Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Introduction to Medical Terminolgy November 18th Lecture general introduction to November, 18th 2016: 14-18 h November, 19th 2016: 9-13 h December, 2nd 2016: 14-18 h December, 3rd 2016: 9-13 h January, 13th 2016: 14-18 h January, 14th 2016: 9-13 Uhr objective examination content of course terminology and character of different medical fields including the historical and ethnomedical scope Mag.phil. Dr. med. Katharina Sabernig Associated researcher of Institute for Social Anthropologie (ISA) of AAS Lecturer at Database on Tibetan Medical Terms Katharina Anna Sabernig MA/MD Medical University of Vienna part of FWF project (P26129-G21) Department of South Asian, Tibetan and Buddhist Studies www.crossasia.org/en/service/lab/tibetanterms.html [email protected] COURSE-OBJECTIVE Introduction to Nomenclature of Different Medical Areas understanding of: (professional and colloquial) language morphology of words diagnostic and therapeutic course case reports medical thinking Mag.phil. Dr. med. Katharina Sabernig general word formation medical fields and specialization the healthy human being medical examination, diagnostics symptoms, syndroms and diseases therapeutic intervention Marking online database: combination of final examination (~80) and participation in lessions (~20) examination consists of open, specific and multiple choice questions study-material: Power Point presentations without images www.dict.leo.org www.medicinenet.com/medterms-medical-dictionary/article.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page www.med4you.at (Labor/German) Fachsprache Medizin im Schnellkurs Axel Karenberg Für Studium und Berufspraxis 4 Auflage, 2015 Schattauer Medical Terminology medical language with obligatory defined terms +communication between qualified personnel +clarity and comprehensibility of diagnostic findings +documentation +scientific talk and publik lectures +publications +in individual cases: secret language Professional and Colloquial Language Medical Terminology understanding medical reports and discharge papers convey (medical and intercultural) competence professional language scientific nomenclature used by teachers to students publications colloquial language used by physicians to patients Professional and Colloquial Language Types of words professional language scientific nomenclature: Carcinoma cervix uteri Eponyms (personal names + definiton used by teachers to students: cervical carcinoma Akronyms (abbreviated word, short name) Synonyms (multiple terms) colloquial language used by physicians to patients: cervical cancer Eponyms (personal names + definition) Antonyms (opposite terms) Metonyms (metaphorical terms) Akronyms (abbreviated word, short name) Non-medical non-medical Laser Diesel engine Light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation Keynesian economics Medical AIDS medical Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Diseases: Alzheimer‘s diseases, Parkinson disease SIDS Operation: Billroth-I-Operation Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Anatomy: Eustachian tube, Aschoff Tawara node ADHS/D Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Syndrome/Disorder Synonyms (multiple terms) Antonyms (opposite terms) infectious mononucleosis=glandular fever=kissing disease Anatomy: anterior :: posterior, (Germ.: Pfeiffersches Drüsenfieber) superior :: inferior Aschoff Tawara node = AV node = Atrioventricular node Pathology: benigne :: maligne acute :: chronical Metonyms (metaphorical terms) Etymology of medical terms Anatomy: sella turcica (Turkish Chair) Germ: Rabenschnabelfortsatz: engl: acromiocoracoid Pathology: Elephantiasis clinical significance of a medical term does not always coorespond to etymological origin. example: tumor http://www.etymonline.com Tumor http://www.etymonline.com /index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=tumor&s earchmode=none Tumor: early 15c., from Latin tumor "swelling, condition of being swollen, a tumor," from tumere "to swell" (see tumid) Medical Word Formation general rule Latin origin: anatomical, histological, pathological Greek origin: clinical, functional, quantities English origin: neologism, modern words German: colloquial language Accentuation of latin terms is not placed on the last syllable Accentuation of latin terms Exercise mnemotechnic verses accentuate in the correct manner + Accentuation of latin terms is never placed on the last syllable coma (derived from Greek: deep sleep) adipositas (obesity) angina (narrowing) retina (net, germ: Netzhaut) tumor (bulge, swelling) eczema (inflamation of the skin) carcinoma (malign, evil tumor) cauda (tail) A. carotis (carotid artery, germ.: Halsschlagader) + Latin words with two syllabels: accent falling on the first syllable: e.g.: Vena (vein), Colon (large intestine) + second last syllable short, so will be accentuated the third to the last: e.g.: decubitus (pressure ulcer) + Accentuation depends on the length of the