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Organic Compounds (Macromolecules) 6A: Identify that organic compounds contain carbon and other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur. 6C: Recognize how large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules such as carbohydrates can be broken down into sugars. 1. Macromolecule – a very large molecule. (Macro means large) Made up of smaller molecules linked together to make a long chain. Like a train made of individual cars. 2. Organic Compound – any compound containing the element carbon along with any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur. 3. Organic Macromolecules – large organic compounds. There are 4 main types: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. 4. Carbohydrates – hydrated carbon (water added to carbon); made by plants during photosynthesis; used by most organisms as the main source of energy. Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Ex: Glucose: C6H12O6 ; Ribose : C5H10O5 Two main types: Simple and Complex 1) Simple Carbs – sugars, found in fruits and milk. Glucose, the simplest sugar is the main source of energy for body cells. The body turns all other carbs into glucose. 2) Complex Carbs – made of long chains of glucose molecules; three main types: Fiber – plant matter that can’t be broken down during digestion Starch – energy storage molecule for plants (vegetables and grains) Glycogen – short term energy storage molecule for animals GLUCOSE GLUCOSE GLUCOSE GLUCOSE GLUCOSE 5. Lipids – fats and oils; an animal’s form of stored energy Also made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, a lot of C and H with just a little O Ex: Cooking Oil: C55H98O6 Glycerin backbone (C and O) with 3 fatty acid tails (a bunch of C and H) Can be saturated or unsaturated 1) Saturated Fats – animal fats; solid at room temp: butter, sour cream, egg yolk 2) Unsaturated Fats – plant oils; liquid at room temp: cooking oils G L Y C E R I N FATTY ACID TAIL FATTY ACID TAIL FATTY ACID TAIL 6. Proteins – large, complex molecules; used for tissue (muscle, skin, nerve) growth and repair; play a large part in chemical reactions in the body. Made of C, H, O, and N Found in meat, dairy products, nuts, and beans Made of long chains of Amino Acids linked together There are 20 types of AA’s, your body makes half of them, you must get the rest from meat you eat. AA AA AA AA AA 7. Nucleic Acids – very large, very complex organic compounds that hold all instructions for all an organism’s processes. It’s the NA in DNA and RNA! Made of C, H, O, N, P, and S Carbohydrate backbone with protein (nitrogen) “teeth” Make up DNA (in the nucleus) and RNA (outside the nucleus)