Download Crash Course 20 Civil War 680k-800k casualties 1861

Crash Course 20
Civil War
● 680k-800k casualties
● 1861-1865
● Union v. Confederates
○ North v. South
○ Blue v. Grey
● Not all slave states were confederates
● Union won the war
○ Had advantages because they manufactured supplies and had more railroad and
soldiers
● Some union fighters didn’t even want to end slavery
● Some confederates were fighting for their freedom not for slavery
Causes of the war
● About slavery
● Lincoln said the war was about preserving the Union
● Southerners wanted to make the nation better for God
● Northerners were driven by the Union, religion and ending slavery
Ulysses Grant​ was a Union general
● He was willing to sustain large casualties to reach his goal
○ Lost 41% of his army
● North was losing until more generals adopted Grant’s strategy
Turning Points
● July 1863
○ Vicksburg Mississippi was captured by the North
○ North won the battle of Gettysburg
● August 1864
○ Union took Atlanta
■ This gained support for Lincoln→ allowed him to be elected
Crash course 21
Lincoln
● Emancipation proclamation​: January 1st 1863
○ Freed slaves in rebelling territories
○ Did not really have the jurisdiction to do this, only could in the border states
● Many slaves ran away during the war to avoid being used for fighting
○ Sought refuge with union troops
○ This leads to the theory that Lincoln was forced to make the EP because so
many slaves were runaways/contraband
■ The Union commanders were breaking laws by not returning them to their
masters
■ After the EP was passed 180k former slaves and free blacks joined the
Union army
● Thirteenth Amendment
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○ Ended slavery in the U.S
Lincoln also made the end of slavery and return of the South to the Union conditions of
peace at the end of the war
○ Many northerners actually wanted the war to end and the South to secede and
they could continue slavery there
Lincoln stated that the Civil War was like a 2nd American revolution
War Technology
● Rifles and were used→ machine guns at end of war
● Large casualties
○ Photographer Mathew Brady took over 10k photos of the war that changed
people's thoughts on war
Post-War
● North won war→ north’s plan
○ Industrial economy
○ National gov
○ One nation→ U.S stopped being pluralized
● Homestead Act-1862
○ Land in the West cost 18$ and whoever bought it would have to live on it for 5 yrs
● Pacific Railway Act of 1862
○ 158 mill acres of land for railways
● Progressive Income Tax
○ To pay off war debt
● National Bank Act of 1863
○ Issued green paper bills
○ First national currency
● Civil War:
○ Cost 6.7 Billion
○ gov supported an army of a million
○ carried 2.5 billion dollar national debt
○ distributed public lands
○ printed a national currency
○ collected internal taxes
Crash Course 22
Reconstruction
● Had to reintegrate former slaves and rebels
● Andrew Johnson​ was president
○ Thought southerners did not have right to secede
○ Did think blacks should have rights
○ Created confederate gov
● Schools were made for former slaves and land provided by f​ reedman's bureau
● Sharecroppers
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Replaced slavery
Landowners provided tools and housing to workers who worked the land and got
⅓ of the crop
○ Blacks and poor whites
○ Gov thought it was too much like slavery
Civil Rights Act ​was passed in 1867
○ Guaranteed citizenship to anyone born in U.S
14th amendment ​gave Bill of Rights to all states
Ulysses S. Grant ​elected in 1868
Republicans thought they would win more if black people could vote→ 1
​ 5th amendment
which gave suffrage to any man
○ About 2k African-Americans in office during reconstruction
○ This helped with keeping AA rights
School system was segregated but still educated black students
A lot of violence towards blacks was happening b/c of their rights
○ KKK was founded in 1866 and became a terrorist group that also targeted white
republicans
○ Intimidated blacks from voting→ whites had control of southern governments
again
Rutherford B. Hayes ​elected in 1873
○ To win the presidency Hayes agreed to give Democrats control of the South and
build transcontinental railroad through Texas (​bargain of 1877)
■ Killed reconstruction
■ Southern states had power to take away AA rights
■ Passed ​Jim Crow Laws ​which limited voting rights
Pages 368-389
Secession ​Crisis(368)/ Increased ​Sectionalism​(370)
● After Lincoln was elected southerners wanted an end to the U
​ nion
○ SC seceded in December 1860
○ Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas followed in the next
couple months
● The seven seceded states met in Feb 1861 and formed the ​Confederate States of
America
○ This was a new nation
○ The North was confused and indecisive
○ President​ Buchanan s​ aid that states had no right to secede, but if they did the
gov couldn’t stop them
● New nation seized gov. Offices, forts and arsenals in their boundaries
○ Tried to capture Fort Sumter and first shots between North and South were fired
● Compromise
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Neither side wanted war→ gov tried to make a comp.
