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Enzymes 1 2 3 4 5 6 Summary Notes A catalyst is a chemical that speeds up the rate of a reaction. A catalyst is a chemical that speeds up the rate of a reaction yet remains unchanged itself. Enzymes are biological catalysts, made of protein, that speed up chemical reactions inside a cell. The substance upon which an enzyme acts on is called a substrate. The substance(s) that are produced following an enzyme reaction are called products. Each enzyme is specific as it acts on only one type of substrate. These are some examples of enzymes and their substrates and products. Amylase breaks down starch to maltose. Pepsin breaks down protein to amino acids. Lipase breaks down fat to fatty acids and glycerol. Lock and Key Theory Substrate Products Active Site 7 Enzyme 8 9 10 11 12 Enzyme Optimum is the condition at which enzyme activity works best. Each enzyme has an optimum temperature and an optimum pH. These are some examples of enzymes and their optimum pH. The optimum pH for pepsin is pH 2.5. The range of pH at which pepsin is active is pH 1 to pH 4.5. The optimum pH for catalase is pH 9. The range of pH at which catalase is active is pH 6 to pH 12. As temperature increases enzymes activity increases until an optimum temperature is reached. After this point, as temperature increases, enzyme activity decreases until the enzyme is denatured. The enzyme amylase has an optimum temperature of 37˚C. When an enzyme is denatured the shape of its active site has been altered. The substrate and enzyme are unable to react. 13 Enzymes are used for many commercial applications such as; biological detergents and clarifying apple juice.