Download Final Exam Review Guide Fall 2014

Final Exam Review Guide Fall 2014
Unit 1: The Scientific Method
Chapter 1 All Sections
Vocabulary
Science
Observation
Inference
Hypothesis
Controlled experiment
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Control group
Experimental group
Controlled variables
Data
Theory
Bias
Biology
Stimulus
Concepts
1. Know the steps of the scientific method in order.
2. List and describe the parts of a controlled experiment.
3. List the 8 characteristics of living things.
4. Identify examples of the characteristics of living things.
5. Explain the difference between a hypothesis and a theory.
6. Explain why a hypothesis that has been proven false may still be useful.
Unit 2: Biochemistry
Chapter 2 Sections 2.3 and 2.4
Vocabulary
Polarity
Hydrogen bond
Cohesion
Adhesion
Heat capacity
Mixture
Solution
Solvent
Solute
Suspension
pH scale
Acid
Base
Buffer
Macromolecule
Monomer
Polymer
Polymerization
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
Polysaccharide
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose
Lipids
Fatty acid chain
Glycerol
Saturated fat
Polyunsaturated fat
Nucleic acid
Nucleotide
Protein
Amino acid
Peptide bond
Chemical reaction
Reactant
Product
Catalyst
Enzyme
Substrate
Active site
Concepts
1. Explain why water is polar.
2. Know the kind of bond water can make with other water molecules.
3. Know the three properties of water, and explain how water’s charges are involved in each.
4. Explain how a suspension is different from a solution.
5. Know what the acid range, the basic range, and neutral are on the pH scale.
6. Know that monomers are joined together to make polymers through the process of polymerization.
7. List the elements, monomers and basic function of carbohydrates.
8. Know which types of organisms use the three important carbohydrate polymers and give their function:
glycogen, starch, and cellulose.
9. List the elements, monomers, and functions of lipids.
10. Describe the difference between saturated and polyunsaturated fats.
11. List the elements, monomers, and function of nucleic acids.
12. List the elements, monomers, and functions of proteins.
13. Know where the reactants and products occur in a chemical reaction.
14. Explain why enzymes are catalysts.
15. Describe how an enzyme’s active site interacts with its substrate.
16. Explain why a lock-and-key is a good analogy for an enzyme and a substrate.
17. Name the factors that can affect the activity of enzymes.
Unit 3: Cell Structure and Function
Chapter 7 Sections 7.1, 7.2, and 7.3 (all)
Chapter 8 Section 8.1 and Section 8.2 (bottom of p. 232 only)
Chapter 9 Section 9.1 (pp. 250-251, 253)
Vocabulary
Light microscope
Transmission electron
microscope (TEM)
Scanning electron microscope
(SEM)
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Cell membrane
Organelles
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pore
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Vacuole
Vesicle
Lysosome
Cytoskeleton
Centriole
Cilia
Flagella
Ribosome
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
(RER)
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(SER)
Golgi apparatus
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Cell wall
Lipid bilayer
Phospholipid
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Selectively permeable
Passive transport
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Aquaporin
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Osmotic pressure
Active transport
Bulk transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Autotroph
Producer
Heterotroph
Consumer
Herbivore
Omnivore
Carnivore
Cellular respiration
Concepts
1. Know which accomplishments Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke are known for, and the
approximate time they lived.
2. Know how Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow contributed to the Cell Theory, and
the approximate time they lived.
3. State all three parts of the Cell Theory.
4. Describe the difference between a light microscope and an electron microscope.
5. Describe the difference between the two types of electron microscopes (TEM and SEM).
6. List the four things all cells have in common.
7. List the major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
8. List the major differences between plant and animal cells.
9. Know the name, location, and function of the following organelles: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus,
nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, nucleolus, vacuole, vesicle, lysosome, cytoskeleton, centriole, cilia, flagella,
ribosome, RER, SER, Golgi apparatus, chloroplast, mitochondria, and cell wall.
10. Compare and contrast cilia and flagella.
11. Describe the fluid mosaic model.
12. Give some reasons for why cells need to transport materials into and out of cells.
13. List what kind of substances can and cannot cross easily through the lipid bilayer.
14. Explain the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
15. List two ways that active transport is different from passive transport.
16. Know why osmosis is a special type of diffusion.
17. Understand how hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic environments affect water movement into and out of
cells, and what the consequences can be for cells (Shrivel? Fill with water?)
