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By Joseph Park, Eric Wiskocil, Ryan Sanchez, Jeff Janssen Phylum Porifera How does the animal remove nitrogenous waste from its body fluids? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient? Porifera diffuse waste by a single outer layer of cells that separates the inner cellular region from the external environment. Wastes diffuse from cells into water as water flows through the body. http://www.middleschoolscience.com/spong.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Porifera_body_structures_01.png/439pxPorifera_body_structures_01.png Phylum Cnidaria How does the animal remove nitrogenous waste from its body fluids? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient? Cnidarians remove nitrogenous waste through its mouth. Their bodies are saclike, with only two cell layers the outer skin or ectoderm and inner lining to the gut, endoderm. http://www.aloha.com/~lifeguards/jellie75.jpg http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_203/Images/SimpleAnimals/cn idariaDiagram.jpeg Phylum Platyhelminthes How does the animal remove nitrogenous waste from its body fluids? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient? Platyhelminthes excrete waste through flame cells. They have a congregation of sensory organs and nervous tissues at one end of their body giving them a distinct head and tail. Excrete digestive waste products through their mouth. Animals remove the Phylum Annelida How does the animal remove nitrogenous waste from its body fluids? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient? nitrogenous waste from producing urine in nephridia, filter through nephrostomes, ejected through excretory pores. The development of nephridia and pores help Annelids excrete waste Step up from platyhelminthyes Some characteristics they are bilateral, two or more cell layers, tissues and organs, true coelom, through gut and mouth and anus. http://image.tutorvista.com/content/excretion-and-osmoregulation/earthwormcross-section.jpeg http://www.kidport.com/RefLib/Science/animals/Images/Worms.JPG Phylum Molluska How does the animal remove nitrogenous waste from its body fluids? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient? Animal removes the nitrogenous waste from producing urine in nephridia, filter through nephrostomes, ejected through excretory pores. Development of ctendidial gills, and two kidneys Step up from Annelids http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_07_img0379.jpg Some characteristics that Mollusks have are that they have bilateral, two or more cell layers, tissues and organs, no cavity, gas exchange organs called (ctendidial) gills, through gut and with mouth and anus. http://www.infovisual.info/02/008_en.html Phylum Echinodermata How does the animal remove nitrogenous waste from it’s body fluids? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient? Echinoderms have a exoskeleton, an unique water vascular system that includes tube feet with suction cups, coelomate and deutersomes. Same complexity as mollusks The digestive wastes are released through the anus, and the nitrogenous wastes are excreted as ammonia through the tube feet. The development of tube feet helps echinoderms excrete wastes. http://www.edc.uri.edu/restoration/html/ga llery/images/inverts/aforbesi.jpg Phylum Arthropoda How does the animal remove nitrogenous waste from its body fluids? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient? Arthropods remove nitrogenous waste through the malphigian tubules, diffusion into water development of malphigian tubes. The development of malphigian tubes helps the Arthropods help excrete the water Step up from echinodermata Some key characteristics they have are that they have segmented bodies, jointed appendages, exoskeleton, and they bilateral symmetry. http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/01564/images/crabs.jpg (Crab) http://robinhoodmarinecenter.com/action_news/uploads/lobste r1.jpg (Lobster) Phylum Chondrichthyes How does the animal remove nitrogenous waste from it’s body fluids? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient? Chondrichthyes remove nitrogenous wastes as ammonia as a fluid through the tail. The development if pores in the tail help chondrichthyes remove wastes. Step UP from arthropods This phylum has developed cells, tissues, organs and gills. http://wse113466.ta35.talkactive.net//pictures/arter/28/big/vithajklausjost.jpg http://dj003.k12.sd.us/SCHOOL%20NOTES/chapter_12.htm Phylum Osteichthyes How does the animal remove nitrogenous waste from it’s body fluids? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient? Kidneys and gills are essential characteristics The wastes are stored in blood, until the kidneys filter them out and are excreted. The development of kidneys help the animal’s excretion. Same complexity as chondrichthyes http://www.curator.org/legacyvmnh/webofl ife/kingdom/p_chordata/ClassOsteichthyes /ClassOsteichthyes/spiny_boxfish.htm Phylum Amphibia How does the animal remove nitrogenous waste from its body fluids? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient? Amphibians have evolved kidneys and are able to filter their blood and excrete their wastes in urine. Ammonia is filtered out and converted into uric acid. http://visual.merriamwebster.com/images/animalkingdom/amphibians/examplesamphibians_2.jpg Phylum Reptilia How does the animal remove nitrogenous waste from its body fluids? What Structures evolve to make this process more efficient? Reptiles have kidneys that filter wastes from the blood and the wastes are excreted in urine. The ammonia is changed into uric acid and excreted through the urine. Same complexity as amphibia Phylum Aves How does the animal remove nitrogenous waste from its body fluids? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient? Aves has kidneys that filter the blood and remove nitrogenous wastes and digestive wastes. The ammonia is converted into uric acid which is excreted in cloaca, a white, sticky substance. http://www.ucmp.berkeley. edu/diapsids/birds/snowyo wl.gif A step up from Reptilia Conclusion The excretion of animals have developed over time creating, specialized cells, organs and organ systems, such as kidneys, excretion pores, gut, lungs and gills. Major changes occur between porifera and cnidaria with the development of cell layers and gut. Later organs are found starting from platyhelminthes. Stair-Step Diagram of the Excretory System Chondrichthyes Amphibia Reptilia Mollusks Porifera Osteichthyes Platyhelminthes Arthropods Echinodermata Cnidaria Annelids Aves Bibliography http://www.middleschoolscience.com/spong.jpg http://www.aloha.com/~lifeguards/jellie75.jpg http://www.kidport.com/RefLib/Science/animals/Image s/Worms.JPG http://www.edc.uri.edu/restoration/html/gallery/images/in verts/aforbesi.jpg http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_07_img0379.jpg http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/01564/image s/crabs.jpg http://robinhoodmarinecenter.com/action_news /uploads/lobster1.jpg http://wse113466.ta35.talkactive.net//pictures/arter/28/big/vithajklausjost.jpg http://www.curator.org/legacyvmnh/weboflife/kingdom/p_chordata/Clas sOsteichthyes/ClassOsteichthyes/spiny_boxfish.htm http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/animalkingdom/amphibians/examples-amphibians_2.jpg http://christiansotophoto.com/Reptiles%20 and%20Amphibians/arles_gallery/images/ Reptiles-04.JPG http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/snowyowl.gif