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Perth College Faculty of Arts Language of Music Worksheet 11 Transposing Chord Symbols There’s no easy way of doing this – the only way is to identify the interval of the transposition, minor third, perfect fifth etc. and apply it to the original chord symbol. All other chord information, quality (minor, major, diminished, augmented) and extensions (7th, 9th etc.) remain the same. The following table gives you the transpositions for all the most common notes. Find your original note along the top row, and follow the column down until you’re opposite the interval you require – there’s your transposed note: To transpose a Dma7 chord up an augmented fourth: Find D on the top row, go down to the aug4/dim5 row and the note is G#/ Ab The chord is therefore G#ma7 (or Abma7 if you’re working in a flat key) (this table only works for upward transposition) Min2 Maj2 Min3 Maj3 P4 Aug4/ dim5 P5 Aug5/ min6 Maj6 Min7 Maj7 C C# D D#/Eb E F F#/Gb G G#/Ab A A#/Bb B C#/Db D D#/Eb E F F#/Gb G D D#/Eb E F F#/Gb G G#/Ab D#/Eb E F F#/Gb G G#/Ab A G#/Ab A A A#/Bb A#/Bb B A#/Bb B C B C C# C C# D E F F#/Gb G G#/Ab A F F#/Gb G G#/Ab A F#/Gb G G#/Ab A G G#/Ab A A#/Bb B C C# A#/Bb A#/Bb B A#/Bb B C B C C C# C# D D C# D D D#/Eb E F E F D#/Eb D#/Eb E D#/Eb F#/Gb G#/Ab A A#/Bb B C C# D A A#/Bb B C C# D D#/Eb A#/Bb B C C# D D#/Eb E D#/Eb E E F F F F#/Gb G G F#/Gb G G#/Ab F#/Gb G#/Ab A Page 1 B C C# D D#/Eb E F F#/Gb G G#/Ab A A#/Bb Perth College Faculty of Arts Language of Music Worksheet 11 Italian terms Used in traditionally notated music Adagietto rather slow Ad libitum, ad lib. At choice, meaning that a passage may be played freely Agitato agitated Alla breve with a minim beat, equivalent to 2/2 time, implying a faster tempo than the note values might suggest Amore love Anima soul,spirit (con anima:with feeling) Animato animated, lively Ben well Brio vigour Comodo convenient (tempo comodo: at a comfortable speed) Deciso with determination Delicato delicate Energico energetic Forza force Largamente broadly Leggerio light, nimble Marcato emphatic, accented Marziale in a military style Mesto sad Pesante heavy Prima, primo first Risoluto bold, strong Ritmico rhythmically Rubato with some freedom of time Page 2 Perth College Faculty of Arts Language of Music Worksheet 11 Scherzando playful/joking Seconda second Semplice simple, plain Sempre always Stringendo gradually getting faster Subito suddenly Tanto so much Tranquillo calm Triste sad Volta time (prima volta: first time) Page 3 Perth College Faculty of Arts Language of Music Worksheet 11 Extended Chords (9th, 11th, 13th): We discussed compound intervals, that is intervals of more than an octave, in an earlier lesson. How might we notate the addition of these as extensions to a chord? The first point to make is that extensions of the tenth and twelve are just thirds and fifths plus an octave. The extensions of real interest are the ninth, eleventh and thirteenth. The chords are named for the extension; so, ninth chords, eleventh chords and thirteenth chords. The extensions are added to seventh chords, the quality and function of which is preserved. Thus, a dominant chord with an added ninth remains a dominant chord. If you who find the naming of extended chords confusing, remember that it is assumed that ninths are added to seventh chords to produce ninth chords, that eleventh and ninths are both added to seventh chords to produce eleventh chords and that thirteenths, elevenths and ninths are all added to seventh chords to give thirteenth chords. So if one calls a chord an eleventh it is assumed that the ninth and eleventh are present and that there is a seventh chord present too. The quality of the chord is determined by the seventh and the greatest extension names the chord. Thus, a major thirteenth chord will be a major seventh chord plus a ninth and a thirteenth, while a dominant ninth is a dominant seventh chord plus a ninth. There are a few practical rules about building extended chords. We list these below. Ninth Chords