second last syllable. Accentuation of latin terms Exercise Word elements accentuate in the correct manner coma (derived from Greek: deep sleep) adipositas (obesity) angina (narrowing) retina (net, germ: Netzhaut) tumor (bulge, swelling) eczema (inflamation of the skin) carcinoma (malign, evil tumor) cauda (tail) A. carotis (carotid artery, germ.: Halsschlagader) disassemble a term in his components helps to understand its meaning word stem word stem: WS (Germ. Wortstamm) connecting vowel: CV (Germ.: Bindevokal) prefix: P (germ.: Vorsilbe) suffix: S (Germ.: Nachsilbe) disassemble a term in his components helps to understand its meaning präfix+CV word stem heart Endo card Latin: cor inside heart Greek: kardía (καρδία) Germ.: Herzinnenhaut medical use: card Engl.: heart's inner membrane connecting vowel is usually „o“, has no meaning, omitted in case of following vowels disassemble a term in his components helps to understand its meaning präfix+CV Endo- Other important prefixes Beginning Meaning Examples oligo- little oligurie dys- „error“ dysfunction poly- many polyarthritis word stem card Germ.: Herzinnenhaut; Engl.: heart's inner membrane card MyoGerm.: Herzmuskel; Engl.: cardic muscle disassemble a term in his components helps to understand its meaning präfix+CV word stem suffix Endo- card -itis Endocarditis: Inflammation of the heart's inner membrane Myocard -itis Myocarditis: Inflammation of the cardic muscle disassemble a term in his components helps to understand its meaning präfix Endo- word stem card suffix -itis Endocarditis: Inflammation of the heart's inner membrane Myocard -itis Myocarditis: Inflammation of the cardic muscle Pericard -itis Pericarditis: Inflammation of the Pericardium (heart sac) Other important suffixes Other important suffixes ending meaning examples ending meaning examples -itis inflammation tonsillitis pharyngitis sinusitis bronchitis arthritis colitis -itis inflammation tonsillitis -osis degenerative, chronical condition arthrosis Other important suffixes Other important suffixes ending examples Ending Meaning Examples -osis arthrosis (degenerative joint disease) bilharziosis (tropical infectios disease) multiple sclerosis (autoimmune disorder) -itis inflammation tonsillitis -osis degenerative, chronical condition arthrose colic cramp like pain renal colic Other important suffixes Ending Meaning Examples Differences between German and Englisch medical terms Origin Definition cerebralis regarding -itis inflammation tonsillitis -osis degenerative, chronical condition arthrose cramp like pain renal colic (Germ: Nierenkolik) biliar colic (Germ: Gallenkolik) intestinal colic (Darmkolik) colic Englisch form zerebral cerebral Karzinom carcinoma the brain carcinoma malignant tumor Anglicism in German medical language shunt: German form short circuit connection between arteries and veins pacemaker: Germ.: Herzschrittmacher bypass: surgical procedure performed to redirect blood flow staging: stages of Tumor stroke unit: emergency ward for stroke stroke (Schlaganfall) patients anaemia anaemia (brit.)Anämie anemia (US) prognosis prediction Prognose prognosis anatomia doctrine of Anatomie Anatomy body structures Case report Symtom: visible Hematura: WSblood+CV, WSurin Diagn: cystoscopy: WSbladder +CV, WS [transurethral] biopsy, PWS+S PWS bone scintigraphy, WSscinti+CV, WSdepiction CT: Computertomography WSComputerWScut+CV, WSdepiction Case report Histology: highgrade urothelcarcinoma highgrade (Anglicism) WSurinaryo+CV WStissue WScancerP G3: Grading T2, N0, M0: Staging Akronym:TNM-Tumorclassification: Tumor, Nodi lymph: lymphatic knots, Metastasis) Neither biomedical nomenclature nor the Tibetan anatomical vocabulary are uniform in themselves. Sometimes names are rather metaphorical, already in Latin, in other cases they are more topographical (positional relation). Case report Therapy: polychemotherapy polychemotherapy cystectomy bladder removal with creation of ileo-neobladder final part of small intestine: new bladder The left atrio-ventrikular (topographical describtion) heart valve has two biomedically established Synonyms: valva mitralis as well as valva bicuspidalis.(metaphorical describtion) Metonyms The former is called valva mitralis because it looks like a "mitre", the Bishop's cap, deriving "via notion of joining of the two peaks of the folded cap" http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?searchmode=none&search=miter The second name, valva bicuspidalis, is derived from "two sails" (latin: bi cuspides) Which answer is wrong? 0 Eponyms contain personal names and a definiton. 0 Akronyms are abbreviated words, often a combination of the first letter of long form explanation. 0 Synonyms are terms of the same, antonyms of opposite meaning. 0 Metonyms are derived from anorganic chemistry important for pharmacology. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitralklappe Which answer is wrong? 0 Eponyms contain personal names and a definiton. 