United States and the Communist Soviet Union, an outgrowth of Russia. tea.! Democratic alliances included NATO in Europe and North America and CENTO in Asia. '€&) Communist nations joined the Warsaw Pact in Eastern Europe. After 1949, China was also a Communist country. €&) In the most perilous moment of the Cold War, the Cuban Missile Crisis brought the two superpowers to the brink of nuclear war. During the 1950s, Americans were so worried about the possibility of nuclear war that schoolchildren regularly practiced atomic bomb drills. THREAT OF THE ATOMIC BOMB Both the United States and the Soviet Union stockpiled nuclear weapons. Each reasoned that fear of retaliation would keep the other from firing the first missile. This policy was known as MAD-Mutual Assured Destruction. Military Alliances U.S. D NATO and CENTO D Warsaw Pact Soviet c::) e e • • Potential nuclear attack Missile site Air base Political boundaries of 1970 1000 2000 miles ~===T==='~,----~' 2000 kilometers 102 UNITED STATES AFTER WORLD WAR II 1 945 toE a r I y 1 9 7~~O_s,~ D D D D Era, 9 ••..• Warsaw Pact member Other Communist nation NATO member Neutral nation r:::zI'I' Iron Curtain <D Divided city Political boundaries 250 of 1989 500 miles ~:;:==o:' :::;------" The Communist countries of Eastern Europe and the NATO democracies of the West were isolated from one another for decades after World War II. The term "Iron Curtain" symbolized this rigid and hostile division. When the Soviet Union installed nuclear missiles in Cuba, the United States used a naval quarantine to force their removal. The world watched, expecting nuclear war. After several tense days, the Soviets finally backed down and removed the missiles, ATLANTIC OCEAN CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS 1962 D Cuba D United States and u.s. territory ~ ~ ~ ~ Extent of U.s. quarantine Soviet arms shipment U.S. military base Soviet missile site 200 ~====;:,='':::::::;-, Gulf 200 400 miles _-----'I 400 kilometers of Mexico Oct. 1962 Ships carrying Soviet armaments honor U.S. quarantine. "" Is. Cayman (Br.) 103 'The Vietnam War Ends an Era e&" In 1957 U.S. military advisers went to assist capitalist South Vietnam, which faced a growing Communist rebellion. ~ In 1965 the United States committed t~oops to fight against both the Viet Cong rebels and Communist North Vietnam, which supported them. e&" As the war went on, Americans at home became dissatisfied. Lack of support for the war eventually led to the withdrawal of U.S. troops in 1973. ~ Without the assistance of American troops, South Vietnam fell to Communist forces in 1975. May 1954 Vietnamese rebels defeat French; a divided Vietnam gains independence from France. Helicopters were the workhorses of the Vietnam War. They were used to spot the enemy, defend ground troops, transport soldiers and supplies, and evacuate the dead and wounded. CHINA f'eak troop level 543,300 600V1 LAOS -0 ( c rn 500V1 :::J 0 .s: ~ 400- Qj c c 0 •.. 300- VI C1) a.. Vl 200- ::::j 1000U.S. MILITARY IN VIETNAM Millions of Americans served in Vietnam between 1965 and 1973. Before and after that, most Americans in Vietnam were military advisers. U.S. INVOLVEMENT GROWS 1957-1964 Areas of Control, Gulfof Thailand 108 Vietnam had been divided in 1954. North Vietnam sent weapons to the Viet Cong rebels in the South via the Ho Chi Minh Trail. U.S. advisers trained South Vietnamese forces to fight the rebels and cut their supply lines. D 1960 North Vietnam and Viet Cong Battles Jll Ll.S. ground, air, naval forces ~ u.S. advisers or air support D South Vietnam ~ u.s. air strike ••• DMZ, 1954 • No U.S. involvement ••••. Supply route .......J...... (See also maps on page 109.) Highway u.s. 7th fleet 75, i (until 1973) 75 150, miles i 1SO kilometers UNITED STATES AFTER WORLD WAR II Era 9 1945 to Ea rly 19705 u.s. TROOPS CARRY THE LOAD 1965-1968 In 1965, the u.s. role in Vietnam switched from advising to fighting. u.s. bombers struck targets in the North. Ground troops faced Communist forces who used guerrilla tactics such as ambushes and mines. Areas of Control, 1966 D North Vietnam and Viet Cong o South Vietnam See legend on page 108. LAOS CHINA ( Gulfof Tonkin \) Gulfof Thailand Carn Ranh Bay .........J..... South China Sea Apr. 1975 North Vietnamese troops capture Saigon, war ends. u.s. TROOPS WITHDRAW, THE WAR ENDS 1969-1975 I o North Vietnam and Viet Cong) o South Vietnam Areas of Control, 1973 Many Americans opposed the Vietnam War-some due to its unclear aims and its high cost in money and lives, others to avoid personal harm. Antiwar feelings eventually ended political support for the war. • u.s. ground troops played a diminishing role in the war after 1969. More of the fighting fell to the army of South Vietnam. Two years after the last U.S. troops left, North Vietnam won the war. Major advance See legend on page 108. 109