Crittenden Compromise:
■ Called for const. amendments that would allow permanent existence of
slavery in slave states and give in to southern demands over fugitive
slaves and slavery in the D of C
■ Proposed reestablishment of the Missouri comp. Line
■ Southerners in the Senate accepted the plan, but Republicans did not b/c
it would allow expansion of slavery
Lincoln stated that no states could leave the Union since it was older than the Const.
and that the gov still had control over federal property in the seceded states (Fort
Sumter)
Fort Sumter (368)
○ Island in Charleston SC
○ Union forces were running out of supplies
○ Lincoln did not want to surrender it→ sent relief expedition
■ The Confederate gov was conflicted b/c they didn’t want to submit to gov
authority and let the expedition come but they didn't want to attack
■ They decided to take the fort to avoid seeming cowardly
● They confederates bombarded it for two days until it was
surrendered on April 14th, 1861→ beginning of Civil War
War begins (370)
○ Lincoln started mobilizing northern troops immediately, more slave states
seceded
■ VA, Arkansas, TN, NC
○ Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky and Missouri (remaining slave states) stayed on
Union side b/c of pressure from Washington
(side note) Historians wonder if Lincoln or his predecessors could have done anything to
settle sectional conflict peacefully
○ Northern leaders could have let South secede in peace
○ Clear that in North and South sectional antagonisms were too many that the
existing Union would not work
○ Ppl believed that two conflicting civilizations had been created and they could not
live together in peace
Opposing sides
○ Northern advantages
■ had material advantages and had double pop. of the South
■ had advanced industrial system and manufactured almost all war
materials, South had to import from Europe
■ North had more and better railroads
○ South was however fighting a defensive war on familiar territory
■ The North had to communicate from far away and had to use the South’s
transportation system
■ Southerners were unified and committed to war, North was divided
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Southerners believed that English and French would intervene on their
side b/c of their dependance on southern textile industry
Mobilization of the North (371)
● Republican party had unchallenged authority in Congress with southern forces gone
○ Enacted nationalist program to promote mostly western economic development
■ Homestead Act o
​ f 1862 let any citizen claim 160 acres of land for a small
fee after living on it for five years
■ Morrill Land Grant Act ​1862 transferred public land to state govs who
sold it and used money for public education→ more state colleges
■ Passed tariffs that raised duties to the highest level in U.S history
■ Created new railroad companies and gave land and money to them
■ National Bank Acts o
​ f 1863-1864 created national banking system that
unified currency and created uniform system of national bank notes
○ Gov tried to finance the war by:
■ Levying taxes on almost all goods and services and income tax. This
caused resistance
■ Issuing paper currency called​ “greenbacks” v​ alues of these changed
based on fortunes of Northern army
■ Borrowing from people by persuading them to purchase bonds. Most of
the loans were from banks and large interests though
○ Union armies (374)
■ 2 mill men over course of war
■ At the beginning the regular U.S army had on 16k→ Congress authorized
enlistment 500k volunteer for three year terms
■ After first surge of enthusiasm recruits declined→ congress passed
national draft law​ in 1863
● Draft increased voluntary enlistment as well
● Laborers and immigrants and peace democrats (copperheads)