0 Akronyms are abbreviated words, often a combination of the first letter of long form explanation. 0 Synonyms are terms of the same, antonyms of opposite meaning. 0 Metonyms are derived from anorganic chemistry important for pharmacology. Which answer is wrong? 0 Eustachian tube is an eponym for an anatomical structure. 0 AIDS is an akronyms for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. 0 “Anterior and posterior“ are synonyms for the bodily directions locations. 0 The „valva mitralis is an metonym for a certain heart valve deriving from a bishops cap. Which answer is wrong? 0 Eustachian tube is an eponym for an anatomical structure. 0 AIDS is an akronyms for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. 0 “Anterior and posterior“ are synonyms for the bodily directions locations. 0 The „valva mitralis is an metonym for a certain heart valve deriving from a bishops cap. Which answer is right? 0 Medical terminology is based on a mixture of different languages. 0 Words of Latin origin indicate clinical, functional, quantitive. 0 Words of Greek origin are use in anatomical, histological, pathological names. 0 English and German words should be avoided in discharge papers. Which answer is right? 0 Medical terminology is based on a mixture of different languages. 0 Words of Latin origin indicate mainly clinical, functional and quantitive aspects. 0 Words of Greek origin are mainly in use in anatomical, histological, pathological names. 0 English and German words should be avoided in discharge papers. Which answer is wrong? 0 Word stem is always in Latin. 0 Prefix is followed by a connecting vowel and a word stem. 0 The connecting vowel is usually an „o“, has no meaning and is omitted in case of following vowels. 0 Suffixes follow the word stem and specifies ist meaning. Which answer is wrong? Medical Systems across Eurasia 0 Word stem is always in Latin. 0 Prefix is followed by a connecting vowel and a word stem. 0 The connecting vowel is usually an „o“, has no meaning and is omitted in case of following vowels. 0 Suffixes follow the word stem and specifies ist meaning. Medical Systems across Eurasia Schamanism, Bonesetting etc. l Lineage healers, family traditions schamanism, bonesetting etc. humoral pathology solidar pathology cellular pathology molecular pathology Galenos of Pergamon 129-~217 ? studied in Alexandria, surgeon at Olympic games and gladiator fights main treatise: Methodi medendi. Humoral Pathology reorganized ancient Greek humoral pathology and anatomy Bycantine Medicine, Unani + Arabic Medicine, Ayurveda, Tibetan Medicine, TCM, etc. his systematised work was translated in the early middle age by Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq (808–873) into Arabic. l written sources, institutions his theses where taught in Europe until modern times. Avicenna Ibn Sina 972-1036 l Canon of medicine Kitab al Quanun fi l tibb l basis of monastic medicine in Europe, near and middle east, Unani medicine in India Three Principles of Ayurveda and Tibetan Medicine Ayurveda Kapha – Pitta – Vata Phlegm – Bile – Wind Tibetan Medicine bad kan – mkhris pa – rlung When Unani Medicine came to India the principles of Ayurveda have been formed and influenced Tibetan medicine Basic ideas, especially the materia medica, had to be adapted to climatic, geografical or cultural conditions Solidar Pathology Physiological and pathological thinking became more morphological and structural oriented. Diseases are associated with threedimensional figures: meaning "a solid substance“. Certain body parts are in the focus in contrast to circulating humors. Solidar and humoral thinking is frequently coexisting. Cellular Pathology Molecular Pathology In the 19th century diseases where regarded as dysfunctions of body cells. Cytopathology is a special form used in cancer diagnostics. studies diseases through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or bodily fluids. It is multi-disciplinary in nature and focuses mainly on the submicroscopic aspects of disease. fields in Tibetan medicine clinical biomedical fields body (lus) children (byis pa) women diseases (mo nad) demon (gdon) weapons (wounds) (mtshon) poisons (dug) age (rgas ba) fertility (ro tsa) general medicine internal medicine pediatrics dermatology psychiatry neurology physical medicine/ therapy radiology nuclearmedicine anesthesy/ intensive care clinical pathology laboratory medicine surgery orthopedy urology gynecology/obstetrics ear, nose and throat medicine ophtalmology psychosomatics examples for specialiced fields of internal medicine examples for specialiced fields of surgery cardiology nephrology endocrinology and diabetology gastroenterology and hepatolgy rheumatology hematology and oncology general and visceralgeneral and vascularthoraxpaediatric and adolescent transplantationtraumaplastic- nonclinical and theoretical medical fields anatomy / histology biochemistry / physiology genetics/molecular biology pathology laboratory medicine / microbiology pharmacology social medicine/epidemiology