Download PPT - 14.1

Honors US History 14.1
Definitions
• Nationalism – intense feeling of national pride
and unity.
• Dictator – a single person who has all of the
political power in a nation.
• Fascism – government system under the total
control of a nationalist dictator and a single
political party.
• Totalitarianism – a system in which the
government controls the entire country
(politics, economy, culture, etc.)
• Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the state
(political, military, economy, social, cultural)
• Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms)
• Strict controls and laws
• Military state (secret police, army, military)
• Censorship (opposing literature and ideas)
• Propaganda (media – radio, newspapers, posters)
• One leader (dictator); charismatic
• Total conformity of people to ideas and leader
• Terror and Fear
Nazism
Totalitarianism
Communism
Fascism
*These theories, specifically Communism and
Fascism, are completely different theories that
are bitterly opposed; however they exhibit the
same behaviour
I am Joseph Stalin, the leader of the
Soviet Union from 1922-1953.
What is Communism?
• LEFT WING
• based on theory by Karl Marx
• revolutionary idea of a political,
economic and social system that
creates a “classless society”
• state ownership and control of the
means of production (no private
ownership)
• Soviet Communism or “Stalinism”,
was more of a totalitarian and
military state combined with
elements of communism
Chaos at the Helm
• Lenin dies in 1924
– Effect of ’22
stroke
• Trotsky (Red
Army) vs. Stalin
(Gen. Sec. of the
Communist
party)
– Party members
all given their
jobs by Stalin…
• Paranoid, Stalin
kills off all
opponents, real or
imagined
– Order #00486
kills socially
dangerous &
their families
• The NKVD
(Cheka) hunts
down enemies
– Secret courts,
immediate death
The Purges
Rise of a Dictatorship
Depression
Starvation and Misery
A need for
leadership and
change
A need to feel pride again
A need for someone to
blame for everything
(scapegoat)
Totalitarian
Dictatorship
People support a
charismatic leader
One person takes
control
What is Fascism?
• RIGHT WING
• intense nationalism and elitism
• totalitarian control
• interests of the state more important
than individual rights
• maintain class system and private
ownership
Interesting Fact: Fascism name was derived from
the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority
consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax
Unrest in Italy
• Italy did not receive the territory it
wanted from WWI
• A depression started in the country
– The people became bitter and angry
• Some workers talked of turning to
communism.
Italy – the Black Shirts
• Benito Mussolini
becomes dictator
of Italy
– Called “IL Duce”
• Promises Italians a
new “Roman
Empire”
• Invades Ethiopia
I am Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer)
or dictator of Germany from 1933 to
1945.
What is Nazism?
• extremely fascist , nationalistic and
totalitarian
• based on beliefs of the National
Socialist German Workers Party
• belief in the racial superiority of the
Aryan, the “master race”
• belief that all Germans should have
“lebensraum” or living space in Europe
•Violent hatred towards Jews and
blamed Germany’s problems on them
Decadence of the Weimar Republic
What problems did the Weimar Republic face?
The Versailles Treaty
The Great Depression
Hitler considered himself superior, even
though he was a drifter & failed artist
during his youth. (Not even German
Austrian)
A corporal during WWI, he was
devastated by Germany’s loss & blamed
it on the Jews.
He started his political career at age 30,
joining the German Workers Party (As a
spy for Weimar Republic) He was an
excellent speaker and the Weimar
Republic employed him to lecture
soldiers on the dangers of communism
and socialism. The Weimar Republic
gave him the confidence to speak in
front of crowds.
Group had only 40 members
Hitler fell in love with the
ideas its leader Karl Drexler
had about blaming Jews
and Communists for
Germany’s problems. Hitler
told Weimar Republic this
group posed no threat
When he is put in his jail cell he is ranting and raving
about the “Jews did this the Jews did that”. His cell
mate Rudolf Hess started to write all this down. It will
become the book Mein Kampf
Divisions of Race To Hitler
•
•
•
•
Aryans (Germanic) Culture Creating
Middle (Non Germanic) Culture Maintaining
Jews
-Culture Destroying
Untermenschen- undesirable elements like Jews:
Gypsies
, Jehovah Witnesses , Homosexuals
, =Handicap, beggars,or those deemed “work
shy” =Habitual Criminals.
=Political Prisoners
Germany – Nazi Party
• Led by Adolf Hitler
– Called “Der Fuhrer”
• Claimed that Germans
were the master race
• Hitler was a fantastic
public speaker who
was very charismatic
for the German
people.
• Nazis slowly took
control over German
Reichstag (Congress)
• Hitler named
chancellor of Germany
in 1933.
Rise of Hitler
• Hitler becomes complete
dictator of Germany.
• Starts to rebuild the
German military which
creates jobs for German
people.
• Seizes Jewish assets to
gain funding for eventual
war.
• Sends army to reclaim
areas lost during WWI
for Germany.
• SA (Sturmabteilung): Stormtroopers "brownshirts" early private Nazi army that protected leaders
and opposed rival political parties
•GESTAPO: the Secret State Police
• SS (Schutzstaffel): Defense Corps “black shirts”, an
elite guard unit formed out of the SA
• Lebensraum (living space): concept that
emphasized need for territorial expansion of Germany
into east
• Wehrmacht:
German army
• HJ (Hitler Jugend): Hitler Youth
• Einstazgruppen: Nazi Death Squad; mobile killing
units
•
untermenschen-Inferior People
The “Stab-In-The-Back” Theory
German soldiers are dissatisfied.
Hitler Demonizes the Jews
• Hitler proclaimed
that Jews had stabbed
Germany in the back
- causing it to lose
WWI.
• Said Jews were
scheming to take
over the world.
• Fed anti-Semitism
which already existed
in Europe.
Persecution of the Jews
• Nuremberg Laws
– Took citizenship away
from Jews
– Highly restricted their
rights
– Forced to wear the yellow
star
– Put into ghettoes and
concentration camps
• Kristallnacht - 1938
– “Night of the Broken
Glass”
– Nazis destroy Jewish
businesses
Imperial Dreams in Japan
• Japan had long been
jealous of the empires of
the white, European
countries.
• Why shouldn’t the
Japanese have their own
empire in the Pacific?
• Japan adopted the ways of
the West and built up
their industry and military
during the Meiji period
after first American
contact.
• Led by General Tojo
(military) and Emperor
Hirohito (spiritual).
The Manchurian Crisis, 1931
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
Japanese Invasion
• Japan invades China
and Korea as well as
a number of islands in
the Pacific.(1931)
• Japan is a series of
islands with little
natural resources.
• Japan needs resources
(oil, metal) for their
war efforts
• Rape of Nanking
– Japanese terrorize
Nanking, China
Japanese Atrocities against the
Chinese
• Japanese soldiers
raped Chinese
women and often
killed them.
• Japanese killed
Chinese for no
reason.
• Japanese conducted
vivisection
experiments on
Chinese people.
Rape of Nanking
Rape of Nanking
A Weak League of Nations
International Agreements
Locarno Pact – 1925
 France, Germany, Great Britain,
Italy