were mad
● Irish workers in NY rioted because they thought the war was being
fought for benefit of blacks who would take their jobs
○ Wartime politics (375)
■ Many politicians thought Lincoln was a minor politician and not a real
leader
■ he made a cabinet with every side of the Republican party and Northern
opinion
■ Lincoln used his powers in war
● He sent troops without asking Congress
● Also increased size of army and proclaimed naval blockade of
South w/ out legislative authority
■ Biggest problem was wide opposition to war by Democrats
● He arrested civilian rebels and suspended habeas corpus
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Proclaimed all who opposed enlistment could be arrested and
made 13k arrests in total
■ Election of 1864
● Republicans had losses in congress
● Created Union party for war supporters, nominated Lincoln for
another term
● Lincoln won again, but may not have if Union victories (capture of
Atlanta) hadn’t happened or it he hadn’t arranged for Union troops
to vote
Politics of slavery
■ Republicans disagreed on slavery
■ Radicals​: wanted to use war to abolish slavery, c
​ onservatives​: wanted a
slow gradual process
■ Confiscation Act: ​1861, any slaves part of confederate army would be
freed
■ Law in 1862 abolished slavery in D of C and western territories +
compensated owners
● Radicals got another law past that freed the slaves of anyone
aiding rebellion→ Lincoln hired African-Americans as soldiers
■ Northerners accepted emancipation as war goal
■ Lincoln signed E
​ mancipation Proclamation o
​ n Jan 1 1863
● Declared slaves forever free in all reads except ones under Union
control already
● Established that the war was about preserving the Union and
ending slavery
■ By the end of the war slavery was abolished in two Union slave states:
Maryland and Missouri, and in three confed states_ Tennessee Arkansas
and Louisiana
■ Congress approved the ratification of the 13th amendment
African Americans and the Union (377)
■ 186k free blacks were soldiers, sailors and laborers
■ Excluded from the war for the first few months until emancipation when
they were actively recruited
■ Most black soldiers were doing labor tasks out of combat
■ mortality rate was higher b/c of intense labor
■ payed ⅓ of white soldiers until 1864
■ Confederates captured black soldiers and executed or returned them to
their masters
The War and economic development (377)
■ War decreased industrial growth in the North but sped up economic
development
■ Coal production increased
■ Railroads improved
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■ Loss of farm labor to soldiers caused mechanization
■ Difficult for workers b/c prices rose 70% and wages rose 40%
Women
■ Women took positions vacated by men (teachers, sales clerk, factory
hand)
■ Entered nursing when​ U.S Sanitary Commission​, led by ​Dorthea Dix
mobilized lots of female nurses to field hospitals
● By 1900 nursing became mostly female profession
■ Some male doctors opposed female nurses→ Sanitary Commision
argued that nursing was within woman's sphere
● Female nurses were crucial to military that doctors complaints
were irrelevant
■ Feminists used the war as a opportunity to gain support for their goals
● Susan B. Anthony​ and ​Elizabeth Cady Stanton ​fought for
suffrage and abolition together
● Clara Barton ​was an important nurse and later founded the
American Red Cross
■ Nursing had a large impact on medical profession
● Sanitary Commision got medicine and supplies to field hospitals
and spread ideas about importance of sanitation that probably
helped w/ decline of death by disease during the war
Mobilization of the South (379)
● Confederate​ Government
○ Confed. const. was almost identical to U.S const.
