Download Chapter 32—Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems I. The

Chapter 32—Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems
I. The Integumentary System
- skin is your __________ organ
- skin ___________ and ____________ body, and is the main ________ of the integumentary system
- there are 4 types of tissue:
1. ___________________-covers body surfaces
2. _________________-provide support and protection
3. ___________-involved in body movements
4. _______________-forms body’s communication network
A. The Structure of the Skin
- Skin is a ______________________ organ that covers and protects the body.
1. Epidermis
- The __________ superficial layer of skin is the __________.
- The epidermis contains epithelial tissue and is _________ cells thick (about the thickness of a
__________ of _________________)
- The outer layers contain _______________ which _____________ the skin and ___________ the
cells below
- Only the bottom, inner layers are __________, the remaining top layers are ___________
- The inner layer of the epidermis contains cells that continually are _______________ by mitosis to
_______________ cells that are _____________ or die
- Some cells in the inner layer of the epidermis provide protection from _____________ ultraviolet
radiation by making a ________________ called _________________.
2. The Dermis
- __________________ layer of skin, _________ times _______________ than the epidermis,
- found directly _____________ the epidermis
- consists of _________________ tissue (which is stretchy)
- also contains ___________ cells, muscle cells, __________ glands, oil glands, and ________ follicles
- below the dermis is the _______________ tissue, a layer of connective tissue that _____________ fat
and helps the body __________________ heat
3. Hair and Nails
- Both hair and nails contain ___________ and develop from _________________ cells.
- Hair cells grow out of _______________ cavities in the ___________ called hair follicles.
- Hair follicles usually have sebaceous ________________ associated with them that _____________
the skin and hair.
B. Functions of the Integumentary System
1. Temperature regulation
- the Integumentary System is responsible for _______________ the body’s ______________
temperature
- temperature is regulated by ____________ (which ________ the body) or "_______________" which
________________ the body by contraction of the ______________ around hair follicles
2. Vitamin production
- the integumentary system also produces vitamin ____ in _____________
- vitamin D ____________ the absorption of ______________ into the _____________ stream from the
digestive system
3. Protection and senses
- intact skin ______________ from the ___________ of pathogens and other ___________ substances
- also prevents ______________ loss of ____________
- skins _______________ protects body from _____ radiation
- also provides _______________ about the ____________________ around you (pain, pressure,
temperature) which is sent to the brain
C. Damage to the Integumentary System
- can be in the form of ________, scrapes, _______________, other burns, or skin cancer
- Skin has remarkable abilities to _____________ itself.
- Without a repair mechanism, the body would be subject to ___________ by ____________ through
___________________ in the skin.
1. Cuts and Scrapes
- if cut or scrape is only to the _______________, there will be no ___________________
- cells ____________ in the epidermis ____________ and replace the __________ or injured cells.
- when the injury is _____________, blood vessels might be _________, resulting in _____________.
- infection-fighting _________ blood cells will help get rid of any __________ that might have
___________ the wound.
2. Effects of the Sun and Burns
- Burns, whether caused by the _______, heat, or ____________, are classified according to their
_____________.
- __________ degree burns only affect the epidermis
- _____________ degree burns will affect the dermis and epidermis and will produce ____________
- ___________ degree burns ________ the epidermis and dermis, nerves/muscles can possible be
damaged and usually ___________ skin grafts
3. Skin Cancer
- Ultraviolet radiation can ____________ the _________ in skin cells, causing those cells to grow and
____________ _________________________.
- There are two main categories of skin cancer: ____________ and __________________.
- melanoma __________ in cells that make _____________ and is the most __________ form of
___________ cancer and can spread
II. The Skeletal System
- the skeletal system provides ___________ support and _____________ the organs of the human body
A. Structure of the Skeletal System
- the human skeleton is made of _________ bones
- The human skeleton consists of ___________ divisions.
1. The ____________ skeleton includes the skull, ___________ column, the ___________, and the
sternum.
2. The _________________ skeleton includes the bones of the ______________, arms,
______________, hips, legs, and feet.
- bone is _________________ tissue
- bones are classified into one of four different categories:
1. _____________
2. _____________
3. ___________
4. _________________
1. Compact Bone
- ___________ and _______________, provides strength and protection
- covers the ________________ of all bones and makes up the _______________ of long bones
- has _______________ or Haversian systems running through it (contain _____________ and blood
vessels)
- __________________ are living bone cells
2. Spongy Bone
- ___________ dense
-has many ________________ which contain _____________ and do _______ contain Haversian
systems
- can be found in the _________ of ___________, irregular, and ___________ bones as well as the
____________ of long bones
C. Types of Bone Marrow
- there are two types of bone marrow
1. _________ bone marrow:
- produces ______ __________ cells (__________ blood cells, ____________ blood cells and
_________________)
- found at the __________ of long bones and in ______________ of spongy bone
2. ____________ bone marrow:
- is mostly _______ and doesn't ______ anything
- found in the ____________ of long bones
**babies have all _________ marrow
D. Formation of Bone
- when a skeleton is being_____________, it is first made of ____________
- During fetal development, cells in fetal cartilage develop into ______________ cells called
_______________.
- Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for the ___________ and ___________ of bones.
