Download REVIEW FOR CHAPTERS 18 TEST Define or discuss

REVIEW FOR CHAPTERS 18 TEST
Define or discuss the following with detail:
1. Fort Sumter – Where the first shots of the Civil War were fired in South Carolina.
2. Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address – Lincoln stated he would preserve the Union and had no
intention of removing slavery from the South. He passionately spoke about staying together.
3. Gettysburg Address – Address Lincoln gave to commemorate the dead at Gettysburg. He also
celebrated that there will be a new birth of freedom and government of the people.
4. Emancipation Proclamation – On January 1, 1863 Lincoln fulfilled his earlier proclamation that
slaves that were in states that were in rebellion were free, now and forever and those freedmen
could enlist in the military.
5. Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address – Lincoln declares his commitment to a just and lasting
peace and celebrates the suffering of both sides in this terrible war that has just ended.
6. Ulysses S. Grant – Led the Union army during the Civil War. Elected President after Johnson.
Graduate of West Point, fought in the Mexican American War, accepted Confederate surrender.
7. Hiram Revels – Former slave who became the first African American senator. He served in a
Black Regiment from Mississippi during the Civil War. He and other African American
congressmen pushed for free public schools for African Americans.
8. Crispus Attucks – Killed at the Boston Massacre
9. James Armistead – fought as a spy for the Americans during the Revolutionary War.
10. William Carney – African American who fought with the 54th Massachusetts. Took up the
American flag and carried it to the rear. Was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor.
11. Philip Bazaar – Immigrant from Chile who won the Medal of Honor in the Civil War.
12. Freedman’s Bureau – Government agency that worked in the South during reconstruction to
open schools, provide food and clothing, help reunite families, and assist former slaves.
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13. Civil Rights Act of 1866 – Led to the 14th amendment by declaring that all persons born in the
United States except Native Americans were citizens and that all citizens were entitled to equal
rights regardless of their race.
14. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 – Divided the South into military districts run by an army
commander, States that rebelled had to write a new Constitution that gave the vote to all adult
men except Native Americans, States had to ratify the 14th amendment
15. Key point of 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments – 13th abolished slavery, 14th gave citizenship to
African Americans, 15th gave the vote to male African Americans.
16. Carpetbagger – people who moved from the North to South to fill or acquire government jobs.
17. John Wilkes Booth – Assassinated President Lincoln. An actor who was very famous and wealthy
18. Andrew Johnson – Took over as President after Lincoln was assassinated. Ran with Lincoln in
1864, was a Democrat from Tennessee and a former slave owner. He was impeached because
he removed a cabinet member from office (he was not removed for lack of one vote). He was
the first President to be impeached.
19. Sharecropping – After the Civil War plantation owners rented their land to former slaves to
work. Was a way to keep these former slaves enslaved in debt to the plantation owners.
20. Panic of 1873 – Banks made bad loans and went bankrupt. People lost money and Northerners
lost interest in reconstruction.
21. Homestead Act of 1862 – Granted 160 acres of government land free of charge to any person
who would farm it for five years.
22. Morrill Act – Offered tracts of federal land to states that would establish agricultural and
mechanical colleges.
23. Dawes Act – Proposed treatment of Native Americans in 1887. Would break up the
reservations, end tribal identification, give land to Indians and encourage farming, establish
boarding schools for Indian children and grant American citizenship to Native Americans.
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24. Compromise of 1877 – Because of the controversial election of 1876 this compromise gave
Hayes the election and forced the government to end reconstruction policies in the South. It
required that military troops were withdrawn from the South, a Democrat would be appointed
to the cabinet of the President, and Southern Congressmen and Senators promised to honor the
civil rights of freedmen.
25. Appomattox courthouse, Virginia – Where Lee surrendered to Grant to end the Civil War.
26. “Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight” – Poor people ended up fighting the Civil War despite the
fact that most of them did not own slaves. Rich people were able to buy their way out of serving
to avoid the draft.