Guarantee existing frontiers
Establish DMZ 30 miles deep on East
bank of Rhine River
Refrain from aggression against each
other
Kellogg-Briand Pact – 1928
 Makes war illegal as a tool of
diplomacy

No enforcement provisions
The Ineffectiveness of the
League of Nations
 No control of major conflicts.
 No progress in disarmament.
 No effective military force.
Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935
Emperor
Haile
Selassie
Germany Invades the
Rhineland
March 7, 1936
The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939
Francisco Franco
The Spanish Civil War:
1936 - 1939
The
National
Front
The
Popular
Front
[Nationalists]
[Republicans]
 Carlists [ultra-Catholic
monarchists].
 Catholic Church.
 Falange [fascist] Party.
 Monarchists.
 Anarcho-Syndicalists.
 Basques.
 Catalans.
 Communists.
 Marxists.
 Republicans.
 Socialists.
The Spanish Civil War:
1936 - 1939
The Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939
The American “Lincoln Brigade”
“Guernica”
by Pablo Picasso
The Spanish Civil War:
A Dress Rehearsal for WW II?
Italian troops in
Madrid
The Austrian Anschluss, 1938
The “Problem” of the
Sudetenland
Appeasement: The Munich
Agreement, 1938
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr
Hitler is a man we can do business with.
Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of
the Third Reich: 1939
German Expansion to WWII