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Measuring the rate of enzyme reactions Enzymes are protein molecules which catalyse specific reactions in living organisms due to the shape of their active site. Hydrogen peroxide → water + oxygen • This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme catalase. • We can find the rate of reaction by measuring the foam caused by bubbles of oxygen. Keyword Give the definition here....... Enzyme Optimum Denature Anomaly Enzymes are affected by temperature & pH. 1. Every enzyme has an optimum temperature & an optimum pH. 2. In humans the optimum temperature is body temperature (around 40°C). 3. Optimum pH will vary dependent on where the enzyme needs to work. 4. Above the optimum temperature or pH the enzyme denatures and the rate of reaction falls. Good experimental techniques (part 1) • Change one variable – the independent variable • Measure one variable – the dependent variable • Keep all other variables the same – the control variables. Investigating starch and amylase • Starch is broken down into simpler sugars by the enzyme amylase. • We can investigate this by testing how long it takes for the amylase to breakdown starch at different temperatures or different pHs. • When starch is present iodine turns blue/black in colour. • When all the starch has been broken down iodine remains an orange/brown colour. Good experimental techniques (part 2) • Experiments that are repeated are more reliable. • This allows us to spot anomalies. • An anomaly is a measurement that doesn’t fit the pattern of the other data. • If we get an anomaly we would ignore that reading and not include it when we analyse our data. • If we want more precise data we could you a greater range of values with a smaller interval in between. Part of tissue Plasma White blood cells Red blood cells Platelets Coronary heart disease is when the arteries that supply blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked with fatty deposits. This causes the arteries to become narrow and blood flow is restricted. This decreases oxygen supply to the heart muscle which can result in a heart attack. Function Carries everything except oxygen in the blood. E.g. Carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids, urea, hormones, antibodies, antitoxins. Defend against disease. Blood Structure & Adaptations •Pale straw coloured liquid. •Red and white blood cells and platelets travel within this liquid. •Large blood cells with a nucleus. •Can change shape to engulf microorganisms. •Produce antibodies to fight microorganisms. •Produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins produced by microorganisms. Carry oxygen from the •Biconcave shape to provide large surface area to absorb oxygen. lungs to all the cells in the •No nucleus so they have more space to carry oxygen. body. •Contain a red pigment called haemoglobin. •Haemoglobin + oxygen oxyhaemoglobin Help blood clot.. •Small fragments of cells. •No nucleus. •Help blood to clot at a wound site. Quick check... 1. Why do we carry out experiments three times? 2. What should we do with an anomalous result in our data in an investigation? 3. How could we investigate the effect of pH on an enzyme? 4. What is blood made up of? 5. Name four substances that are transported in the blood. 6. What type of tissue makes up the walls of the heart? 7. Describe the route of blood around the body starting at the vena cava. 8. What does coronary heart disease do to the heart? 9. If the heart beats faster & more strongly how can this help an athlete during exercise? THE HEART is made of muscle which contracts to pump blood around the body.