■ Did not explicitly acknowledge right of secession
○ The const. convention in Montgomery elected provisional president
Jefferson Davis​ and vice president A
​ lexander Stephens
○ Gov was dominated by moderate leaders like the Union
○ Davis was a moderate ​secessionist
○ Davis was a bad leader
○ Most white southerners opposed secession and supported the war
● Financing war effort (379)
○ Created national revenue system
○ Depended on small unstable banking system
○ Most wealth in the South was invested in slaves/land→ very little money
available
○ Confederate Congress t​ ried not to directly tax the people at first but
needed to → in 1863 an income tax was enacted (only produced 1% of
gov income, most was from borrowing
■ Gov issued so many bonds that public lost faith and stopped
buying them
○ Gov was forced to pay for war in paper currency
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○ Did not establish uniform currency causing confusion→ inflation 9000%
Raising army(380)
○ First asked for volunteers→ C
​ onscription Act 1
​ 826= all white males
between 18-35 serve for 3 yrs
○ People could buy a substitute but price was too high→ poorer white
rebelled→ act was repealed in 1863
○ Slaveowners w/ more than 20 slaves were also exempt
○ end of 1862= 500k in army not including slaves who did cooking and
labor to free whites for fighting
○ North seized control of large areas of confederacy and population could
not be recruited→ manpower shortage→ drafted younger and older men
(17-50)
○ In 1864-65 there were 100k desertions b/c ppl thought defeat was
inevitable
States rights v. ​Centralization ​(382)
○ Biggest division in the South was over states rights
○ Many white southerners resisted all national authority
○ By the end of the war the Confed. gov was larger than U.S gov
■ They took control of railroads, regulated industry, limited corporate
profits (steps towards centralization)
Effects of the war
○ Devastated southern economy
■ Cut off planters from northern markets that they depended on
■ Made overseas sale of cotton difficult
■ Robbed smaller farms of male workers
○ Most of the fighting took place on confederate land→ railroads and
farmland and plantations were ruined by Union troops
○ Northern naval blockade caused shortages of everything
■ Did not have enough food b/c focused on growing export crops
like cotton
○ Slaves and women could not keep the farms going
○ Major food riots some led by women in Georgia, Alabama and NC in 1863
■ Resistance to c
​ onscription, food impressment, taxation,
hoarding ​and ​black market commerce​ all increased in the
Confederacy
○ The war affected women b/c they did all the work while men were at war
■ Slaveowners wives managed slaves
■ Women on smaller farms worked the crops
■ Worked as schoolteachers or in gov agencies in Richmond
■ Nursing was also huge
○ Caused women to question the southern belief that women were unable
to perform certain duties and participate in public sphere
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Gender imbalance from casualties → unmarried+widowed women had to
find work → expanded acceptable roles for women
○ Confed leaders were scared of slave revolts during the war→ enforced
slave codes strictly
○ Slaves escaped while masters were at battle
Strategy and Diplomacy (383)
● Most important Union commander was Lincoln
○ Took advantage of North’s material advantage
○ Realized that objective of his army was destruction of confederate forces not
occupation of South
○ Had good strategy unlike many other generals
○ Struggled to find chief of staff until he hired ​Ulysses S. Grant
○ Lincoln and Grant's strategy was criticized by ​Committee on the Conduct of
the War ​= a investigative committee made up of two houses of Congress
● Many officers on both sides were graduates of U.S military academy/naval academy
● Amateur officers were social leaders in their communities who appointed themselves
after recruiting groups of men
● Sea power (386)
○ Union had advantage
○ Transported supplies
○ Two important roles: enforcing blockade of Southern coast and assisting Union
armies in field operations
○ The Union Blockade k​ ept ships out of Confederate ports and eventually seizing
them
○ Confederates made an effort to break the blockade using ironclad warships
○ Small torpedo boats and submarines were also used
● Europe and the Disunited States (387)
○ At the beginning of the war England and France were sympathetic with
Confederates b/c of cotton and wanted to weaken U.S as commercial rival. Also
admired social order of south and thought it resembled them
○ France refused to take sides unless England did first, England did not act b/c of
popular support for Union from workers
○ Southern leaders argued that cotton was necessary to British textile industry
(​King Cotton Diplomacy)