- ____________ is the formation of bone
E. Remodeling of Bone
- Bones constantly are being ____________ or ____________ based on the stresses placed on the
skeleton
- remodeling involves replacing ______ cells with ______ cells.
- Cells called ____________ break down bone cells, which are replaced by _______bone tissue.
- ____________ is the loss of ____________ from the skeleton
F. Repair of Bone
- there are three main types of bone fracture
1. ____________ fracture: when a bone breaks but does not come through the skin
2. ____________ fracture: when the bone protrudes through the skin.
3. ____________ fracture: a thin crack in the bone.
- there are 4 step in bone repair:
1. A blood _______forms between the two ends of the ____________ (takes 8 hours)
2. A mass of ____________ appears over the break (called ____________ formation)
3. ____________ formation occurs
-____________ form a callus made of ____________ bone that surrounds the fracture.
- ____________ ____________ the spongy bone while osteoblasts produce stronger, ____________
bone.
4. bones are rem____________ odeled where the excess ____________ from the break is repaired
- Bones require different amounts of ____________ to heal.
- ____________, nutrition, ____________, and severity of the break are all factors.
G. Joints
- ____________ occur where _______or more bones ____________
There are 5 types of joints:
1. ____________ (shoulder and hip)
2. ____________ (elbow and head/neck)
3. ____________ (knee and elbow)
4. ____________ (wrist and ankle)
5. ____________ (bones in skull)
- ____________ are tough bands that attach
bones to bones (near joints)
H. Problems with the Skeletal System
1. Osteoarthritis
- ____________ covers the ends of bones at joints to ____________ and reduce friction
- osteoarthritis is ____________ condition that affects ____________ and results in the deterioration of
this ____________
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis
- is an autoimmune disorder which causes your own ____________ blood cells to ____________
cartilage and bones at the joints
- Affected joints ____________ strength and function and are inflamed, ____________, and painful.
3. Bursitis
- ____________ of the bursae (sacs of fluid at large joints used to ____________ bones)
4. Sprains
- damage to ____________
I. Functions of the Skeletal System
- there are 5 main functions of the skeletal system
1. ____________
2. ____________
3. forms all ____________ cells
4. stores ____________ (calcium and phosphorus)
5. ____________ (muscles attach to bones)
III. The Muscular System
- the muscular system allows ____________ of the human body
A. Three Types of Muscle
- Muscles are classified according to their ____________ and ____________.
1. Smooth Muscle
- line the ____________ of the body's ____________ organs like the ____________, intestines,
bladder, and uterus
- is a type of ____________ muscle
2. Cardiac Muscle
- The ____________ muscle present only in the ____________
- is a ____________ (or striped-looking) muscle
- cardiac muscle cells are arranged in a ____________ that allows the heart muscle to ____________
efficiantly and rhythmically
3. Skeletal Muscle
- are ____________ muscles that cause movement
- connected to ____________
- ____________ are tough ropes of connective tissue that attach ____________ to bones.
B. Skeletal Muscle Contraction
- Most skeletal muscles are arranged in ____________, or antagonistic ____________ (tricep and
bicep)
- Skeletal muscle is arranged into ____________, which consist of many smaller units called
____________.
- Myofibrils consist of even ____________ units, ____________ and actin.
- Myofibrils are arranged in sections called ____________.
- a sacromere is a ____________ unit of muscle cells (it is the part that shortens when a muscle
contracts)
C. Sliding Filament Theory
- allows ____________ to contract
- once a ____________ signal reaches a muscle, the ____________ filaments ____________ toward
one another, causing the muscle to contract or ____________
- both aerobic and anaerobic ____________ occurs in muscle cells
- ____________ is the source of energy for ____________ contraction
- when muscle contraction occurs, ____________ builds up due to ____________ respiration
- deep breathing after exercise will ____________the ____________that you needed during exercise
- rigor mortis is a ____________muscle contraction due to ____________of ATP after death (ATP is
needed to attach and detach microfibrils [actin and myosin])
D. Skeletal Muscle Strength
- there are two types of muscle cells
1. ____________-twitch muscle fibers
- contract ____________and have ____________endurance than fast-twitch muscle fibers.
- contain ____________, a respiratory molecule that ____________oxygen and serves as an oxygen
reserve
- mostly rely on ____________respiration
2. Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers
- ____________easily but provide great ____________for rapid, short movements.
- rely on ____________metabolism, which causes a buildup of lactic acid
- contract ____________and are stronger and larger
** most muscles contain a ____________of fibers due to genetics