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Manual of Infrastructure Engineering Electrical
GLOSSARY
AC
Alternating Current
AEMC
Australian Energy Market Commission
AEMO
Australian Energy Market Operator
AER
Australian Energy Regulator
Availability:
The ability of an item to perform its intended function at any instant of
time. It is usually given as the ratio uptime/(uptime + downtime).
Battery:
A device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy by means
of an electrochemical reaction. Usually defined as consisting of two or
more cells, but commonly used to refer to one cell.
BCA
Building Code of Australia.
BMS:
Building Management System. Building automation system used to
control and monitor building services.
Brownout:
Conditions under which power is available but not sufficient to fully
meet the needs (voltage, current) of the load; partial power failure.
Capacity (battery):
The number of ampere-hours (Ah) a fully charged cell or battery can
deliver under specified conditions of discharge.
CB
Circuit Breaker.
CEPS
Central Emergency Power Station. A centralised standby power station
that supplies power to the Base in the event of power failure.
CEP
Central Energy Plant. A centralised power station used to offset power
purchases from the grid.
CFI
Capital Facilites & Infrastructure Branch
CMS
Comprehensive Maintenance Services
Controller
The device used to automatically process data and control equipment
based upon programmable algorithms as either firmware or software
(e.g. PLC).
CPS
Central Power Station. A centralised prime power station that supplies
power to the Base.
Crest Factor (Fc):
Ratio between the peak value to the root mean square (RMS) current
value.
DALI:
Digital Addressable Lighting Interface: a protocol for digital
communications between lighting devices. This allows for individual
control of each light within a building where each light has its own
address.
DC
Direct Current
DEEP
Directorate of Estate Engineering Policy
Defence
Department of Defence
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DEMS-FM
Defence Estate Management System - Facilities Management
DEOP-103
Defence Explosive Ordnance Safety Manual
DEOS
Directorate of Explosive Ordnance Services
Design
The intent of the works as performed by the Designer and Installer
Designer
The party engaged to perform a design function for Defence.
DESN:
Defence Engineering Services Network. A site wide system that usually
monitors the electrical power system parameters and other engineering
services elements.
DEMTR
Directorate of Engineering Maintenance & Technical Regulation
Distortion (individual): Ratio between the RMS value of an nth order harmonic and the RMS
value of the fundamental.
Distribution Substation
A substation used to directly supply loads (typically at 400/230V)
consisting of facilities or processes. The distribution substation typically
consists of the following major components:

RMU

Transformer; and

LV Switchboard
however either or both of the RMU or LV Switchboard can be located
remote to the substation.
DNSP
Distribution Network Service Provider: The authority providing access
to the electricity grid that own, control and/or operate the transmission
or distribution systems.
DOS
Directorate of Ordnance Safety
DSRG
Defence Support & Reform Group
DSI:
Digital Serial Interface: A protocol enabling dimming of an electronic
ballast
EE
Environment & Engineering Branch of DSRG – Infrastructure DivisionDSRG-ID
ELV
Extra Low Voltage.
ENA
Australian Energy Network Association
EO
Explosive Ordnance
Failure Rate:
The number of failures of an item per unit measure of life, where life is
expressed cycles, time, events, etc., as applicable for the item.
FDB/FRB
Functional Design Brief/Functional Requirements Brief
FQCC
Fuel Quality Control Centre
GCB
Generator Circuit Breaker
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GCS
Generator Control System. The collective name for the overall system
that controls the operation of the CEPS. It generally consists of a
network of CONTROLLERs and other control devices.
GCS Station
The master CONTROLLER in the GCS Controller network. It performs
overall power station coordination functions.
Harmonic Analysis.
Harmonic Analysis is the determination of the harmonic content of the
load or supply.
Harmonic Distortion (total) THD: Ratio between the RMS value of all harmonics of a nonsinusoidal alternating periodic value and that of the fundamental.
Harmonics:
Distortions of the sine wave that characterises normal AC current.
Harmonics are transmitted into an AC line by non-linear loads (i.e.,
loads that do not draw power in regular sine waves), such as
computers, copiers, FAX machines, and variable-speed motors.
Harmonics can cause communication errors and equipment damage.
In three-phase systems, they can cause transformers and neutral
conductors to overheat creating a possible fire hazard.