■ England had a surplus of cotton that could last until end of war
■ Also imported cotton from India, Egypt and other places to keep some
mills open as supply drained
■ Textile workers who lost jobs still supported Union
○ European nations declaring neutrality at beginning of war angered U.S gov b/c it
meant they thought that the war was between two equal sides instead of an
uprising
○ Trent Affair ​Union warship stopped a British ship on way to England and
arrested two Confederate diplomats. Britain prepared for war against U.S and
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Lincoln decided to release Confederates because he did not want to fight a two
front war
The American West & war (388)
○ Territories in the west were away from fighting
○ Except for texas all western states and territories were loyal to Union
■ Conflict between unionists and secessionists within though
○ Anti and pro slavery conflict was still happening in Kansas and Missouri
■ Guerilla warfare was happening in Kansas/Missouri by William Quantrill
(captain of Confederate army) whose band of teen boys killed many until
killed by Union
■ Kansas/Missouri border was one of most terrorized places during the war
○ Confederate agents tried to form alliances with the ​Five Civilized Tribes
■ Indians were divided between sides, some were anti slavery
■ Indian regiments fought for both sides but tribes never allied themselves
with either side
Pages 402-406
The Problems of Peacemaking (402)
● South was devastated after the war
○ Towns gutted, plantations burned, railroads destroyed
○ White southerners had to rebuild fortunes and some faced homelessness
○ 258k confederate soldiers died (20% of adult white male pop)
○ Cult of ritualized mourning developed
○ White southerners looked back nostalgically at pre-war south and idolized
confederate leaders (“Lost Cause”)
● Southern blacks conditions
○ 4mill men and women free from slavery
○ 200k fought for Union, 38k died
○ Left plantations and roamed around camping or searched for relatives from
whom they had been separated
○ None owned property
● Competing ideas of freedom (403)
○ AAs saw freedom as complete equality to whites not just end of slavery
○ Disagreed on how to get freedom
■ Some wanted redistribution of resources like land
■ Some wanted legal equality
■ All wanted independence from white control
● Pulled out of white churches and made their own
● Began schools
● Formed communities
○ White southerners saw freedom as no interference from North
■ Kept blacks legally tied to plantations
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■ Freedom was white supremacy
○ Freedman’s Bureau
■ Organization that distributed food to former slaves
■ Established schools
■ Gave land to blacks
■ Only was able to operate for a year and was pretty small
Reconstruction issues/plans (404)
○ Republican victories in 1860 and 64 were b/c of divided democrats and
secession
○ They had taken advantage of south’s absence and passed program of
nationalistic economic legislation
■ If democrats regained power their work would be in danger
○ Republican party was divided on reconstruction
■ There were conservative and radical republicans
■ Conservatives thought the south should accept abolition of slavery but not
really any other conditions for readmission, radicals thought military
leaders of confederacy should be punished, lots of southern whites be
disenfranchised, and rights of blacks should be protected and that they
should be given the property of rich white confederates
■ Only some radicals supported black suffrage
○ Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan
■ December 1863
■ General pardon to white southerners (not high officials of confederacy)
who would pledge loyalty to gov and accept end of slavery
■ When 10% of voters in 1860 took oath of loyalty in a state, that state
could make a state gov
■ Hoped to give suffrage to educated blacks with property who served in
Union army
■ Radical repubs thought the plan was too mild
○ Radicals made the Wade-Davis bill passed by Congress in 1864 that was vetoed
by Lincoln→ angered radicals→ Lincoln moved to try to accept radical demands
Lincoln’s Death (405)
○ Lincoln and his wife attended a play on April 14th 1865 in Washington
○ John Wilkes Booth, ​a man obsessed with the Southern cause shot him in the
head
○ He was taken to a house where he died surrounded by friends, family and
political associates
○ Northerners thought the assassination was part of a conspiracy
Andrew Johnson (406)
○ Was not suited for presidency
○ Did not support equality or rights of former slaves
○ Reconstruction plan had parts of Lincoln’s plan and Wade-Davis bill
○ By 1865 seceded states formed new govs
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Radical repubs refused to recognize them