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Transcript
Decibel Arithmetic Appendix B The decibel, often called dB, is widely used in radar system analysis and design. It is a way of representing the radar parameters and relevant quantities in terms of logarithms. The unit dB is named after Alexander Graham Bell, who originated the unit as a measure of power attenuation in telephone lines. By Bell’s definition, a unit of Bell gain is P log -----0 Pi (B.1) where the logarithm operation is base 10, P 0 is the output power of a standard telephone line (almost one mile long), and P i is the input power to the line. If voltage (or current) ratios were used instead of the power ratio, then a unit Bell gain is defined as V0 2 log ----- Vi I0 2 log ---- Ii or (B.2) –1 A decibel, dB, is 1 ⁄ 10 of a Bell (the prefix “deci” means 10 ). It follows that a dB is defined as V 2 P I 2 10 log -----0 = 10 log -----0 = 10 log ---0- Pi Vi Ii (B.3) The inverse dB is computed from the relations P 0 ⁄ P i = 10 dB ⁄ 10 V 0 ⁄ V i = 10 dB ⁄ 20 I 0 ⁄ I i = 10 dB ⁄ 20 © 2000 by Chapman & Hall/CRC 503 (B.4) Decibels are widely used by radar designers and users for several reasons. Perhaps the most important of them all is that utilizing dBs drastically reduces the dynamic range that a designer or a user has to use. For example, an incoming radar signal may be as weak as 0.000000001V , which can be expressed in dBs as 10 log ( 0.000000001 ) = – 90dB . Alternatively, a target may be located at range R = 1000000m = 1000Km which can be expressed in dBs as 60dB . Another advantage of using dB in radar analysis is to facilitate the arithmetic associated with calculating the different radar parameters. The reason for this is the following: when using logarithms, multiplication of two numbers is equivalent to adding their corresponding dBs, and their division is equivalent to subtraction of dBs. For example, 250 × 0.0001 ------------------------------- = 455 (B.5) [ 10 log ( 250 ) + 10 log ( 0.0001 ) – 10 log ( 455 ) ]dB = – 42.6dB In general, A×B 10 log ------------- = 10 log A + 10 log B – 10 log C C (B.6) q 10 log A = q × 10 log A (B.7) Other dB ratios that are often used in radar analysis include the dBsm (dB squared meters). This definition is very important when referring to target RCS, whose units are in squared meters. More precisely, a target whose RCS is 2 2 2 σ m can be expressed in dBsm as 10 log ( σ m ) . For example, a 10m tar2 get is often referred to as 10dBsm target, and a target with RCS 0.01m is equivalent to a – 20dBsm . Finally, the units dBm and dBW are power ratios of dBs with reference to one milliwatt and one Watt, respectively. P dBm = 10 log ------------- 1mW (B.8) P dBW = 10 log -------- 1W (B.9) To find dBm from dBW, add 30 dB, and to find dBW from dBm, subtract 30 dB. © 2000 by Chapman & Hall/CRC