Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
NeuroScience, Inc. BIOCHEMISTRY QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE Red text indicates cofactors Taurine, Cysteine, Methionine, Glutathione, Acetylcholine Pathway Taurine Hypotaurine 3-SulfinoL-alanine PEA, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine Pathway L-Phenylalanine Sulfate Molybdenum Sulfite Glycine Glutamate Glutathione (GSH) L-Cysteine L- -Glutamylcysteine B6 ATP L-Cystathionine L-Homocysteine L-DOPA B6 L-carnitine Phosphatidylcholine Acety-L-carnitine Choline Acetyl group Histamine Pathway Glutamine Acetylcholine (ACh) Tyrosine Hydroxylase Phenylalanine Tryptophan Tryptophan Hydroxylase (rate limiting) 5-HTP Tyrosine Hydroxylase Tyramine Phenylethylamine (PEA) Tryptamine Serotonin Neurotransmitter Norepinephrine Octopamine PNMT Tyrosine Dopamine Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (rate limiting) Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase L-DOPA Tyrosine Hydroxylase Epinephrine Synephrine • Substrates for Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase (AADC) are competitive (i.e., excess 5-HTP will reduce Dopamine formation by competition with L-DOPA) for AADC • Tyramine and dopamine are competitive substrates for Dopamine beta-hydroxylase • Octopamine and norepinephrine are competitive substrates for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) Receptor Action +/+/+/+/- Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin - GABA Glycine + + + Glutamate PEA Histamine + = Stimulate the neuron to propogate the signal - = Inhibit the neuron to terminate the signal Biochemical Methods of Intervention 3 1.Selective reuptake inhibitors (e.g. SSRIs, SNRIs) block the action of transporters that move neurotransmitters from the synapse back into the presynaptic neuron, thereby increasing synaptic levels of the respective neurotransmitter. 4 2.Receptor agonists (e.g. Benzodiazepines) mimic or enhance the effects of neurotransmitters on receptor binding sites while antagonists (e.g. antihistamines) inhibit the effects. 3.Neurotransmitter substrates (e.g. Amino Acids) enhance the synthesis of neurotransmitters and increase neurotransmitter stores. DOPAC Tryptophan Tryptamine B3 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) B6, Vitamin C Serotonin 5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde N-acetylserotonin SAMe 5-HIAA Melatonin L-Glutamate B6 GABA Monoamine Competitive Substrate Synthesis Tyramine Serotonin/Melatonin Pathway Glutamate/GABA Pathway L-Histidine B6 Histamine Phenylethylamine (PEA) Dopamine DOPAL Vitamin C Norepinephrine SAMe Epinephrine Lysine S-adenosyl Lmethionine (SAMe) S-adenosyl L-homocysteine (SAH) Phosphatidylethanolamine B12 L-Methionine L-Tyrosine B6 Folate B6 1 4 2 4.Enzyme modulators (e.g. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors) alter the actions of specific enzymes thereby influencing neurotransmitter levels. ©NeuroScience, Inc. 2010 INTERPRETATION QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE Clinical Correlations High levels: Anxiousness, Sleep difficulties, Low immune activity DHEA: Produced by the adrenal gland. Precursor to estrogens and androgens. High levels: Anxiousness Low levels: Fatigue, Anxiousness Low levels: Fatigue, Menopause symptoms, Low sex hormone levels Epinephrine: Important for motivation, energy & mental focus (aka adrenaline). High levels: Anxiousness, Sleep difficulties, Attention issues Low levels: Fatigue, Low mood, Lack of motivation Norepinephrine: Important for mental focus, emotional stability and endocrine function (aka noradrenaline). High levels: Anxiousness, Stress, Excessive energy, High blood pressure Low levels: Fatigue, Lack of focus, Lack of motivation, Low mood, Sleep difficulties, Hot flashes, Headaches Dopamine: Responsible for feelings of pleasure & satisfaction, also muscle control, muscle function, & GI issues. High levels: Poor intestinal function, Developmental delay, Attention issues Low levels: Urges, Impulsivity, Cravings, Movement disorders DOPAC: Primary metabolite