HAZAN
Hazard Analysis
HAZOP
Hazard Operability
HMI
Human-Machine Interface.
HV
High Voltage: Above 1000V AC or 1500V DC.
HV Feeders
HV cabling from the NSP to the establishment ISS.
HV Rings
HV cabling on the establishment on which substations and switching
stations are connected, but not the Feeders or Interconnectors.
HV Switchroom
Normally an indoor arrangement provided for HV circuit breakers and
HV switchgear panels
ID
Infrastructure Division
Indoor Substations
Substations where the various major components are housed within a
building, either as a freestanding structure or part of a larger structure.
Interconnector
A direct intertie HV power cable connection between two (2) PSSs or
PSS/ISS/CEPS, that facilitates power flow used to transfer power
between them.
ISS
Intake Switching Station or Intake Substation as appropriate.
Kiosk Substations
Stand alone, freestanding substations, where the various major
components are housed within a metal or composite enclosure. This
form of construction is limited to distribution substations.
LEG:
Local Emergency Generator: An independent standby generator at a
facility that supplies power to that facility in the event of power failure.
LV
Low Voltage: Less than High Voltage but higher than 50V AC or 120V
DC.
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Maintainability:
The ability to retain and restore an item to its functional state when
maintenance is performed under stated conditions and using
prescribed procedures and resources. Measures include probability to
repair within a given time, repair rate, and mean time to repair.
MEPS:
Minimum Energy Performance Standard
MFPE
Manual of Fire Protection Engineering.
Motor-Generator (M-G):
Power systems that use a rotating AC generator to generate the
needed output power. A motor-generator that is powered by a battery
or a diesel or gas-powered engine when utility power is lost, constitutes
a rotary or hybrid UPS.
MTBF:
Mean Time Between Failure. A measure of reliability. As applied to
repairable items, the mean value of the length of time between each
item’s consecutive failures, calculated as the ratio of OK cumulative
time to the total number of failures during the stated period.
MTBM:
Mean Time Between Maintenance: The interval between scheduled
major maintenance activities (i.e. major overhaul), not routine
maintenance (i.e. routine servicing).
MTTF:
Mean Time To Failure. As applied to non-repairable items (i.e. for
which a MTBF is not possible), the ratio of the OK cumulative time to
the total number of items failed during the stated period.
MTTR:
Mean Time To Repair. A measure of maintainability. Mathematical
calculation (or statistical average if available) of the time required to
repair a device.
MaxTTR:
Maximum Time to Repair. Required maximum time to repair specified
as a supportability requirement. MaxTTR is the maximum corrective
maintenance downtime within which corrective maintenance actions
can be accomplished.
NBPS:
No Break Power Supply.
NEC
Neutral earthing contactor
NEM
National Electricity Market.
NER
National Electricity Rules
NSP
Network Service Provider The authority providing access to the
electricity grid and the owner/controller of the local sub-transmission
and distribution systems.
OLA
Ordinance Loading Apron or Area
On-Line UPS:
An UPS that continuously powers the load from the inverter under
normal operation.
OPSMAN 3
Safety Principles for the Handling of Explosive Ordnance
OSC(E)81/1
Operational Safety Committee (Explosives)
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Outdoor SS
Substations where the various major components are outdoors without
further enclosure.
Output (rated):
Apparent power Pn that the UPS can deliver under given load
conditions (power factor = 0.8).
Oversizing:
Increasing the capacity of an UPS beyond that required to exactly meet
the needed power requirements. Oversizing allows an UPS to
efficiently and effectively handle surges and provides for growth in the
power requirements.
PCMS
Power Control and Monitoring System: A software module on the
DESN, which monitors and controls the power distribution system.
PELV
Protected Extra Low Voltage in accordance with AS/NZS 3000
PLC
Programmable Logic Controller.
Point of Supply
(see AS/NZS 60038) The point where the distribution system of the
DNSP and the electrical system of the customer are connected.
Power Factor:
The power factor is the mathematical relationship between apparent or
effective power, measured in kVA, and real or average power,
measured in kW. When the current and voltage are in phase, purely
resistive load, the power factor is 1. In a purely reactive load in which
voltage and current are 90° out of phase, the power factor is 0.
Power Failure:
See AS 62040.3
Primary Power:
See AS 62040.3
PSS
Primary Switching Station / Primary Substation as appropriate– Are
switching stations/substation that form part of the primary electrical
distribution system, to which Incomers and Interconnectors are
connected.