18. Indicate why animal cells have a different reaction to osmotic pressure than plant cells.
19. Explain the process of endocytosis, and its reverse, exocytosis.
20. Know the structure and function of ATP.
21. Explain how ATP is “rechargeable”.
22. For photosynthesis and cellular respiration, know the following:
a. What overall function each reaction performs
b. What kind of organisms perform each reaction
c. The full balanced equations for each reaction
23. Know which products of photosynthesis cellular respiration uses as its reactants.
24. Know which products of cellular respiration photosynthesis uses as its reactants.
25. Explain how material and energy is cycled between autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Unit 4: Cell Division
Chapter 10:
10.1 – pages 274, 276-278
10.2 – pages 279-285 (all)
10.3 – pages 286-290 (all)
Vocabulary:
Cell division
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Chromosomes
Chromatin
Chromatid
Centromere
Binary fission
Cell cycle
Interphase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Prophase
Mitotic spindle
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cell plate
Cyclin
Internal regulator
External regulator
Growth factor
Apoptosis
Cancer
Tumor
Metastasis
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Concepts:
1. Explain the two main reasons why it is best that cells are small. (Hint: one reason has to do with DNA, and
the other reason has to do with exchange of materials.)
2. Explain why a cell must replicate its DNA before dividing.
3. List the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction, as well as the advantages and disadvantages
of each.
4. Know the difference in the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes.
5. Describe the steps in binary fission, and know which type of organisms use this form of cell division.
6. Name and describe the 2 basic phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle.
7. Describe the structure of a replicated chromosome (include centromere and sister chromatid).
8. Name and describe the three parts of interphase.
9. Describe what happens in each of the four phases of mitosis. Know what each phase looks like, and be able
to list the phases in order.
a. Five things in prophase
b. One thing in metaphase
c. One thing in anaphase
d. Five things in telophase
10. Describe what cytokinesis is, and how it differs in plant and animal cells.
11. Explain why the cell cycle must be regulated.
12. Explain the role of cyclins and other regulatory proteins in regulating the cell cycle.
13. Describe apoptosis, and why it is an important part of regulating the cell cycle.
14. Explain the difference between a benign and malignant tumor, and how the latter can be spread.
15. Describe what metastasis and cancer are.
16. Describe the three ways to treat cancer.
Unit 5: Genetics
Chapter 11 all sections
Chapter 14 section 14.1
Vocabulary:
Genetics
Fertilization
Trait
Hybrid
Gene
Allele
Principle of dominance
Segregation
Gamete
Probability
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Phenotype
Genotype
Independent assortment
Incomplete dominance
Codominance
Multiple alleles
Polygenic trait
Pleiotropy (not in book)
Environmental influences
Sex-linked gene/trait
Homologous chromosomes
Diploid
Haploid
Meiosis
Tetrad
Crossing-over
Linked gene
Pedigree
Concepts:
1. Explain why Mendel’s work was so important.
2. Describe the F1 cross process that Mendel used to arrive at his conclusions. Explain how the parent
generation, F1 generation, and F2 generation are related.
3. Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype, and how genotype affects phenotype.
4. Explain the difference between homozygous and heterozygous genotypes.
5. Be able to do Punnett square word problems and predict genotype and phenotype ratios for the following
patterns of inheritance:
a. Complete dominance
b. Incomplete dominance
c. Codominance
d. Sex-linked traits
6. Be able to determine the parents involved in a two-factor cross.
7. Describe the different blood groups, and indicate which blood types are the universal donor and universal
receiver.
8. Explain why blood type is an example of both codominance and multiple alleles.
9. Explain why sex-linked traits are inherited differently, and therefore have different impacts on males and
females.
10. Be able to interpret pedigrees, and write out the genotypes of the individuals in a pedigree. Explain why a
trait shown in a pedigree is dominant or recessive.
11. Explain the difference between haploid and diploid chromosome number. Know which cell types are
diploid and which are haploid.
12. Describe crossing over, and indicate what advantage this process has in sexual reproduction.
13. Understand the purpose of meiosis, and know what type of cells meiosis creates.
14. Know the phases of meiosis. Be able to recognize them in a diagram and know what occurs in each phase.
15. List the similarities and differences between meiosis and mitosis.
16. Explain why genes can be called linked.