major ninth is added to all possible seventh chords. Page 4 Perth College Faculty of Arts Language of Music Worksheet 11 Here are the four ninth chords on C all in root position; in order they are major ninth minor ninth dominant ninth minor ninth flat five Eleventh Chords Here are the four eleventh chords on C all in root position; in order they are major eleventh minor eleventh dominant eleventh minor eleventh flat five Eleventh Chord: if the third is missing then adding an eleventh produces a 'suspended fourth' chord: sus4 or sus Page 5 Perth College Faculty of Arts Language of Music Worksheet 11 Thirteenth Chords major thirteenth is added to the eleventh chords given above if, to relieve the texture, the eleventh is missing the chord remains a 13th; if, however, the eleventh is present but altered, this must be shown in the name of the chord Here are a number of other chords that feature in modern popular music. Power Chords Where one wants neutrality as to whether a chord is major or minor, you can leave out the third. A chord made up only of the key-note and its fifth (maybe plus octaves up or down) is called a power chord. It is written as the (letter name of the chord) together with the number 5: e.g. G5. Suspended Fourth Chords If the third in a chord is changed to a fourth the chord feels as though it is waiting for the fourth to resolve back to the third. This feeling of suspension gives the chord its name, a suspended fourth chord. We have already pointed out in the table above that sometimes suspended fourth chords are mistakenly called eleventh chords. Add2 Chords If a second is added to a major or minor triad or to a power chord the chord is called an add2 chord. A figure 2 is added to the end of the chord name, with a slash in the case of a power chord. Augmented & Diminished Fifth Chords The fifth is often raised (augmented) or lowered (diminished) in major triads and dominant seventh chords. Page 6 Perth College Faculty of Arts Language of Music Worksheet 11 Sixth Chords If a major sixth is added to a major or minor triad the chord is called a sixth chord. The chord name is followed by a figure 6. Six/Nine Chords If both a major sixth and a major ninth are added to a major or minor triad the chord is called a 6/9 chord. A six/nine chord is shown as the chord name followed by 6/9. Polychords A polychord is one triad placed above another, often used by keyboard players where each hand plays a different triad. The standard notation is to place one chord name above a horizontal line with the second chord name below the line. Naming Chords C5, C(no3), C(omit3) C power chord CG Cm5, Cmi5, Co, C dim C minor flat 5 or C diminished C Eb Gb Cm, Cmi C minor triad C Eb G Cb5 C major flat 5 triad C E Gb C C or C major triad CEG C+ C augmented triad C E G# Csus4, Csus C suspended 4th triad CFG Cmi2, Cm(add2) C minor add 2 C D Eb G Cmi4, Cm(add4) C minor add 4 C Eb F G C2, C(add2) C major add 2 CDEG Page 7 Perth College Faculty of Arts Language of Music Worksheet 11 C4, C(add4) C major add 4 CEFG Cdim, Co, Co7 C diminished seventh C Eb Gb Bb Cm7b5, Cmi7b5, Cø C half diminished seventh C Eb Gb Bb Cm6, Cmi6 C minor sixth C Eb G A Cm7, Cmi7 C minor seventh C Eb G Bb C6 C7, V7 C sixth C seventh or dominant seventh CEGA C E G Bb Cmaj7 C major 7th CEGB C7+, C+7 C augmented 7th C E G# B Cm6/9, C minor six ninth C Eb G A D Cm9, Cmi9 C minor ninth C Eb G Bb D C7b9 C seven flat ninth C E G Bb D C9 C ninth C E G Bb D C7#9 C seven sharp ninth C E G# Bb D Cmaj9 C major ninth CEGBD C6/9, C69, C6(add9) C six ninth CEGAD C79+, C+7 C seven flat nine augmented C E G# Bb Db C9+, C+9 C ninth augmented C E G# Bb D Cm11, Cmi11 C minor eleventh C Eb G Bb D F Page 8 Perth College Faculty of Arts Language of Music Worksheet 11 C7911 C seven flat ninth sharp eleventh C911 C ninth sharp eleventh Cmaj911 C major ninth sharp eleventh Cm13, Cmi13 C1311 9 C13 C minor thirteenth C thirteenth sharp eleventh flat nine C thirteenth C E G Bb Db F# C E G Bb D F# C E G B D F# C Eb G Bb D F A C E G Bb D F# Ab C E G Bb D F A Page 9