RCD
Residual Current Device (RCD) - see AS/NZS 3000 - A device
intended to isolate supply to protected circuits, socket outlets or
equipment in the event of a current flow to earth which exceeds a
predetermined value.
Redundancy (active): Parallel UPS configuration in which several UPS units with equal
outputs are parallel connected and share the load. In the event one
UPS unit fails, the other units pick up its share without any interruption
in the supply of power to the load.
Redundancy (standby):
UPS configuration in which one or several UPS units operate on
standby, with no load or only a partial load, and can immediately back
up a faulty UPS unit by no-break transfer of the load, carried out by a
static switch.
Reliability:
The probability that an item will perform as intended for a specified
period of time under a stated set of conditions. Usually measured as a
probability, a failure rate, or a mean time between failures.
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Resonance.
Resonance results in voltage surges and transients of several times the
supply voltage. PFC connected to a supply can cause resonance
between the supply and the PFC capacitors or between other
equipment and the PFC capacitors.
RMU
Ring Main Unit, compartmentalised HV switching/protection panels
normally switch/fuse switch disconnector unit. Switchgear normally
used at substations
RTU
Remote Terminal Unit
Sag:
A low-voltage condition in which the voltage on one or more phases of
AC power falls below 80 to 85 percent of the nominal value for more
than one cycle (1/60th of a second for 60-cycle AC). Can be caused by
ground faults, starting large loads, inadequate power supply, utility
switching, utility equipment failure, and lightning. Can cause computer
crashes and damage equipment.
SELV
Separated Extra Low Voltage in accordance with AS/NZS 3000.
SF6
Sulphur Hexaflouride An electrically insulating gas utilised in HV
switchgear equipment.
SMS:
Site wide Management System. Typically a distributed site wide BMS
application
Standby Power:
See AS 62040
Static Bypass:
See AS 62040
Static Switch:
Synchronous Bypass Facility. The combination static (semiconductor)
and electromagnetic switch that bypasses the UPS to connect the
critical load to the bypass power source.
Substation (SS)
A facility in the electrical distribution system at which voltage
transformation occurs, i.e. the voltage is changed from one voltage to
another. The typical substation generally comprises as a minimum a
power transformer. Substations may also include the associated
switchboards, however either or both of these can be located remotely.
Support Time:
Time during which the UPS can supply the rated load with nominalquality power while the primary power is down.
Surge:
A high voltage condition in which the voltage on one or more phases of
AC power exceeds 100 percent of the nominal value for more than one
cycle (1/60th of a second for 60-cycle AC). Can be caused by a rapid
load reduction or switching, and can damage equipment.
Switching Station (SWS)
A facility in the electrical distribution system that is specifically
designed for electrical switching. Normally housing HV RMUs.
System Control:
The control circuits that provides total UPS system control, alarm
annunciation and instrumentation metering.
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Systems Project Office (SPO) Defence agency responsible for the engineering integrity of
aircraft systems, subsystems and interfaces
Thermal Runaway:
A condition that is caused by a battery charging current that produces
more internal heat than the battery can dissipate. This condition
ultimately causes cell venting and premature failure.
Transients:
Disturbances to electrical power lasting less than one cycle (1/60th of a
second for 60-cycle AC). Also referred to as voltage spikes. Can be
caused by lightning strikes, sudden load-shedding on the primary
power system, and shutdown of equipment that was drawing an
extremely large amount of power, or a general rise in voltage on the
primary power system after use by a large number of consumers.
Voltage spikes can blow fuses or trigger circuit breakers, destroy
electronic circuitry, and corrupt stored data.
UPS:
Uninterruptible Power System. Refer to AS62640, an electrical device
or system providing an interface between the mains power supply and
sensitive loads (computer systems, instrumentation, etc.). The UPS
supplies sinusoidal AC power free of disturbances and within strict
amplitude and frequency tolerances. If input power is removed from the
UPS, it will continue to supply the load without interruption. Refer
AS62040.
UPS, Rotary:
An UPS in which a Motor-Generator (M-G) set is used.
UPS, Static:
A solid-state UPS relying normally on battery power.
Useful Life (battery): The time over which a battery can deliver a useful amount of power
(normally defined as 80 percent or more of the battery’s capacity).
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