27. Era of Good Feelings – A shift towards Federal pride in the USA during the administration of
James Monroe. The Supreme Court made rulings that strengthened the Federal government.
28. Jacksonian Democracy – Government by the people, democracy in all areas of life, championed
the cause of the farmer and laborer, believed in limited government with a strong President.
29. Jim Crow Laws – laws enacted by Southern legislatures and governments to keep African
Americans in political and economic enslavement. It kept them from equality.
30. Lincoln/Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan – Very lenient on the South
31. The Reconstruction plan of Congress – Very hard on the South (military districts, no amnesty)
32. Impeachment – The process whereby Congress brings a criminal charge against someone.
33. Conscription – Requiring people to sign up for military service.
34. “40 acres and a mule” – The idea that every former slave should receive this amount of land as
payment for their services. Most received nothing.
35. Financial Panic of 1873 – Several big Eastern banks made bad loans and went bankrupt causing
the loss of money and a financial panic.
Write a summary of the South’s view on tariffs during the 1850’s to 1870’s.
They felt that tariffs benefited the North because it raised prices on manufactured goods that the South
supplied raw materials to the North to manufacture. Tariffs raised the price of foreign goods which
allowed Northerners to raise the prices on their goods.
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What were key details and results of the Dred Scott decision?
Scott was a slave who lived in free territory with his master. He claimed he should be free because of
that. The Supreme Court ruled that he was not free and in fact was not a person and that slaves could
not be kept out of any territories. This infuriated the North and forced many who were “riding the
fence” to choose a side. Most in the North chose the side of freedom.
What were the war strategies for the Union and the Confederacy?
Union – Defend their lands in the South, set up a blockade of Southern ports, control the Mississippi
River, and finally “total war” as shown by Sherman’s March to the Sea.
Confederate (South) – to fight a defensive battle and use “King Cotton” as a source of trade to obtain
food and supplies.
What were Union and Confederate advantages at the beginning of the war?
Union (North) – they had an established government, more miles of railroad, more factories
Confederate (South) – they had better Generals, more motivation, and King Cotton diplomacy
List and discuss key Union and Confederate victories:
Union victories – Antietam (bloodiest one day of fighting in the war), Shiloh, Gettysburg (turning point of
the war), Vicksburg (took control of the entire Mississippi River).
Confederate victories – Manassas (Bull Run), Seven Days’ Battle
What were Black Codes? Give examples. Why did people dislike them?
These limited the effects of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments by placing restrictions on African
Americans. Southern governments used these to create a slave like environment for newly freed slaves.
Most Northerners and freedmen felt these were just another way to discriminate against African
Americans. Ranged from voting requirements marriage laws.
When did Reconstruction begin, when did it end and what was it?
Began in 1865 after the war and ended with the Compromise of 1877 in 1877. It was the process of
rebuilding and integrating the South back into the Union.
Discuss key points of Grant’s presidency:
He was elected primarily through the help of the African American vote. He fought the Klan. He was
elected to a 2nd term. He appointed friends and relatives to government jobs, many of them took bribes
and people voted against him in the next election. They also voted against him because of the
depression.
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How was the Supreme Court involved in Reconstruction?
They weakened the Civil Rights amendments via court cases in 1876.
What were the key points of Amendments 1-4 of the Constitution of the United States:
1st – Congress cannot establish religion, prohibit the free exercise of religion, abridge the freedom of
speech or the press, the right of the people to peaceably assemble and to petition the Government for
redress of grievances.
2nd – Right to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.
3rd – Citizens cannot be required to quarter troops.
4th – Right to be secure in persons, houses, papers and effects against searches and seizures without
probable cause and specific description of the place and persons and things to be searched/seized.
Sharecropping – A worker rented plots of land from the landowner and agreed to pay a share of the
crops to the landowner. It was a systematic way of tying the worker to the land. Kept former slaves
enslaved by legal means.
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