of dopamine involving monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and aldehyde dehydrogenase. High levels: Excessive energy, Focus issues, Developmental delay, Upregulated MAO activity, Stress Low levels: No associated clinical symptoms to date. Serotonin: Plays important roles in mood, sleep, and appetite. High levels: SSRI medications, Stress, Platelet aggregation Low levels: Low mood, Sleep difficulties, Uncontrolled appetite, Headaches, Hot flashes 5-HIAA: 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid is the primary metabolite of serotonin involving monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and aldehyde dehydrogenase. High levels: Intestinal complaints, Upregulated MAO activity Low levels: Impulsivity, Sleep difficulties, Low mood, Cravings, Urges Early-stage Chronic Stress Response + = Stimulate ‑ = Inhibit Serotonin + DR + - - Norepin ephrine - LC + + Taurine: Important for proper heart function, healthy sleep and promoting calmness. High levels: Excessive energy, Anxiousness, Sleep difficulties Low levels: Uncontrolled excessive energy, Uncontrolled anxiousness, Uncontrolled sleep difficulties GABA: Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, necessary to feel calm and relaxed. High levels: Excessive energy, Anxiousness, Sleep difficulties Low levels: Uncontrolled excessive energy, Uncontrolled anxiousness, Uncontrolled sleep difficulties Glutamate: Primary excitatory neurotransmitter, necessary for learning & memory. High levels: Anxiousness, Low mood, Activated immune system Low levels: Fatigue, Learning difficulties + = Stimulate ‑ = Inhibit PEA: Important for focus and concentration. High levels: Mind racing, Sleep difficulties, Anxiousness Histamine: Helps control sleep-wake cycle, plus energy & motivation. High levels: Hypersensitivities, Sleep difficulties + Serotonin + Norepin ephrine LC ‑ DR + + = Stimulate ‑ = Inhibit DR dominance ephrine Norepinephrine DHEA Norepinephrine Mid-stage Adrenal Fatigue Biomarker Levels End-stage Adrenal Fatigue Biomarker Levels DHEA DHEA Epinephrine Norepinephrine Serotonin Serotonin GABA/Glutamate Relationship GABA 3 OPTIMAL GABA GABA increases in an attempt to establish balance * In some cases, the GABA response is not sufficient enough and may require support even if levels are above optimal. Effect of Chronic Stress GABA Glutamate OPTIMAL Encounter with stressor Level 2 1 ‑ DHEA Norepinephrine Optimal LC DR Cortisol Norepinephrine 100727-GEN-Z1041 Norepin Epinephrine Cortisol Glutamate + Desensitized Cortisol receptors Epinephrine If balance is achieved, both neurotransmitter systems will decrease (normalize) + Desensitized Cortisol receptors Cortisol O Serotonin - Epinephrine PTIMAL Low levels: Fatigue, Delusions Cortisol Cortisol Glutamate Low levels: Difficulty paying attention, Difficulty thinking clearly, Low mood, Fatigue End-stage Chronic Stress Response Epinephrine Early-stage Adrenal Fatigue Biomarker Levels DHEA Stress results in an increase of glutamate levels Low levels: Fatigue, Low mood Creatinine: A normalizing parameter used to calculate neurotransmitter levels. Produced by the kidneys at a constant rate, therefore, by using creatinine as a constant factor, urinary measurements can be performed without having to factor in the patient’s hydration state, possible renal disorders, or diuretic substances. - DHEA Serotonin Low levels: Mood disorders High levels: Anxiousness Mid-stage Chronic Stress Response - Cortisol Norepinephrine High levels: Anxiousness, Low mood, Stress-related symptoms, Inflammation Aspartic Acid: Vital for energy and brain function. Inhibitory Feedback via Cortisol Receptors Epinephrine Glycine: Like GABA, helps calm & relax the body. Glutamate GABA OPTIMAL 373 280th St, Osceola, WI 54020 • 888-342-7272 • www.neuroscienceinc.com an rotr Neu Optimal-looking levels ter Levels smit tom nt mp me Sy elop v De Neur otr Optimal Range Cortisol: Primary glucocorticoid. Produced by the adrenal gland. Regulates body’s stress response. ansm itter Stor es Time The Leader in Neuro-Endo-Immune Solutions